Feminist movement in the world

FEMINISM
Feminism is a social and political movement that advocates for the
rights of women on the grounds of equality of sexes. It does not deny
the biological differences betweenthe sexes but demands equality in
opportunities. It covers everything from social and political to
economic arenas. In fact, feminist campaigns have been a crucial part
of history in women empowerment. The feminist campaigns of the
twentieth century made the right to vote, public property, work and
educationpossible.
Importance of Feminism
Feminism is not just important for women but for every sex, gender,
caste, creed and more. It empowers the people and society as a
whole. A very common misconception is that only women can be
feminists.
It is absolutely wrong but feminism does not just benefit women. It
strives for equality of the sexes, not the superiority of women.
Feminism takes the gender roles which have been around for many
years and tries to deconstruct them.
This allows people to live freely and empower lives without getting
tied down by traditional restrictions. In other words, it benefits
women as well as men. For instance, while it advocates that women
must be free to earn it also advocates that why should men be the sole
breadwinner of the family? It tries to give freedom to all.
Most importantly, it is essential for young people to get involved in
the feminist movement. This way, we can achieve faster results. It is
no less than a dream to live in a world full of equality.
Thus, we must all look at our own cultures and communities for
making this dream a reality. We have not yet reached the result but
we are on the journey, so we must continue on this mission to
achieve successful results.

Impact of Feminism
Feminism has had a life-changing impact on everyone, especially
women. If we look at history, we see that it is what gave women the
right to vote. It was no small feat but was achieved successfully by
women.
Further, if we look at modern feminism, we see how feminism
involves in life-altering campaigns. For instance, campaigns that
support the abortion of unwanted pregnancy and reproductive rights
allow women to have freedom of choice.
Moreover, feminism constantly questions patriarchy and strives to
renounce gender roles. It allows men to be whoever they wish to be
without getting judged. It is not taboo for men to cry anymore
because they must be allowed to express themselves freely.
Similarly, it also helps the LGBTQ community greatly as it advocates
for their right too. Feminism gives a place for everyone and it is best
to practice intersectional feminism to understand everyone’s struggle.
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (née Nehru; 18 August 1900 – 1 December 1990) was an
Indian diplomat and politician who was the first woman appointed to 6th Governor
of Maharashtra and 8th President of the United Nations General Assembly.
Feminism is a range of social movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the
political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.[a][2][3][4][5]
Feminism incorporates the
position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that women are treated unjustly within
those societies.[6]
Efforts to change that include fighting against gender stereotypes and

establishing educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women
that are equal to those for men.
Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including
the right to: vote, hold public office, work, earn equal pay, own property, receive education, enter
contracts, have equal rights within marriage, and maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to
ensure access to legal abortions and social integration, and to protect women and girls
from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence.[7]
Changes in female dress standards and
acceptable physical activities for females have often been part of feminist movements.[8]
Some scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal
changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited
with achieving women's suffrage, gender-neutral language, reproductive rights for women
(including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own
property.[9]
Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights,
some feminists argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims, because they believe
that men are also harmed by traditional gender roles.[10]
Feminist theory, which emerged from
feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's
social roles and lived experience; feminist theorists have developed theories in a variety of
disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.[11][12]
Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent
different viewpoints and aims. Traditionally, since the 19th century, first-wave liberal
feminism that sought political and legal equality through reforms within a liberal
democratic framework was contrasted with labour-based proletarian women's movements that
over time developed into socialist and Marxist feminism based on class struggle theory.[13]
Since
the 1960s, both of these traditions are also contrasted with radical feminism that arose from
the radical wing of second-wave feminism and that calls for a radical reordering of society to
eliminate male supremacy; together liberal, socialist and radical feminism are sometimes called
the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought.[14]
Since the late 20th century, many newer forms of feminisms have emerged. Some forms of
feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, college-
educated, heterosexual, or cisgender perspectives. These criticisms have led to the creation of
ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, such as black feminism and intersectional
feminism.[15]
1History
o 1.1Terminology
o 1.2Waves
o 1.319th and early-20th centuries
o 1.4Mid-20th century
o 1.5Late 20th and early 21st centuries
 1.5.1Third-wave feminism
 1.5.2Standpoint theory
 1.5.3Fourth-wave feminism
 1.5.4Postfeminism
 2Theory
 3Movements and ideologies
o 3.1Liberal feminism
o 3.2Radical feminism
o 3.3Materialist ideologies
o 3.4Other modern feminisms
 3.4.1Ecofeminism
 3.4.2Black and postcolonial ideologies
 3.4.3Social constructionist ideologies
 3.4.4Transgender people

 3.4.5Cultural movements
 4Demographics
o 4.1United States
o 4.2United Kingdom
 5Sexuality
o 5.1Sex industry
o 5.2Affirming female sexual autonomy
 6Science
o 6.1Biology and gender
o 6.2Feminist psychology
 7Culture
o 7.1Design
o 7.2Businesses
o 7.3Visual arts
o 7.4Literature
o 7.5Music
o 7.6Cinema
 8Politics
o 8.1Socialism
o 8.2Fascism
o 8.3Civil rights movement and anti-racism
o 8.4Neoliberalism
 9Societal impact
o 9.1Civil rights
o 9.2Jurisprudence
o 9.3Language
o 9.4Theology
o 9.5Patriarchy
o 9.6Men and masculinity
 10Reactions
o 10.1Pro-feminism
o 10.2Anti-feminism and criticism of feminism
o 10.3Secular humanism
 11See also
 12Notes
 13References
 14Further reading
 15External links
o 15.1Articles
o 15.2Active research
o 15.3Multimedia and documents
History
Terminology
Main article: History of feminism
See also: Protofeminism

Feminist suffrage parade, New York City, 1912
Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote about feminism for the Atlanta Constitution, 10 December 1916.
After selling her home, Emmeline Pankhurst, pictured in New York City in 1913, travelled constantly, giving
speeches throughout Britain and the United States.

In the Netherlands, Wilhelmina Drucker (1847–1925) fought successfully for the vote and equal rights for
women, through organizations she founded.
Simone Veil (1927–2017), former French Minister of Health (1974–79) made access to contraceptive pills
easier and legalized abortion (1974–75) – her greatest and hardest achievement.
Louise Weiss along with other Parisian suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The
Frenchwoman Must Vote."
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist and French philosopher, is credited with having coined the
word "féminisme" in 1837.[16]
The words "féminisme" ("feminism") and "féministe" ("feminist") first
appeared in France and the Netherlands in 1872,[17]
Great Britain in the 1890s, and the United
States in 1910.[18][19]
The Oxford English Dictionary lists 1852 as the year of the first appearance
of "feminist"[20]
and 1895 for "feminism".[21]
Depending on the historical moment, culture and
country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist
historians contend that all movements working to obtain women's rights should be considered
feminist movements, even when they did not (or do not) apply the term to
themselves.[22][23][24][25][26][27]
Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern
feminist movement and its descendants. Those historians use the label "protofeminist" to
describe earlier movements.[28]
Waves
The history of the modern western feminist movement is divided into four "waves".[29][30][31]
The first comprised women's suffrage movements of the 19th and early-20th centuries,
promoting women's right to vote. The second wave, the women's liberation movement, began in
the 1960s and campaigned for legal and social equality for women. In or around 1992, a third
wave was identified, characterized by a focus on individuality and diversity.[32]
Additionally, some
have argued for the existence of a fourth wave,[33]
starting around 2012, which has used social
media to combat sexual harassment, violence against women and rape culture; it is best known
for the Me Too movement.[34]
19th and early-20th centuries
Main article: First-wave feminism
First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th and early-20th centuries. In the UK
and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights
for women. New legislation included the Custody of Infants Act 1839 in the UK, which introduced
the tender years doctrine for child custody and gave women the right of custody of their children
for the first time.[35][36][37]
Other legislation, such as the Married Women's Property Act 1870 in the
UK and extended in the 1882 Act,[38]
became models for similar legislation in other British
territories. Victoria passed legislation in 1884 and New South Wales in 1889; the remaining
Australian colonies passed similar legislation between 1890 and 1897. With the turn of the 19th
century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of
women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for
women's sexual, reproductive, and economic rights too.[39]
Women's suffrage (the right to vote and stand for parliamentary office) began in
Britain's Australasian colonies at the close of the 19th century, with the self-governing colonies

of New Zealand granting women the right to vote in 1893; South Australia followed suit with
the Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894 in 1894. This was followed by Australia
granting female suffrage in 1902.[40][41]
In Britain, the suffragettes and suffragists campaigned for the women's vote, and in 1918
the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30
who owned property. In 1928, this was extended to all women over 21.[42]
Emmeline
Pankhurst was the most notable activist in England. Time named her one of the 100 Most
Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she
shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back."[43]
In the US, notable
leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B.
Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery before championing women's right to
vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, which asserts
that men and women are equal under God.[44]
In the US, first-wave feminism is considered to
have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined
retroactively when the term second-wave feminism came into use.[39][45][46][47][48]
During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days' Reform, Chinese
feminists called for women's liberation from traditional roles and Neo-Confucian gender
segregation.[49][50][51]
Later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating
women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved women's
liberation.[52]
According to Nawar al-Hassan Golley, Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab
nationalism. In 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the "father" of Arab feminism, wrote The
Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women.[53]
He drew links
between women's position in Egyptian society and nationalism, leading to the development of
Cairo University and the National Movement.[54]
In 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian
Feminist Union, became its president and a symbol of the Arab women's rights movement.[54]
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1905 triggered the Iranian women's movement, which
aimed to achieve women's equality in education, marriage, careers, and legal rights.[55]
However,
during the Iranian revolution of 1979, many of the rights that women had gained from the
women's movement were systematically abolished, such as the Family Protection Law.[56]
In France, women obtained the right to vote only with the Provisional Government of the French
Republic of 21 April 1944. The Consultative Assembly of Algiers of 1944 proposed on 24 March
1944 to grant eligibility to women but following an amendment by Fernand Grenier, they were
given full citizenship, including the right to vote. Grenier's proposition was adopted 51 to 16. In
May 1947, following the November 1946 elections, the sociologist Robert Verdier minimized the
"gender gap", stating in Le Populaire that women had not voted in a consistent way, dividing
themselves, as men, according to social classes. During the baby boom period, feminism waned
in importance. Wars (both World War I and World War II) had seen the provisional emancipation
of some women, but post-war periods signalled the return to conservative roles.[57]
Mid-20th century
By the mid-20th century, women still lacked significant rights. In Switzerland, women gained
the right to vote in federal elections in 1971;[58][better source needed]
but in the canton of Appenzell
Innerrhoden women obtained the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was
forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.[59]
In Liechtenstein, women were
given the right to vote by the women's suffrage referendum of 1984. Three prior referendums
held in 1968, 1971 and 1973 had failed to secure women's right to vote.

