3. • Lithosphere Plates
• Broken Plates
• Plates move around slowly just a few millimeter each
year.
• What makes them move?
intro tectonics.mp4
4.
5. • India is a large landmass formed during different
geological periods which has influenced her relief.
• Weathering , erosion , deposition have created
and modified the relief to its present form.
• “Theory of Plate Tectonics”
6.
7. The movement of the plates results in the building up of stress within the plates
and the continental rocks above, leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity.
1) Some plates move away from each other and form divergent
boundary.
2) Some plates come towards each other and form convergent boundary.
3) In the event of two plates coming together they may either collide and
crumble, or one may slide under the other. At times, they may also move
horizontally past each other and form transform boundary.
The movement of these plates have changed the
position and size of the continents over millions of
years. Such movements have also influenced the
PLATE BOUNDARIES
11. MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
The physical features of India can be grouped
under the following physiographic divisions:
i.The Himalayan Mountains
ii.The Northern Plains
iii.The Peninsular Plateau
iv.The Indian Desert
v.The Coastal Plains
vi.The Islands
13. THE HIMALAYAN MOuNTAINS
• These mountain ranges run in a west-east direction from
the Indus to the Brahmaputra.
• They cover a distance of 2,400Km.
• Their width varies from 400Km in Kashmir to 150Km in
Arunachal Pradesh.
• The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half
than those in the western half.
15. The Himalayas consists of three parallel ranges
in its longitudinal extent:
I.Greater Himalayas or Inner Himalayas or
the Himadri
II.Himachal or Lesser Himalayas
III.Shiwaliks
16. Greater Himalayas
These are the northern most group of ranges.
Loftiest peaks with an average height of 6000 meters.
It consists all most the Himalayan peaks.
The core of this part of Himalayas.
It is perennially snow bound and a number of glaciers descend from
this range.
Some highest peaks of the Himalayas
Peak Country Height (in metres)
Mt.Everest Nepal 8848
Kanchenjunga India 8598
Makalu Nepal 8481
Dhaulagiri Nepal 8172
Nanga Parbat India 8126
Annapurna Nepal 8078
Nanda Devi India 7817
17. LESSER HIMALAYASThese are the group of ranges lying to the south of
the Greater Himalayas forms the most rugged
mountain system.
Composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
The altitude varies between 3,700 and 4,500 metres
and the average width is of 50Km.
Pir Panjal range – the longest and the most
important range.
Dhaula Dhar & Mahabharat ranges – other important
ranges.
Famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and the Kullu
Valley in Himachal Pradesh – well known for its hill
stations.
18. SHIWALIkS
These are the outer most ranges of the Himalayas.
Extend over a width of 10-50Km and have an altitude
between 900and 1100 metres.
Composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down
by rivers from the Himadri and covered with thick
gravel and alluvium.
The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalayas
and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns.
Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known
Duns.
19. Divisions baseD on regions
These divisions have been demarcated by river valleys.
1)The part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj –
Punjab Himalaya or Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya.
2)The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers
– Kumaon Himalayas.
3)The part of the Himalayas lying between Kali and Tista rivers
– Nepal Himalayas.
4)The part of the Himalayas lying between Tista and Dihang
rivers – Assam Himalayas.
5)The Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the
eastern boundary of India, known as Purvanchal or Eastern
Hills.
6)Purvanchals running through north-eastern states and
composed of strong sandstones which are sedimentary rocks
and covered with dense forests.
21. The norThern plains
The northern plains are formed from the
Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their
tributaries.
This plain is formed of alluvial soil.
These plains are at the foot of the Himalaya
over millions of years ago.
An area of 7 lakh sq. km. and being about
2400Km long and 240 to 320Km broad, is
densely populated.
23. The rivers in their lower course split into numerous
channels due to the deposition of silt, known as
distributaries.
The Northern plain is divided into 3 section: Punjab
plains, Ganga plains, Brahmaputra plains.
27. The peninsUlar plaTeaU
→The Peninsular plateau is table land composed of the old crystalline igneous
and the metamorphic rocks, from Gondwana land.
→This plateau consists of two broad divisions namely, the Central Highlands and
Deccan Plateau.
→The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east.
→The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as Bundelkhand and
Baghelkhand.
→The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastwards extension, drained by the
Damodar river.
→The Deccan plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river
Narmada.
→The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern
edges of the Deccan plateau respectively.
→Western Ghats lie parallel to the western coast.
31. The IndIan deserT
‡It lies towards the western margins of the Aravali
hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with
sand dunes.
‡it receives very low rainfall below 150mm per
year.
‡Luni is the only large river in this region.
‡Barchans(crescent shaped dunes) cover larger
areas but longitudinal dunes become more
prominent near the Indo-Pakistan boundary. It
can be seen in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
33. The coasTal plaIns∞The peninsular plateau is flanked by stretch of narrow
coastal strips, running along the Arabian sea and the Bay
of Bengal on the east.
∞The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan, the
central stretch is called the Kannad Plain, while the
southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar coast.
∞The plain along the Bay of Bengal are wide and level,
referred as the Northern Circar in the northern part, while
the southern part is called as the Coromandal Coast.
∞Large rivers such as Mahanadi , the Godavari, the
Krishna, and the Kaveri have farmed extensive delta on
this coast.
∞Lake Chilka is an important feature along the eastern
coast
35. The Islands
The Pitli island, which is uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary
lakshadweep island.
These Andaman and Nicobar islands lie close to equator and
experience equatorial climate and has thick forest cover.
36. conclusIon• The northern mountains are the major source of
water and forest wealth.
• The northern plains are the granaries of the
country .
• The plateau is a storehouse of minerals, which has
played a crucial role in the industrialisation of the
country of the country.
• The coastal region and island groups provide sites
for fishing and port activities.
• Thus , the diverse physical features of the land
have immense future possibilities of development.
