2. INTRODUCTION
Dr. Virgilio Enriquez
(Father of Filipino Psychology)
- In pursuit of a better understanding of indigenous Filipino
values, human interaction was observed in everyday life
and as codified in the language.
- To him, the core concept of Filipino interpersonal
behavior is kapwa (shared inner self, which is the unity
of the “self” and “others.” While kapwa is a concept of
shared or collective identity, it is also about how
interpersonal relationships function and are maintained
within this collective identity. It is about emphasizing the
community over the individual.
3. Basic Tenets of Filipino Value System
Core Value Surface Values
Pivotal Interpersonal
Value
Linking Socio-personal
Value
01
03
02
04
Societal Values
05
4. Core Value or Kapwa Psychology
Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct
of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa has two categories,
Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not
other people)
Ibang Tao ("outsider")
Pakikitungo: civility
Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
Pakikilahok: act of joining
Pakikibagay: conformity
Pakikisama: being united
with the group.
Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us")
Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
5. “People are just people in spite of
their age, clothes, diplomas, color
or affiliations”,
— said one Filipino artist (de Guia 2006)
7. Hiya:
Loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western
psychologists, hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'.
Utang na Loob:
Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their
neighbors to return favors-—whether these were
asked for or not—-when it is needed or wanted.
Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa:
Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined
by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily
guided by conformity with the majority.
Accommodative Surface Values
8. Literally in English, it means
concurrent clashes. It refers to the
ability of the Filipino to undertake
revolutions and uprisings against a
common enemy
Confrontative Surface Values
This attitude is characterized
by being courageous in the
midst of problems and
uncertainties.
This attitude, loosely
translated into English as
'fatalistic passiveness',
actually describes the Filipino
way of life, in which, he is
determined to do his best,
hence the term bahala na,
which actually came from the
phrase bathalan na, meaning
'I will do all my best, let God
take care of the rest'.
Bahala Na
Lakas ng Loob
Pakikibaka
10. Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions,
as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.
It characterizes Filipino emotion, Enriquez name this emotional quality “shared perception”
Pakikiramdam: A Piviotal Value
12. Kagandahang-Loob
Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to
a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity
14. Karangalan
Kalayaan
Katarungan
Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see
in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge
about his/her worth.
Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may
clash with the less important value of
pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity)
Loosely translated to justice, this
actually refers to equity in giving
rewards to a person.
Puri Dangal
the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how
other people judge a person of his/her worth.
the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a
person judges his own worth.
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