Photograph of American women replacing men fighting in Europe, 1945
Feminists continued to campaign for the reform of family laws which gave husbands control over
their wives. Although by the 20th century coverture had been abolished in the UK and US, in
many continental European countries married women still had very few rights. For instance, in
France, married women did not receive the right to work without their husband's permission until
1965.[60][61]
Feminists have also worked to abolish the "marital exemption" in rape laws which
precluded the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives.[62]
Earlier efforts by first-wave
feminists such as Voltairine de Cleyre, Victoria Woodhull and Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme
Elmy to criminalize marital rape in the late 19th century had failed;[63][64]
this was only achieved a
century later in most Western countries, but is still not achieved in many other parts of the
world.[65]
French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir provided a Marxist solution and an existentialist view on
many of the questions of feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe (The Second Sex)
in 1949.[66]
The book expressed feminists' sense of injustice. Second-wave feminism is a feminist
movement beginning in the early 1960s[67]
and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with
third-wave feminism. Second-wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality beyond
suffrage, such as ending gender discrimination.[39]
Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and
encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as
reflecting sexist power structures. The feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined the
slogan "The Personal is Political", which became synonymous with the second wave.[7][68]
Second- and third-wave feminism in China has been characterized by a reexamination of
women's roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements, and new
discussions about whether women's equality has actually been fully achieved.[52]
In 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt initiated "state feminism", which
outlawed discrimination based on gender and granted women's suffrage, but also blocked
political activism by feminist leaders.[69]
During Sadat's presidency, his wife, Jehan Sadat, publicly
advocated further women's rights, though Egyptian policy and society began to move away from
women's equality with the new Islamist movement and growing conservatism.[70]
However, some
activists proposed a new feminist movement, Islamic feminism, which argues for women's
equality within an Islamic framework.[71]
In Latin America, revolutions brought changes in women's status in countries such as Nicaragua,
where feminist ideology during the Sandinista Revolution aided women's quality of life but fell
short of achieving a social and ideological change.[72]
In 1963, Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique helped voice the discontent that American
women felt. The book is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in
the United States.[73]
Within ten years, women made up over half the First World workforce.[74]
Late 20th and early 21st centuries
Third-wave feminism
Main article: Third-wave feminism

Feminist, author and social activist bell hooks (b. 1952).
Third-wave feminism is traced to the emergence of the Riot grrrl feminist punk
subculture in Olympia, Washington, in the early 1990s,[75][76]
and to Anita Hill's televised testimony
in 1991—to an all-male, all-white Senate Judiciary Committee—that Clarence Thomas,
nominated for the Supreme Court of the United States, had sexually harassed her. The term third
wave is credited to Rebecca Walker, who responded to Thomas's appointment to the Supreme
Court with an article in Ms. magazine, "Becoming the Third Wave" (1992).[77][78]
She wrote:
So I write this as a plea to all women, especially women of my generation: Let Thomas’
confirmation serve to remind you, as it did me, that the fight is far from over. Let this dismissal of
a woman's experience move you to anger. Turn that outrage into political power. Do not vote for
them unless they work for us. Do not have sex with them, do not break bread with them, do not
nurture them if they don't prioritize our freedom to control our bodies and our lives. I am not a
post-feminism feminist. I am the Third Wave.[77]
Third-wave feminism also sought to challenge or avoid what it deemed the second
wave's essentialist definitions of femininity, which, third-wave feminists argued, over-emphasized
the experiences of upper middle-class white women. Third-wave feminists often focused on
"micro-politics" and challenged the second wave's paradigm as to what was, or was not, good for
women, and tended to use a post-structuralist interpretation of gender and
sexuality.[39][79][80][81]
Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as Gloria Anzaldúa, bell
hooks, Chela Sandoval, Cherríe Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other
non-white feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-
related subjectivities.[80][82][83]
Third-wave feminism also contained internal debates
between difference feminists, who believe that there are important psychological differences
between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent psychological differences
between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning.[84]
Standpoint theory
Standpoint theory is a feminist theoretical point of view stating that a person's social position
influences their knowledge. This perspective argues that research and theory treat women and
the feminist movement as insignificant and refuses to see traditional science as
unbiased.[85]
Since the 1980s, standpoint feminists have argued that the feminist movement
should address global issues (such as rape, incest, and prostitution) and culturally specific issues
(such as female genital mutilation in some parts of Africa and Arab societies, as well as glass
ceiling practices that impede women's advancement in developed economies) in order to
understand how gender inequality interacts with
racism, homophobia, classism and colonization in a "matrix of domination".[86][87]
Fourth-wave feminism
Main article: Fourth-wave feminism

Protest against La Manada sexual abuse case sentence, Pamplona, 2018
Fourth-wave feminism is a proposed extension of third-wave feminism which corresponds to a
resurgence in interest in feminism beginning around 2012 and associated with the use of social
media.[88][89]
According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is
justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment and violence against women. Its
essence, she writes, is "incredulity that certain attitudes can still exist".[90]
Fourth-wave feminism is "defined by technology", according to Kira Cochrane, and is
characterized particularly by the use of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Tumblr, and
blogs such as Feministing to challenge misogyny and further gender equality.[88][91][92]
2017 Women's March, Washington, D.C.
Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus
sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and murder of
women and girls have galvanized the movement. These have included the 2012 Delhi gang rape,
2012 Jimmy Savile allegations, the Bill Cosby allegations, 2014 Isla Vista killings, 2016 trial of
Jian Ghomeshi, 2017 Harvey Weinstein allegations and subsequent Weinstein effect, and
the 2017 Westminster sexual scandals.[93]
International Women's Strike, Paraná, Argentina, 2019
Examples of fourth-wave feminist campaigns include the Everyday Sexism Project, No More
Page 3, Stop Bild Sexism, Mattress Performance, 10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a
Woman, #YesAllWomen, Free the Nipple, One Billion Rising, the 2017 Women's March,
the 2018 Women's March, and the #MeToo movement. In December 2017, Time magazine
chose several prominent female activists involved in the #MeToo movement, dubbed "the silence
breakers", as Person of the Year.[94][95]
Postfeminism

Main article: Postfeminism
The term postfeminism is used to describe a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism since the
1980s. While not being "anti-feminist", postfeminists believe that women have achieved second
wave goals while being critical of third- and fourth-wave feminist goals. The term was first used to
describe a backlash against second-wave feminism, but it is now a label for a wide range of
theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to
the second wave's ideas.[96]
Other postfeminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today's
society.[97][98]
Amelia Jones has written that the postfeminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and
1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity.[99]
Dorothy Chunn describes a
"blaming narrative" under the postfeminist moniker, where feminists are undermined for
continuing to make demands for gender equality in a "post-feminist" society, where "gender
equality has (already) been achieved". According to Chunn, "many feminists have voiced disquiet
about the ways in which rights and equality discourses are now used against them".[100]
Theory
Main article: Feminist theory
See also: Gynocriticism and écriture féminine
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical fields. It
encompasses work in a variety of disciplines,
including anthropology, sociology, economics, women's studies, literary criticism,[101][102]
art
history,[103]
psychoanalysis,[104]
and philosophy.[105][106]
Feminist theory aims to understand gender
inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations, and sexuality. While providing a
critique of these social and political relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on the
promotion of women's rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory include
discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression,
and patriarchy.[11][12]
In the field of literary criticism, Elaine Showalter describes the development of
feminist theory as having three phases. The first she calls "feminist critique", in which the feminist
reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena. The second Showalter calls
"gynocriticism", in which the "woman is producer of textual meaning". The last phase she calls
"gender theory", in which the "ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender
system are explored".[107]
This was paralleled in the 1970s by French feminists, who developed the concept of écriture
féminine (which translates as "female or feminine writing").[96]
Hélène Cixous argues that writing
and philosophy are phallocentric and along with other French feminists such as Luce
Irigaray emphasize "writing from the body" as a subversive exercise.[96]
The work of Julia
Kristeva, a feminist psychoanalyst and philosopher, and Bracha Ettinger,[108]
artist and
psychoanalyst, has influenced feminist theory in general and feminist literary criticism in
particular. However, as the scholar Elizabeth Wright points out, "none of these French feminists
align themselves with the feminist movement as it appeared in the Anglophone world".[96][109]
More
recent feminist theory, such as that of Lisa Lucile Owens,[110]
has concentrated on characterizing
feminism as a universal emancipatory movement.
Movements and ideologies
Main article: Feminist movements and ideologies
Many overlapping feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years. Feminism
is often divided into three main traditions called liberal, radical and socialist/Marxist feminism,
sometimes known as the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought. Since the late 20th century,
newer forms of feminisms have also emerged.[14]
Some branches of feminism track the political
leanings of the larger society to a greater or lesser degree, or focus on specific topics, such as
the environment.
Liberal feminism
Main article: Liberal feminism

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a major figure in 19th century liberal feminism
Liberal feminism, also known under other names such as reformist, mainstream, or historically as
bourgeois feminism,[111][112]
arose from 19th century first-wave feminism, and was historically
linked to 19th century liberalism and progressivism, while 19th century conservatives tended to
oppose feminism as such. Liberal feminism seeks equality of men and women through political
and legal reform within a liberal democratic framework, without radically altering the structure of
society; liberal feminism "works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women
into that structure."[113]
During the 19th and early 20th centuries liberal feminism focused
especially on women's suffrage and access to education.[114]
Norwegian supreme court justice
and former president of the liberal Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, Karin Maria
Bruzelius, has described liberal feminism as "a realistic, sober, practical feminism".[115]
Susan Wendell argues that "liberal feminism is an historical tradition that grew out of liberalism,
as can be seen very clearly in the work of such feminists as Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart
Mill, but feminists who took principles from that tradition have developed analyses and goals that
go far beyond those of 18th and 19th century liberal feminists, and many feminists who have
goals and strategies identified as liberal feminist [...] reject major components of liberalism" in a
modern or party-political sense; she highlights "equality of opportunity" as a defining feature of
liberal feminism.[116]
Liberal feminism is a very broad term that encompasses many, often diverging modern branches
and a variety of feminist and general political perspectives; some historically liberal branches
are equality feminism, social feminism, equity feminism, difference
feminism, individualist/libertarian feminism and some forms of state feminism, particularly the
state feminism of the Nordic countries. The broad field of liberal feminism is sometimes confused
with the more recent and smaller branch known as libertarian feminism, which tends to diverge
significantly from mainstream liberal feminism. For example, "libertarian feminism does not
require social measures to reduce material inequality; in fact, it opposes such measures [...] in
contrast, liberal feminism may support such requirements and egalitarian versions of feminism
insist on them."[117]
Catherine Rottenberg has criticized what she described as neoliberal feminism, saying it is
individualized rather than collectivized, and becoming detached from social inequality.[118]
Due to
this she argues that Liberal Feminism cannot offer any sustained analysis of the structures of
male dominance, power, or privilege.[118]
Some modern forms of feminism that historically grew out of the broader liberal tradition have
more recently also been described as conservative in relative terms. This is particularly the case

for libertarian feminism which conceives of people as self-owners and therefore as entitled to
freedom from coercive interference.[119]
Radical feminism
The merged Venus symbol with raised fist is a common symbol of radical feminism, one of the movements
within feminism
Radical feminism arose from the radical wing of second-wave feminism and calls for a radical
reordering of society to eliminate male supremacy. It considers the male-controlled capitalist
hierarchy as the defining feature of women's oppression and the total uprooting and
reconstruction of society as necessary.[7]
Separatist feminism does not support heterosexual
relationships. Lesbian feminism is thus closely related. Other feminists criticize separatist
feminism as sexist.[10]
Materialist ideologies
Emma Goldman a union activist, labour organizer and feminist anarchist
Rosemary Hennessy and Chrys Ingraham say that materialist forms of feminism grew out of
Western Marxist thought and have inspired a number of different (but overlapping) movements,
all of which are involved in a critique of capitalism and are focused on ideology's relationship to
women.[120]
Marxist feminism argues that capitalism is the root cause of women's oppression, and
that discrimination against women in domestic life and employment is an effect of capitalist
ideologies.[121]
Socialist feminism distinguishes itself from Marxist feminism by arguing that
women's liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural
sources of women's oppression.[122]
Anarcha-feminists believe that class
struggle and anarchy against the state[123]
require struggling against patriarchy, which comes from
involuntary hierarchy.
Other modern feminisms
Ecofeminism

Ecofeminists see men's control of land as responsible for the oppression of women and
destruction of the natural environment. Ecofeminism has been criticized for focusing too much on
a mystical connection between women and nature.[124]
Black and postcolonial ideologies
Sara Ahmed argues that Black and postcolonial feminisms pose a challenge "to some of the
organizing premises of Western feminist thought."[125]
During much of its history, feminist
movements and theoretical developments were led predominantly by middle-class white women
from Western Europe and North America.[82][86][126]
However, women of other races have proposed
alternative feminisms.[86]
This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the civil rights movement in the
United States and the end of Western European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of
Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Since that time, women in developing nations and former
colonies and who are of colour or various ethnicities or living in poverty have proposed additional
feminisms.[126]
Womanism[127][128]
emerged after early feminist movements were largely white and
middle-class.[82]
Postcolonial feminists argue that colonial oppression and Western feminism
marginalized postcolonial women but did not turn them passive or voiceless.[15]
Third-world
feminism and indigenous feminism are closely related to postcolonial feminism.[126]
These ideas
also correspond with ideas in African feminism,
motherism,[129]
Stiwanism,[130]
negofeminism,[131]
femalism, transnational feminism, and Africana
womanism.[132]
Social constructionist ideologies
Main article: Social construction of gender
In the late twentieth century various feminists began to argue that gender roles are socially
constructed,[133][134]
and that it is impossible to generalize women's experiences across cultures
and histories.[135]
Post-structural feminism draws on the philosophies of post-structuralism
and deconstruction in order to argue that the concept of gender is created socially and culturally
through discourse.[136]
Postmodern feminists also emphasize the social construction of gender
and the discursive nature of reality;[133]
however, as Pamela Abbott et al. write, a postmodern
approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and
women's standpoints)".[137]
Transgender people
Main article: Feminist views on transgender topics
Feminist views on transgender people differ. Some feminists do not view trans women as
women,[138][139]
believing that they have male privilege due to their sex assignment at
birth.[140]
Additionally, some feminists reject the concept of transgender identity due to views that
all behavioural differences between genders are a result of socialization.[citation needed]
In contrast,
other feminists and transfeminists believe that the liberation of trans women is a necessary part
of feminist goals.[141]
Third-wave feminists are overall more supportive of trans rights.[142][143]
A key
concept in transfeminism is of transmisogyny,[144]
which is the irrational fear of, aversion to, or
discrimination against transgender women or feminine gender-nonconforming people.[145][146]
Cultural movements
Riot grrrls took an anti-corporate stance of self-sufficiency and self-reliance.[147]
Riot grrrl's
emphasis on universal female identity and separatism often appears more closely allied with
second-wave feminism than with the third wave.[148]
The movement encouraged and made
"adolescent girls' standpoints central", allowing them to express themselves fully.[149]
Lipstick
feminism is a cultural feminist movement that attempts to respond to the backlash of second-
wave radical feminism of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming symbols of "feminine" identity such
as make-up, suggestive clothing and having a sexual allure as valid and empowering personal
choices.[150][151]
According to 2014 Ipsos poll covering 15 developed countries, 53 percent of respondents
identified as feminists, and 87% agreed that "women should be treated equally to men in all
areas based on their competency, not their gender". However, only 55% of women agreed that
they have "full equality with men and the freedom to reach their full dreams and

aspirations".[152]
Taken together, these studies reflect the importance differentiating between
claiming a "feminist identity" and holding "feminist attitudes or beliefs"[153]
United States
According to a 2015 poll, 18 percent of Americans use the label of 'feminist' to describe
themselves, while 85 percent are feminists in practice as they reported they believe in "equality
for women". Despite the popular belief in what feminism stands for, 52 percent did not identify as
feminist, 26 percent were unsure, and four percent provided no response.[154]
Sociological research shows that, in the US, increased educational attainment is associated with
greater support for feminist issues. In addition, politically liberal people are more likely to support
feminist ideals compared to those who are conservative.[155][156]
United Kingdom
According to numerous polls, 7% of Britons use the label of 'feminist' to describe themselves,
with 83% being feminist in practice by saying they support equality of opportunity for women –
this included even higher support from men (86%) than women (81%).[157][158]
It is true that in some areas and on certain issues, there have been improvements: for
example, in Saudi Arabia women were allowed, for the first time, to vote and run
for office in 2015(!). However, on other issues there has been little or no progress: for
example, there have been insignificant reductions in cases of violence against
women. Women continue to receive lower pay for the same work as men in all parts of
the world; there are still countries that do not have laws against marital rape and still
allow child brides, and practices such as 'honour' killings and female genital mutilation
still exist.
Jokes about feminism and stereotypes about feminists persist, and many of these are
also homophobic and assume that being lesbian is something ‘bad’. In fact, being a
feminist is not something particular to any sex or gender: there are women and men who
consider themselves feminists, some are gay or lesbian, some heterosexual, bisexual or
transgender - and some may identify differently.
The concept of feminism reflects a history of different struggles, and the term has been
interpreted in fuller and more complex ways as understanding has developed. In
general, feminism can be seen as a movement to put an end to sexism, sexist
exploitation, and oppression and to achieve full gender equality in law and in
practice
Sexuality
Main article: Feminist views on sexuality
Feminist views on sexuality vary, and have differed by historical period and by cultural context.
Feminist attitudes to female sexuality have taken a few different directions. Matters such as
the sex industry, sexual representation in the media, and issues regarding consent to sex under
conditions of male dominance have been particularly controversial among feminists. This debate
has culminated in the late 1970s and the 1980s, in what came to be known as the feminist sex
wars, which pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism, and parts of the
feminist movement were deeply divided by these debates.[159][160][161][162][163]
Feminists have taken a
variety of positions on different aspects of the sexual revolution from the 1960s and 70s. Over
the course of the 1970s, a large number of influential women accepted lesbian and bisexual
women as part of feminism.[164]
Sex industry

Main articles: Sex industry, Feminist views on pornography, Feminist views on
prostitution, Feminist sex wars, and Male prostitution § Feminist studies
Opinions on the sex industry are diverse. Feminists who are critical of the sex industry generally
see it as the exploitative result of patriarchal social structures which reinforce sexual and cultural
attitudes complicit in rape and sexual harassment. Alternately, feminists who support at least part
of the sex industry argue that it can be a medium of feminist expression and a means for women
to take control of their sexuality. For the views of feminism on male prostitutes see the article
on male prostitution.
Feminist views of pornography range from condemnation of pornography as a form of violence
against women, to an embracing of some forms of pornography as a medium of feminist
expression.[159][160][161][162][163]
Similarly, feminists' views on prostitution vary, ranging from critical to
supportive.[165]
Affirming female sexual autonomy
See also: My body, my choice
For feminists, a woman's right to control her own sexuality is a key issue. Feminists such
as Catharine MacKinnon argue that women have very little control over their own bodies, with
female sexuality being largely controlled and defined by men in patriarchal societies. Feminists
argue that sexual violence committed by men is often rooted in ideologies of male sexual
entitlement and that these systems grant women very few legitimate options to refuse sexual
advances.[166][167]
Feminists argue that all cultures are, in one way or another, dominated by
ideologies that largely deny women the right to decide how to express their sexuality, because
men under patriarchy feel entitled to define sex on their own terms. This entitlement can take
different forms, depending on the culture. In some conservative and religious cultures marriage is
regarded as an institution which requires a wife to be sexually available at all times, virtually
without limit; thus, forcing or coercing sex on a wife is not considered a crime or even an abusive
behaviour.[168][169]
In more liberal cultures, this entitlement takes the form of a
general sexualization of the whole culture. This is played out in the sexual objectification of
women, with pornography and other forms of sexual entertainment creating the fantasy that all
women exist solely for men's sexual pleasure and that women are readily available and desiring
to engage in sex at any time, with any man, on a man's terms.[170]
In 1968, feminist Anne
Koedt argued in her essay The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm that women's biology and
the clitoral orgasm had not been properly analyzed and popularized, because men "have
orgasms essentially by friction with the vagina" and not the clitoral area.[171][172]
Science
Further information: Feminist epistemology
Sandra Harding says that the "moral and political insights of the women's movement have
inspired social scientists and biologists to raise critical questions about the ways traditional
researchers have explained gender, sex and relations within and between the social and natural
worlds."[173]
Some feminists, such as Ruth Hubbard and Evelyn Fox Keller, criticize
traditional scientific discourse as being historically biased towards a male perspective.[174]
A part
of the feminist research agenda is the examination of the ways in which power inequities are
created or reinforced in scientific and academic institutions.[175]
Physicist Lisa Randall, appointed
to a task force at Harvard by then-president Lawrence Summers after his controversial
discussion of why women may be underrepresented in science and engineering, said, "I just
want to see a whole bunch more women enter the field so these issues don't have to come up
anymore."[176]
Lynn Hankinson Nelson writes that feminist empiricists find fundamental differences between the
experiences of men and women. Thus, they seek to obtain knowledge through the examination
of the experiences of women and to "uncover the consequences of omitting, misdescribing, or
devaluing them" to account for a range of human experience.[177]
Another part of the feminist
research agenda is the uncovering of ways in which power inequities are created or reinforced in
society and in scientific and academic institutions.[175]
Furthermore, despite calls for greater

attention to be paid to structures of gender inequity in the academic literature, structural analyses
of gender bias rarely appear in highly cited psychological journals, especially in the commonly
studied areas of psychology and personality.[178]
One criticism of feminist epistemology is that it allows social and political values to influence its
findings.[179]
Susan Haack also points out that feminist epistemology reinforces traditional
stereotypes about women's thinking (as intuitive and emotional, etc.); Meera Nanda further
cautions that this may in fact trap women within "traditional gender roles and help justify
patriarchy".[180]
Biology and gender
Further information: Gender essentialism and Sexual differentiation
Modern feminism challenges the essentialist view of gender as biologically intrinsic.[181][182]
For
example, Anne Fausto-Sterling's book, Myths of Gender, explores the assumptions embodied
in scientific research that support a biologically essentialist view of gender.[183]
In Delusions of
Gender, Cordelia Fine disputes scientific evidence that suggests that there is an innate biological
difference between men's and women's minds, asserting instead that cultural and societal beliefs
are the reason for differences between individuals that are commonly perceived as sex
differences.[184]
Feminist psychology
Main article: Feminist psychology
Feminism in psychology emerged as a critique of the dominant male outlook on psychological
research where only male perspectives were studied with all male subjects. As women earned
doctorates in psychology, females and their issues were introduced as legitimate topics of study.
Feminist psychology emphasizes social context, lived experience, and qualitative
analysis.[185]
Projects such as Psychology's Feminist Voices have emerged to catalogue the
influence of feminist psychologists on the discipline.[186]
Culture
Main article: Feminism in culture
Design
There is a long history of feminist activity in design disciplines like industrial design, graphic
design and fashion design. This work has explored topics like beauty, DIY, feminine approaches
to design and community-based projects.[187]
Some iconic writing includes Cheryl Buckley's
essays on design and patriarchy[188]
and Joan Rothschild's Design and feminism: Re-visioning
spaces, places, and everyday things.[189]
More recently, Isabel Prochner's research explored how
feminist perspectives can support positive change in industrial design, helping to identify
systemic social problems and inequities in design and guiding socially sustainable and
grassroots design solutions.[190]
Businesses
See also: Feminist businesses
Feminist activists have established a range of feminist businesses, including feminist bookstores,
credit unions, presses, mail-order catalogs and restaurants. These businesses flourished as part
of the second and third waves of feminism in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[191][192]
Visual arts
Main article: Feminist art movement
Corresponding with general developments within feminism, and often including such self-
organizing tactics as the consciousness-raising group, the movement began in the 1960s and
flourished throughout the 1970s.[193]
Jeremy Strick, director of the Museum of Contemporary Art in
Los Angeles, described the feminist art movement as "the most influential international
movement of any during the postwar period", and Peggy Phelan says that it "brought about the

most far-reaching transformations in both artmaking and art writing over the past four
decades".[193]
Feminist artist Judy Chicago, who created The Dinner Party, a set of vulva-themed
ceramic plates in the 1970s, said in 2009 to ARTnews, "There is still an institutional lag and an
insistence on a male Eurocentric narrative. We are trying to change the future: to get girls and
boys to realize that women's art is not an exception—it's a normal part of art history."[194]
A
feminist approach to the visual arts has most recently developed through cyberfeminism and
the posthuman turn, giving voice to the ways "contemporary female artists are dealing with
gender, social media and the notion of embodiment".[195]
Literature
Octavia Butler, award-winning feminist science fiction a
Main article: Feminist literature
See also: Écriture féminine, List of American feminist literature, List of feminist literature, and List
of feminist poets
The feminist movement produced feminist fiction, feminist non-fiction, and feminist poetry, which
created new interest in women's writing. It also prompted a general reevaluation of
women's historical and academic contributions in response to the belief that women's lives and
contributions have been underrepresented as areas of scholarly interest.[196]
There has also been
a close link between feminist literature and activism, with feminist writing typically voicing key
concerns or ideas of feminism in a particular era.
Much of the early period of feminist literary scholarship was given over to the rediscovery and
reclamation of texts written by women. In Western feminist literary scholarship, Studies like Dale
Spender's Mothers of the Novel (1986) and Jane Spencer's The Rise of the Woman
Novelist (1986) were ground-breaking in their insistence that women have always been writing.
Commensurate with this growth in scholarly interest, various presses began the task of reissuing
long-out-of-print texts. Virago Press began to publish its large list of 19th and early-20th-century
novels in 1975 and became one of the first commercial presses to join in the project of
reclamation. In the 1980s Pandora Press, responsible for publishing Spender's study, issued a
companion line of 18th-century novels written by women.[197]
More recently, Broadview
Press continues to issue 18th- and 19th-century novels, many hitherto out of print, and
the University of Kentucky has a series of republications of early women's novels.
Particular works of literature have come to be known as key feminist texts. A Vindication of the
Rights of Woman (1792) by Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist
philosophy. A Room of One's Own (1929) by Virginia Woolf, is noted in its argument for both a
literal and figural space for women writers within a literary tradition dominated by patriarchy.
The widespread interest in women's writing is related to a general reassessment and expansion
of the literary canon. Interest in post-colonial literatures, gay and lesbian literature, writing by
people of colour, working people's writing, and the cultural productions of other historically
marginalized groups has resulted in a whole scale expansion of what is considered "literature",
and genres hitherto not regarded as "literary", such as children's writing, journals, letters, travel
writing, and many others are now the subjects of scholarly interest.[196][198][199]
Most genres and
subgenres have undergone a similar analysis, so literary studies have entered new territories
such as the "female gothic"[200]
or women's science fiction.

According to Elyce Rae Helford, "Science fiction and fantasy serve as important vehicles for
feminist thought, particularly as bridges between theory and practice."[201]
Feminist science fiction
is sometimes taught at the university level to explore the role of social constructs in
understanding gender.[202]
Notable texts of this kind are Ursula K. Le Guin's The Left Hand of
Darkness (1969), Joanna Russ' The Female Man (1970), Octavia Butler's Kindred (1979)
and Margaret Atwood's Handmaid's Tale (1985).
Feminist nonfiction has played an important role in voicing concerns about women's lived
experiences. For example, Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was extremely
influential, as it represented the specific racism and sexism experienced by black women
growing up in the United States.[203]
In addition, many feminist movements have embraced poetry as a vehicle through which to
communicate feminist ideas to public audiences through anthologies, poetry collections, and
public readings.[204]
Moreover, historical pieces of writing by women have been used by feminists to speak about
what women's lives would have been like in the past, while demonstrating the power that they
held and the impact they had in their communities even centuries ago.[205]
An important figure in
the history of women in relation to literature is Hrotsvitha. Hrotsvitha was a canoness from 935 -
973,[206]
as the first female poetess in the German lands, and first female historian Hrotsvitha is
one of the few people to speak about women's lives from a woman's perspective during
the Middle Ages.[207]

WAS
APPOINTEDASWOMAN AND CHILD WELFARE IN BJP GOVERNMENT.

Maneka Sanjay Gandhi (also spelled Menaka; née Anand) (born 26 August 1956) is an Indian
politician, animal rights activist, and environmentalist. She is a member of the Lok Sabha, the
lower house of the Indian parliament and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). She is
the widow of Indian politician Sanjay Gandhi. She has been a minister in four governments, most
recently in Narendra Modi's government from May 2014 to May 2019. Gandhi inspired many
individuals towards social entrepreneurship for example TreeAndHumanKnot in August 2020
which triggered it become a nation wide movement to plant fruit trees by couples.
She also authored a number of books in the areas of etymology, law and animal welfare.
Contents
 1Personal life
 2Early life and career
 3Activism
 4Criticism
 5Electoral history
 6Positions held
 7In popular culture
 8Awards
 9Books
 10See also
 11References
Personal life[edit]
Maneka Anand was born on 26 August 1956 in Delhi, India into a Sikh family. Her father
was Indian Army officer Lt. Col. Tarlochan Singh Anand and her mother was Amteshwar Anand,
daughter of Sir Datar Singh. She was educated at The Lawrence School, Sanawar[1]
and later
at Lady Shri Ram College for Women.[2][3]
She subsequently studied German at Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi.[4]
Maneka first met Sanjay Gandhi in 1973 at a cocktail party thrown by her uncle, Major-General
Kapur, to celebrate the forthcoming marriage of his son. Maneka married Gandhi, the son of the
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, one year later on 23 September 1974.[5]
The Emergency of 1975–77 saw the rise of Sanjay into politics and Maneka was seen with him
almost every time on his tours as she helped him in campaigns. It is often said that during
the Emergency, Sanjay had total control over his mother (Indira) and that the government was
run by the PMH (Prime Minister House) rather than the PMO (Prime Minister Office).[6][7][8]
Maneka Gandhi founded the news magazine Surya which later played a key role in promotion of
the Congress party after its defeat in the 1977 election following the Emergency.
Gandhi went to court to fight an attempt by the government in power at the time to confiscate her
passport and won a landmark decision on personal liberty. In the case of Maneka Gandhi v
Union of India,[9]
the court found that "Democracy is based essentially on free debate and open
discussion, for that is the only corrective of government action in a democratic setup."
In 1980 Gandhi gave birth to a son, Feroze, named after his paternal grandfather. Her mother -in-
law added the name Varun. Gandhi was just twenty-three years old, and her son just 100 days
old, when her husband died in an air crash.[10]
Early life and career[edit]

Maneka's relationship with Indira Gandhi gradually disintegrated after Sanjay's death and they
would continually argue with one another. Maneka was eventually forced out of 1, Safdarjung
Road, the prime minister's residence, after a fallout with Indira.[3]
She founded the Rashtriya
Sanjay Manch along with Akbar Ahmad. The party primarily focused on youth empowerment and
employment. It won four out of five seats in the Elections in Andhra Pradesh.
Gandhi published The Complete Book of Muslim and Parsi Names, in recognition of her
husband's Zoroastrian faith.[11][12]
She later published The Penguin Book of Hindu Names for Boys.[13]
Gandhi contested the Amethi constituency from Uttar Pradesh for the 1984 general election for
the Lok Sabha, but lost to Rajiv Gandhi. In 1988, she joined V. P. Singh's Janata Dal Party and
became the General Secretary. In the 1989 Indian general election, Gandhi won her first election
to Parliament and became a Minister of State as the Minister for Environment.[14]
Activism[edit]
Gandhi is a self-described environmentalist and animal rights leader in India.[15]
She has earned
international awards and acclaim.[16]
She was appointed chairwoman of the Committee for the
Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) in 1995. Under her
direction, CPCSEA members carried unannounced inspections of laboratories where animals are
used for scientific research were conducted.[17]
Gandhi has filed Public Interest Litigations that have achieved the replacement of the municipal
killing of homeless dogs with a sterilisation programme (Animal Birth Control programs,
commonly abbreviated as ABCs), the unregulated sale of airguns and a ban on mobile or
travelling zoos. She currently chairs the Jury of International Energy Globe Foundation which
meets annually in Austria to award the best environmental innovations of the year. She is a
member of the Eurosolar Board and the Wuppertal Institute, Germany.
Gandhi started the organisation People for Animals[18]
in 1992 and it is the largest organisation for
animal rights/welfare in India. Gandhi is also a patron of International Animal Rescue. While she
is not a vegan,[19]
she has advocated this lifestyle on ethical and health grounds. She also
anchored the weekly television program Heads and Tails, highlighting the suffering meted out to
animals due to their commercial exploitation. She has also authored a book under the same title.
Her other books were about Indian people names. She is a cast member for the documentary A
Delicate Balance.[20]
Criticism[edit]
Gandhi has often been criticized for her comments.
Threatening a veterinarian over phone
In June 2021, She has called up a veterinarian threatening to cancel his license for a allegedly
botched up amputation surgery of a dog. Despite a veterinarian was trying to make her aware of
situation- that he has exercised all due care during surgery and it was a ferocious dog which has
torn up bandage and surgical wound after surgery, she has hurled abusive and unparliamentary
words. The call was recorded and was made viral in all social media. All veterinary associations
have condemned and protested her behavior.[21]
Male Suicide Views
In June 2017, during a Facebook Live session, she commented that men do not commit suicide.
She received negative responses to the comment and spent the rest of the chat answering
questions related to this, with chatters pointing out that 68% of the suicide cases reported
in India were committed by men.[22]
False Harassment Threat

In January 2021, Deepika Narayan Bharadwaj came forward with an audio tape where Maneka
Gandhi was allegedly berating a man for hitting a dog, and was threatening to file sexual
harassment cases against him. The man on the tape claimed that it was in self defense, as the
dog had bitten his daughter.[23][24]
Curfew for Women
In March 2017, she said that an early curfew for girls in hostels helped young women control
their "hormonal outbursts" and received a backlash for the comment.[25]
Views on Marital Rape
In 2016, she stated that she was against the criminalization of marital rape and received a heavy
backlash for the comment.[26][27]
Alleged spread of hatred against Muslims
Police in Kerala booked Gandhi the basis of complaints against her for promoting hatred by
levelling accusations coated with communal overtones for a death of a pregnant elephant,
against residents in the Muslim-majority district of Malappuram on June 2020. While the elephant
died in Mannarcad, Palakkad district, nearly 90 km from Malappuram, BJP leaders including
Gandhi targeted the only Muslim-majority district of Kerala.[28][29]
She said: “It’s a murder.
Malappuram is famous for such incidents, it’s India’s most violent district. For instance, they
throw poison on roads so that 300–400 birds & dogs die at one time”.[30][31]
The incident was used
by many right-wingers to proliferate anti-Muslim resentment and to demonize the community. A
multitude of hateful messages towards Malappuram and its people accompanied her remarks,
triggering enraged responses.[32]
She was charged with adding communal color to an animal-
related issue that would otherwise be constrained within the Department of Forests.[33]
A group
calling themselves Kerala Cyber Warriors briefly hacked Maneka Gandhi's website, People for
Animals, India.[34][35]
Electoral history[edit]
 1984 – Lost to Rajiv Gandhi from Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency) over 2.7L votes, was
contesting as an Independent Candidate
 1989–91 – Member of Lok Sabha from Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency), elected on a
Janata Dal party ticket
 1991 – Lost as Janata Dal candidate to BJP's Parashuram in Pilibhit
Janata Dal party ticket
 1998–99 – Member of Lok Sabha from Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency), elected as an
Independent Candidate
 1999–2004 – Member of Lok Sabha from Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency), elected as an
Independent Candidate
 2004–09 – Member of Lok Sabha from Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency), elected on
a Bharatiya Janata Party ticket
 2009–14 – Member of Lok Sabha from Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency), elected on a
Bharatiya Janata Party ticket
Bharatiya Janata Party ticket
 2019–present – Member of Lok Sabha from Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency), elected on
a Bharatiya Janata Party ticket.
Positions held[edit]
 1988–89 – General-Secretary, Janata Dal (J.D.)
 1989–91 – Union Minister of State (Independent Charge), Environment and Forests

 January–April 1990 – Union Minister of State (Independent Charge), Programme
Implementation
 1996–97 – Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests
 1998–99 – Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Social Justice and Empowerment.
 13 October 1999 – 1 September 2001– Union Minister of State, Social Justice and
Empowerment (Independent Charge)
 1 September 2001 – 18 November 2001 – Union Minister of State, Culture with an additional
charge of Animal Care (Independent Charge) Programme Implementation and Statistics with
added charge of Animal Care (Independent Charge)
 18 November 2001 – 30 June 2002 – Union Minister of State, Programme Implementation
and Statistics with an additional charge of Animal Care (Independent Charge)
 2002–2004 – Member, Committee on External Affairs
 2004 – Member, Committee on Health & Family Welfare, Member, Consultative Committee,
Ministry of Environment and Forests
 5 August 2007 – onwards Member, Committee on Health & Family Welfare
 31 August 2009 – Became Member of Committee on Railways
 23 September 2009 – Chairperson, Committee on Government Assurances
 19 October 2009 – Member, General Purposes Committee
 26 May 2014 – Union Minister of Women & Child Development
In popular culture[edit]
Gandhi hosted Maneka's Ark, an environmental talk show which aired on the Indian national
public broadcaster Doorarshan's DD National channel in the 1990s.[36][37]
She had earlier
hosted Heads & Tails, an animal rights show, on the same channel.[37]
Awards[edit]
 Shining World Compassion Award along with a cheque for 20,000 dollars from Supreme
Master Ching Hai International Association.[38]
 Lord Erskine Award from the RSPCA, 1992
 Environmentalist and Vegetarian of the year 1994
 Prani Mitra Award, 1996
 Maharana Mewar Foundation Award, 1996 for Environmental work
 Marchig Animal Welfare and selling Prize, Switzerland, 1997
 Venu Menon Animal Allies Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, 1999
 Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation Award for Excellence in the sphere of Truth, Non-violence
and Vegetarianism, 1999
 Dewaliben Charitable Trust Award, 1999
 International Women's Association Woman of the Year Award, Chennai, 2001
 Dinanath Mangeshkar Aadishakti Puraskar in the field of Environment and animal welfare,
2001
 Rukmini Devi Arundale Animal Welfare Award[39]
 A.S.G. Jayakar award, 2008[40]
 Human Achiever Award in field of Women Empowerment and Children Welfare by Mrs
Caroline W/O Ambassador Of Namibia and Ms Sanorita Issac, founder & Chairperson,
Human Achiever Foundation, India.
Books[edit]
 1000 animal quiz, Calcutta : Rupa and Co., 1989, 201 p.

 Brahma's hair : the mythology of Indian plants, Calcutta : Rupa and Co., 1991, 175 p. With
Yasmin Singh.
 The Penguin book of Hindu names, London : Penguin Books; New Delhi : Penguin Books
India, 1992, 522 p. Latestedition in 2008.
 Dogs, dogs, dogs, New Delhi : Rupa & Co., 1994, 261 p. With Ozair Husain.Latestedition in 2004.
 The complete book of Muslim and Parsi names, New Delhi : Indus, 1994, 522 p. With Ozair
Husain.
 Heads and tails, Mapusa, Goa, India : Other India Press, 1994, 182 p. On animal rights and
animal rights.
 The rainbow and other stories, New Delhi : Puffin Books, 1999, 67 p. Children's shortstories.
 The Penguin book of Hindu names for boys, New Delhi : Penguin Books, 2004, 429 p.
 The Penguin book of Hindu names for girls, New York : Penguin Books, 2004, 151 p.
 The Rupa book of animal quiz, Rupa & Co., 2004, 201 p.
 Animal laws of India, New Delhi, India : Universal Law Publishing, 2016, 1649 p. With Ozair
Husain and Raj Panjwani.
 Sanjay Gandhi, New Delhi : Prestige Publishers, 2017, 244 p. With Himani Bhatia Narula.
 There's a monster under my bed! : and other terrible terrors, Gurgaon : Puffin Books, 2019,
54 p. Children's shortstories.Illustrations bySnigdha Rao.
See also[edit]
 Political Families of The World
 List of animal rights advocates
References[edit]
1. ^ "Members : Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
2. ^ "Model, Gandhi bahu, Modi's minister: Maneka's fight against dynasty". Firstpost.com. 27 May
2014. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Exclusive extract from Khushwant Singhs autobiography".
4. ^ "Mrs Gandhi's son to marry". St. Josephs News Press. 29 July 1974. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
5. ^ Singh, Kushwant (10 February 2002). "Mrs. G, Maneka and the Anands". The Tribune.
Retrieved 20 August 2012.
6. ^ "Mystery Called Sanjay Gandhi". Scribd. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
7. ^ Express News Service (11 June 2013). "Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar
songs". Indian Express. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
8. ^ Dasgupta, Swapan (July 1985). "Sanjay Gandhi". Third World Quarterly. 7 (3): 731–
778. doi:10.1080/01436598508419863.
9. ^ "Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India, 1978 AIR 597". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 27
October 2013.
10. ^ Basu, Arundhati (6 August 2005). "Art of commitment". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India.
11. ^ Gandhi, Maneka; Husain, Ozair (2 August 2017). The Complete Book of Muslim and Parsi
Names. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143031840. Retrieved 2 August 2017 – via Google
Books.
12. ^ Hinnells, John (28 April 2005), The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration, OUP Oxford,
pp. 397–398, ISBN 978-0-19-826759-1
13. ^ Gandhi, Maneka (2004). The Penguin Book of Hindu Names for Boys. New Delhi: Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-303168-0. OCLC 60391724.
14. ^ "At a glance: Maneka Gandhi- from a 'charming model' to 'union minister of India'". 7 July 2013.
15. ^ "Biographical Sketch". Parliamentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015.
16. ^ See, e.g., Gandhi's MP "Biographical Sketch Archived 1 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine" in
which her profession is described as "Writer, Animal Activist and Environmentalist". See also,
"Indian Scion Speaks Out, and Uproar Follows Him" (NYT, 2 April 2009) which states: "Maneka
Gandhi has cultivated a reputation as an animal rights champion."

17. ^ "Maneka Sanjay Gandhi". Sachbharat.in. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.
Retrieved 29 January 2017.
18. ^ "PEOPLE FOR ANIMALS". peopleforanimalsindia.org.
19. ^ "Article Window". Epaper.timesofindia.com. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
20. ^ "The cast from A Delicate balance – the Truth". adelicatebalance.com.au. Archived from the
original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
21. ^ "Agra Vet Alleges Maneka Gandhi Abused Him in Call, Colleagues Protest".
22. ^ "Men Do Not Commit Suicide, Says Minister Maneka Gandhi On Facebook". Ndtv.com.
23. ^ "Conversation between Maneka Gandhi, businessman goes viral over treatment of
animals". The NewIndian Express. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
24. ^ IANS (6 January 2021). "Will have you booked in sexual harassment case: Maneka Gandhi to
businessman accused of hitting stray dog". National Herald. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
25. ^ "Maneka Gandhi under fire for 'hormonal outbursts' remark". Hindustantimes.com. 7 March
26. ^ Sen, Rajyasree (14 March 2016). "Maneka Gandhi tells us marital rape isn't rape after all". mint.
Retrieved 2 February 2021.
27. ^ "Marital rape cannot be criminalised in India, says Maneka Gandhi". India Today. 11 March
2016. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
28. ^ Rakesh, K.M. (6 June 2020). "Maneka Gandhi booked for jumbo hate drive". Telegraph India.
Retrieved 22 June 2020.
29. ^ "Factually speaking: Maneka Gandhi's claims on Kerala elephants, Malappuram crime rate are
baseless – News Analysis News".
30. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (5 June 2020). "Killing of elephant with explosive-laden fruit causes
outrage in India". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
31. ^ Sebastian, Meryl (4 June 2020). "How The Kerala Elephant Death Got Communalised Thanks
To Maneka Gandhi". HuffPost India. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
32. ^ N, Smitha (4 June 2020). "Communal colour added to pregnant elephant's death in
Kerala". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
33. ^ "Case filed against Maneka Gandhi". The Hindu. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
34. ^ "People for Animals website hacked". The Hindu. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
35. ^ "Fact Check: All Fake News Linked to Killing of Pregnant Elephant in Kerala Debunked". The
Quint. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
36. ^ "Maneka's motives, BJP's 'mission'!". Rediff. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
37. ^ Jump up to:a b "Television « Pritish Nandy Communications Ltd". Retrieved 12 June 2021.
38. ^ "Award for Maneka Gandhi". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 24 November 2010.
39. ^ "MYLAPORE TIMES". Mylaporetimes.com. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
40. ^ India News – News from India, Latest India News, Online India News Headlines Archived 19
May 2009 at the Wayback Machine

Kavita Surender Kumar Jain (born 2 September 1972) is a Politician,
former MLA for Sonipat and Cabinet Minister in the Government of Haryana state, India.[1]
Personal life[edit]
Jain is married to Rajiv Jain, formerly Media Advisor to the Chief Minister of Haryana.[2]
They
have a daughter and a son.
Jain completed M.Com and B.Ed from Rohtak.[3]
Political life[edit]
In 2009 and again in 2014, as a candidate of the BJP from Sonepat, she was elected as member
of the Haryana Legislative Assembly, India. On 26 October 2014, she was sworn in
as Cabinet Minister in the Government of Haryana.[3]
As a minister, she has charge of the following departments.
 Department of Urban Local Bodies, Haryana
 Department of Women & Child Development, Haryana
 Department of Law and Justice,[4]
Haryana
Sushma Swaraj ( pronunciation (help·info)) (née Sharma; 14 February 1952 – 6 August 2019)
was an Indian politician and a Supreme Court lawyer. A senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party,
Swaraj served as the Minister of External Affairs of India in the first Narendra Modi
government (2014–2019). She was the second woman to hold the office, after Indira Gandhi.
She was elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the
Legislative Assembly. At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister
of Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister of Delhi for a short duration in
1998 and became the First female Chief Minister of Delhi.[3]
In the 2014 Indian general election, Swaraj won the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh for
a second term, retaining her seat by a margin of over 400,000 votes.[4]
She became the Minister
of External Affairs in the union cabinet on 26 May 2014. Swaraj was called India's "best-loved
politician" by the US daily Wall Street Journal.[5][6]
She decided not to contest the 2019 Indian
general election due to health reasons as she was recovering from a kidney transplant and
needed to "save herself from dust and stay safe from infection" and hence did not join the
second Modi Ministry in 2019.[7][8]
According to the doctors at AIIMS New Delhi, Swaraj succumbed to a cardiac arrest following a
heart attack on the night of 6 August 2019. She was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's
second highest civilian award posthumously in 2020 in the field of Public Affairs.[9][10]
Contents
 1Early life and education
 2Advocacy career
 3Political career
o 3.1Early political career
o 3.2Minister of Information and Broadcasting (1996)
o 3.3Chief Minister of Delhi (1998)
o 3.4Minister of Information and Broadcasting (2000–2003)
o 3.5Minister of Health & Family Welfare(2003–2004)
o 3.6Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha (2009–2014)
 4Minister of External Affairs (2014–2019)
 5Distinctions and records

 6Personal life
 7Death
 8Positions held
 9Awards and honours
o 9.1State honours
o 9.2Places named after her
 10See also
 11References
Early life and education[edit]
Sushma Swaraj (née Sharma)[11]
was born on 14 February 1952 at Ambala Cantonment,
Haryana,[12]
into a Punjabi Brahmin family, to Hardev Sharma and Shrimati Laxmi Devi.[13][14]
Her
father was a prominent Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh member. Her parents hailed from
the Dharampura area of Lahore, Pakistan.[15]
She was educated at Sanatan Dharma
College in Ambala Cantonment and earned a bachelor's degree with majors in Sanskrit and
Political Science.[16]
She studied law at Panjab University, Chandigarh.[17][16][18]
A state-level
competition held by the Language Department of Haryana saw her winning the best Hindi
Speaker award for three consecutive years.[13]
Advocacy career[edit]
In 1973, Swaraj started practice as an advocate in the Supreme Court of India.[17][16]
She began
her political career with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad in the 1970s. Her husband, Swaraj
Kaushal, was closely associated with the socialist leader George Fernandes and Sushma Swaraj
became a part of George Fernandes's legal defence team in 1975. She actively participated
in Jayaprakash Narayan's Total Revolution Movement. After the Emergency, she joined the
Bharatiya Janata Party. Later, she became a national leader of the BJP.[19]
Political career[edit]
Early political career[edit]
She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977 to 1982, winning the Ambala
Cantonment assembly seat at the age of 25; and then, again from 1987 to 1990.[20]
In July 1977,
she was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister in the Janata Party Government headed by then Chief
Minister Devi Lal. She held the Labour and Employment ministries from 1977 to 1979. Later she
became Minister of Education, Food and Civil supplies during 1987 to 1990.[1]
She became State
President of the Janata Party (Haryana) in 1979, at the age of 27. She was Education Minister of
Haryana state in the Bharatiya Janata Party–Lok Dal coalition government from 1987 to 1990.[16]
In April 1990, she was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha and remained there until she
was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha from South Delhi constituency in 1996. Swaraj was elected to
the 11th Lok Sabha from the South Delhi constituency in the April 1996 elections.
Minister of Information and Broadcasting (1996)[edit]
She served as Union Cabinet Minister for Information and Broadcasting during the 13-day
government of PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1996.[21]
Chief Minister of Delhi (1998)[edit]
Main article: Sushma Swaraj ministry
After a tenure in national level politics, she resigned from the Union Cabinet in October 1998 to
take over as the fifth Chief Minister of Delhi.[22]
She became the first female Chief Minister of
Delhi.[22]
Swaraj resigned from the position in December the same year.[23]

Minister of Information and Broadcasting (2000–2003)[edit]
She was re-elected to the 12th Lok Sabha from South Delhi Parliamentary constituency for a
second term, in March 1998. Under the second PM Vajpayee Government, she was sworn in as
Union Cabinet Minister for Information and Broadcasting with an additional charge of the Ministry
of Telecommunications from 19 March 1998 to 12 October 1998.[21]
Her most notable decision
during this period was to declare film production as an industry, which made the Indian film
industry eligible for bank finance. She also started community radio at universities and other
institutions.[24]
In September 1999, Swaraj was nominated by the BJP to contest against the Congress party's
national President Sonia Gandhi in the 13th Lok Sabha election, from the Bellary constituency
in Karnataka, which had always been retained by Congress politicians since the first Indian
general election in 1951–52. During her campaign, she addressed public meetings in the
local Kannada language. She secured 358,000 votes in just 12 days of her election campaign.
However, she lost the election by a 7% margin.[25]
She returned to Parliament in April 2000 as a Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh. She
was reallocated to Uttrakhand when the new state was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on 9
November 2000.[26]
She was inducted into the Union Cabinet as Minister for Information and
Broadcasting, a position she held from September 2000 until January 2003.[21]
Minister of Health & Family Welfare(2003–2004)[edit]
The Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare Smt. Sushma Swaraj addressing the Press on "Birds flu"
in New Delhi on 29 January 2004
She was Minister of Health, Family Welfare and Parliamentary Affairs from January 2003 until
May 2004, when the National Democratic Alliance Government lost the general election.[21]
As Union Health Minister, she set up six All India Institute of Medical
Sciences at Bhopal (MP), Bhubaneshwar (Odisha), Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Patna (Bihar), Raipur (
Chhattisgarh) and Rishikesh (Uttrakhand).[citation needed]
Swaraj was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for a third term in April 2006 from Madhya
Pradesh state. She served as the Deputy leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha till April 2009.
Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha (2009–2014)[edit]
She won the 2009 election for the 15th Lok Sabha from the Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency
in Madhya Pradesh by the highest margin of over 400,000 votes. Sushma Swaraj became
Leader of Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha in place of Lal Krishna Advani on 21 December
2009, and retained this position till May 2014 when, in the 2014 Indian general election, her party
won a major victory.[27][28][29][30]
Minister of External Affairs (2014–2019)[edit]
Main article: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister
Sushma Swaraj taking charge as the Union Minister for External Affairs, in New Delhi on 28 May 2014
Secretary of State John Kerry and Sushma Swaraj address reporters during news Conference following
strategic dialogue

Sushma Swaraj addressing at 73rd United Nations General Assembly in 2018
Swaraj had served as the Indian Minister of External Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi
from May 2014 to May 2019. She was responsible for implementing the foreign policy of
Narendra Modi. She was only the second woman to hold this position after Indira Gandhi.[31][32]
While being the Minister of External Affairs of the NDA government, Swaraj issued
an NOC against a specific query raised by the UK government about the Indo-UK bilateral
relationship if the UK granted permission to Lalit Modi, an Indian fugitive in a cricket scandal who
had been staying in Britain since 2010, to attend his wife's surgery in Portugal. She conveyed to
the British High Commissioner that they should examine Modi's request as per their rules and
wrote "if the British government chooses to give travel documents to Lalit Modi -– that will not
spoil our bilateral relations".[33]
However, some people mentioned this incident as Swaraj helping
Lalit Modi in the travel visa process.[34][35][36]
On 12 August 2015, the leader of the Indian National Congress, Mallikarjun Kharge, moved an
Adjournment Motion in the lower house seeking the resignation of Sushma Swaraj due to her
alleged conduct in this regard. Initially, the motion was rejected by the Speaker, but it was
accepted on Swaraj's insistence. Intervening in the motion, Swaraj clarified that Lalit Modi's right
of residency was not cancelled, since the Enforcement Directorate did not file an extradition
request. The Adjournment Motion was subsequently rejected with a voice vote. Sushma Swaraj
was heavily criticised in 2014 when she urged Prime Minister Modi to declare the Bhagavad
Gita as the national book of India.[37]
As External Affairs Minister, she played a pivotal role in bringing back the then 23-year-old
hearing and speech-impaired Indian girl named Gita who was stranded in Pakistan for 15
years.[38]
Swaraj with Prime Minister Narendra Modi
Distinctions and records[edit]
In 1977, she became the youngest ever Cabinet Minister in the Government of Haryana at 25
years of age.[39]
In 1979, she became State President of Janata Party, Haryana State at the
young age of 27. Sushma Swaraj was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party
in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJP's first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet
Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External
Affairs.[citation needed]
She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with
the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states.
She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years.[13]
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then Indian Minister of External
Affairs, Sushma Swaraj stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India.
The conference ended with a recommendation to the government of India to recognize the Roma
community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.
On 19 February 2019 Swaraj accepted the prestigious Grand Cross of Order of Civil Merit, which
was conferred by the Spanish government in recognition of India's support in evacuating its
citizens from Nepal during the earthquake in 2015.[40]

Personal life[edit]
During the times of the Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Sharma married Swaraj Kaushal,
a peer and fellow advocate at the Supreme Court of India. The Emergency movement brought
together the couple, who then teamed up for the defence of the socialist leader George
Fernandes.[41][42]
Swaraj Kaushal, a senior advocate of Supreme Court of India and a criminal
lawyer, also served as Governor of Mizoram from 1990 to 1993. He was a member of parliament
from 1998 to 2004.[43]
The couple have a daughter, Bansuri, who is a graduate from Oxford University and a Barrister
at Law from Inner Temple.[44][45]
Sushma Swaraj's sister Vandana Sharma is an associate professor of political science in a
government college for girls in Haryana.[46]
Her brother Dr. Gulshan Sharma is
an Ayurveda doctor based in Ambala.[47]
On 10 December 2016 she underwent a kidney transplant at AIIMS, Delhi with the organ being
harvested from a living unrelated donor. The surgery was reported to be successful.[48]
Death[edit]
On 6 August 2019, Sushma Swaraj reportedly suffered a heart attack in the evening after which
she was rushed to AIIMS New Delhi, where she later died of a cardiac arrest.[49][50][51]
She was
cremated the next day with full state honours at the Lodhi crematorium in Delhi.[52]
Positions held[edit]
 1977–82 Elected as Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.[16]
 1977–79 Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment, Government of Haryana.[16]
 1987–90 Elected as Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.[16]
 1987–90 Cabinet Minister, Education, Food and Civil Supplies, Government of Haryana.[16]
 1991–1996 Member of Rajya Sabha
 1996 [16 May – 1 June] – Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting.[16]
 2000–06 Member, Rajya Sabha (4th term).[14]
 2006–09 [April 2006 -] Member, Rajya Sabha (5th term).[53]
 2009–14 [16 May 2009 – 18 May 2014] Member, 15th Lok Sabha (6th term).[16]
 2009-09 [3 June 2009 – 21 December 2009] Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Lok
Sabha.[16]
 2009–2014 [21 December 2009 – 26 May 2014] Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
 2014–2019 [26 May 2014 – 24 May 2019] Member, 16th Lok Sabha (7th term).[16]
 2014–2019 [26 May 2014 – 29 May 2019] Minister of External Affairs in the Union of India.[16]
Awards and honours[edit]
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section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
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when to remove this template message)
State honours[edit]
 India:
o Padma Vibhushan (posthumously) (2020)

 Spain:
o Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (19 February 2019)
Places named after her[edit]
 In 2020, Government of India renamed Foreign Service Institute of India after her as Sushma
Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service.
 In 2020, Government of India renamed Pravasi Bharatiya Kendra after her as Sushma
Swaraj Bhawan.
 The bus station of Ambala City is named after her in 2020.
See also[edit]
 List of foreign ministers in 2017
 List of current foreign ministers
References[edit]
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August 2019.
2. ^ Roche, Elizabeth (7 August 2019). "Remembering Sushma Swaraj: First female foreign minister
to Twitter's favorite". Livemint. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
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June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
4. ^ BJP's Sushma Swaraj to contest Lok Sabha polls from Vidisha constituency Archived 13 March
2014 at the Wayback Machine. NDTV.com (13 March 2014). Retrieved 21 May 2014.
5. ^ Varadarajan, Tunku (24 July 2017). "India's Best-Loved Politician". Wall Street
Journal. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
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Journal". Zee News. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 26
July 2017.
7. ^ "Why Sushma Swaraj won't contest 2019 general elections". The Times of India. 1 December
2018. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
8. ^ "Sushma Swaraj writes emotional tweet to PM Modi, says she is grateful". India Today. 30 May
9. ^ "MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS" (PDF). padmaawards.gov.in. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
10. ^ "Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, George Fernandes given Padma Vibhushan posthumously.
Here's full list of Padma award recipients". The Economic Times. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26
January 2020.
11. ^ "Sushma Swaraj". Encyclopædia Britannica.
12. ^ "The push for a Swaraj party". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
Retrieved 19 December 2013.
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original on 28 May 2006. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
15. ^ "Indian FM Sushma Swaraj's parents hailed from Lahore – Pakistan – Dunya
News". dunyanews.tv. Dunya News. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015.
Retrieved 18 December 2015.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Detailed Profile – Smt. Sushma Swaraj – Members of Parliament
(Lok Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India". India.gov.in. Archived from the
original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
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Retrieved 28 May 2016.
18. ^ "Cabinet reshuffle: Modi government's got talent but is it being fully utilised?", The Economic
Times, 10 July 2016, archived from the original on 15 July 2016, retrieved 13 July 2016

19. ^ Archis Mohan (27 December 2015). "How Sushma Swaraj helped Modi get his Pak groove
back". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 7
January 2016.
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State" (PDF). NIC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
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Sabha. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
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February 2021.
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August 2019.
24. ^ "Sushma Swaraj – Times of India". Times of India. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
25. ^ [1] Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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30. ^ "BJP gets majority alone". Sahara Samay. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May
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original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
32. ^ "Sushma Swaraj, Arun Jaitley, Uma Bharti and Rajnath Singh sworn into the new cabinet". 26
May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
33. ^ "UK rules out probing MP Keith Vaz over complaint about helping Lalit Modi". Daily News and
Analysis. 15 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
34. ^ "LK Advani Appreciates Sushma Swaraj's Spirited Defence in Lok Sabha". NDTV.com. Press
Trust of India. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 21
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35. ^ Sandipan Sharma (14 June 2015). "Sushma Swaraj, daughter help ED accused: It's achhe din
for Lalit Modi under BJP rule". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 15
June 2015.
36. ^ "Sushma Swaraj helped expedite Lalit Modi's UK visa process!". Archived from the original on
17 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
37. ^ "No offence to Bhagvad Gita, but we already have a national testament". Archived from the
38. ^ "India working to bring back Gita from Pakistan, locate her family: Sushma Swaraj". 8 August
2015.
39. ^ "Sushma Swaraj first woman to get External Affairs portfolio". The Economic Times. 27 May
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41. ^ "ushma Swaraj birthday special: Top 8 interesting facts about the External Affairs Minister of
India". India.com. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
42. ^ "Awww: Sushma Swaraj's pic with her husband outside Parliament is too adorable!". Daily News
and Analysis. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
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NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
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50. ^ "Sushma Swaraj passes away at 67". India Today. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
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top NDA leaders bid farewell". Firstpost. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
53. ^ Detailed Profile – – Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) – Who's Who – Government:
National Portal of India. India.gov.in. Retrieved 30 July 2011. Archived 17 February 2012 at
the Wayback Machine
External links
Cinema
Main article: Feminist film theory
See alsoWomen’s cinema.

Feminist cinema, advocating or illustrating feminist perspectives, arose largely with the
development of feminist film theory in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Women who were
radicalized during the 1960s by political debate and sexual liberation; but the failure of radicalism
to produce substantive change for women galvanized them to form consciousness-raising groups
and set about analysing, from different perspectives, dominant cinema's construction of
women.[214]
Differences were particularly marked between feminists on either side of the Atlantic.
1972 saw the first feminist film festivals in the U.S. and U.K. as well as the first feminist film

journal, Women and Film. Trailblazers from this period included Claire Johnston and Laura
Mulvey, who also organized the Women's Event at the Edinburgh Film Festival.[215]
Other
theorists making a powerful impact on feminist film include Teresa de Lauretis, Anneke Smelik
and Kaja Silverman. Approaches in philosophy and psychoanalysis fuelled feminist film criticism,
feminist independent film and feminist distribution.
It has been argued that there are two distinct approaches to independent, theoretically inspired
feminist filmmaking. 'Deconstruction' concerns itself with analysing and breaking down codes of
mainstream cinema, aiming to create a different relationship between the spectator and dominant
cinema. The second approach, a feminist counterculture, embodies feminine writing to
investigate a specifically feminine cinematic language.[216]
During the 1930s–1950s heyday of the big Hollywood studios, the status of women in the
industry was abysmal.[217]
Since then female directors such as Sally Potter, Catherine
Breillat, Claire Denis and Jane Campion have made art movies, and directors like Kathryn
Bigelow and Patty Jenkins have had mainstream success. This progress stagnated in the 1990s,
and men outnumber women five to one in behind the camera roles.[218][219]
Politics
British-born suffragist Rose Cohen was executed in Stalin's Great Terror in 1937, two months after the
execution of her Soviet husband.

Feminism had complex interactions with the major political movements of the twentieth century.
Sonia Gandhi (née Maino; born 9 December 1946) is an Indian politician. She is the president
of the Indian National Congress, a big tent political party, which has governed India for most of its
post-independence history. She took over as the party leader in 1998, seven years after
the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, her husband and a former Prime Minister of India, and
remained in office until 2017 after serving for twenty-two years.[a]
She returned to the post in 2019
after her son, Rahul Gandhi, resigned.
Born in a small village near Vicenza, Italy, Gandhi was raised in a Roman Catholic family. After
completing her primary education at local schools, she moved for language classes
to Cambridge, England, where she met Rajiv Gandhi, and later married him in 1968. She then
moved to India and started living with her mother-in-law, the then-Prime Minister of India, Indira
Gandhi, at the latter's New Delhi residence. Sonia Gandhi, however, kept away from the public
sphere, even during the years of her husband's premiership.
Following her husband's assassination, Gandhi was invited by Congress leaders to lead the
party, but she declined. She agreed to join politics in 1997 after much pleading from the party;
the following year, she was nominated for party president, and elected over Jitendra

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