World of regions

THE POWER OF GEOGRAPHY
• GEOGRAPHY MATTERS: Global differences in cultures, resources,
capital, spatial organizations, and territoriality
• GEOGRAPHIC STUDY:
1. Appreciate the variety of the world’s people and places
2. Understand the relationship between the world’s
communities
3. Help with regional, national, and global development
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

POWER OF GEOGRAPHY
•GEOGRAPHIC STUDY:
1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- Examines how natural forces shape the
earth
2. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY- How human interaction modifies the
environment and the spatial organization of human activity.
3. REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY- Combines both physical and human
approaches and the holistic examination of territories.

REGIONS
•Large size territories (such as counties, provinces,
and countries, or large sections of countries such as
the Midwest USA) that encompasses many places,
all or most of which share a set of attributes of places
that make up a different region.

A WORLD OF REGIONS
•Regions are dynamic, changing :
1.Two way process of people’s activities changing their
environment and people being affected by their
environment.
2.Created by people responding to the opportunities
and constraints presented by their environment.

SETTING THE BOUNDARIES: WORLD REGIONBY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

REGIONAL APPROACH
• REGIONALIZATION: Classification
1. Logical division
2. Grouping
3. Homogeneity
• Formal regions: high degree of homogeneity
• Functional regions: characterized by functional
organization of human occupancy

GEOGRAPHY AND INTERDEPENDENCE
“THE TANGIBLE PARTITIONING OF SPACE WITHIN
WHICH DIFFERENT PROCESSES OPERATE.”
1.Interdependent
2.World regions
3.National states
4.Supranational organizations

REGIONALIZATION
MEANS:
1.The geographer’s classification of individual
places or areal units.
2.The geographers equivalent of scientific
classification.

GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE
SOUTH

FOUR WORLDS MODEL
• FIRST WORLD- Refers to the so called developed,
capitalist, industrial countries roughly, a bloc of
countries aligns with the united states after world war
II, with more or less common political and economic
interests: North America, Western Europe, Japan, and
Australia.

FOUR WORLDS MODEL
• SECOND WORLD- Refers to the former communist-socialist,
industrial states (formerly the eastern bloc, the
territory and sphere of influence of the union of soviet
socialist republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe (e.g.
Poland) and some of the Turk states (e.g.
Kazakhstan) as well as china.

FOUR WORLDS MODEL
• THIRD WORLD- Despite ever evolving definitions, the concept of
3rd world serves to identify countries that suffer from high
infant morality, low economic development, high levels of
poverty, low utilization of natural resources, and heavy
dependence on industrialized nations.
• These are the developing and technologically less advanced
nations of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America.

FOUR WORLDS MODEL
• The 3rd world nations tend to have economies dependent on the
developed countries and are generally characterized as poor
with unstable governments and having high rates of population
growth, illiteracy, and disease.
• A key factor is the lack of a middle class– with impoverished
millions in a vast lower economic class and a very small elite
upper class controlling the country’s wealth and resources.
• Most third world nations also have a very large foreign debts.

WHAT IS MEANT BY GLOBAL DIVIDES?
•The global digital divide describes global disparities,
primarily between developed and developing
countries, in regards to access to computing and
information resources such as the internet and the
opportunities derived from such access.

WHY DID THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE?
•The two sides of the debate over slavery were divided
between the two main sections of the united states; the
north and south.
•Many northerners viewed slavery as evil and wrong and
some were involved in the abolitionist movement.
•The north did not obey fugitive slave laws because they
said they were cruel and inhumane.

IS GLOBAL NORTH DEPENDENT ON GLOBAL
SOUTH?
•The global south is made up of Africa, Latin America, and
developing Asia including the middle east.
•The global south "lacks appropriate technology, it has no
political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and
their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary
product exports."

WHAT IS MEANT BY GLOBAL NORTH?
•The concept of a gap between the global north and
the global south in terms of development and
wealth. Classifying countries.
•In the 1980s, the Brandt line was developed as a
way of showing the how the world was
geographically split into relatively richer and poorer
nations.

WHEN DID THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE?
•In October 1861 Marx, who was living in primrose
hill, summed up the view of the British press: 'the war
between the north and south is a tariff war.
•The war is, further, not for any principle, does not
touch the question of slavery and in fact turns on
northern lust for sovereignty.'

WHAT CAUSED TENSION BETWEEN THE
NORTH AND SOUTH?
•The issue of slavery caused tension between the
north and the south.
•Many northerners who opposed slavery took a less
extreme position.
•Some northern workers and immigrants opposed
slavery because it was an economic threat to them.

NORTH AND SOUTH GAP
•SOUTH:
1. Economy was based on cotton production which
depended on slave labor
2. Southern economy was weak and vulnerable
because it depended entirely on cotton but was still
very profitable
3. The period of cotton growing was called king cotton

NORTH AND SOUTH GAP
• Economy was based on industries and major business,
commerce and finance.
• North had many manufacturing factories that dealt with
textiles, lumber, clothing, machinery, leather, and wooden
goods
• The biggest business of the north was in railroad
construction.
• Transportation was easier because of railroads.

NORTH AND SOUTH GAP
NORTH SOUTH

NORTH AND SOUTH GAP
•Term used to describe the economic
gap between the rich northern countries
of the world and the south poorer
countries of the world.

DEFINITION
•DURING COLD WAR- Primary global division was
between east and west, and predicated upon
security and power balance.
•AFTER COLD WAR– Many seen primary global
division as being between north and south and
predicated upon economic inequality.

NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE ISSUES
DIFFERENCE
S

ISSUE: I. STANDARD OF LIVING

ISSUE: II. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
AROUND THE WORLD
•Liberalization or market occurs, most
south countries lost to the competition
from the north.
•Encourage migration of people from
south to north for having a more good
income.

ISSUE: III. ECONOMIC COMPETITION
WORLDWIDEBY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT GAP
•ENVIRONMENTAL- Natural features (e.g. Soil)
•HISTORICAL- Things which have happen in
year before (e.g. War)
•SOCIO-ECONOMIC- Society, culture and
money (e.g. Religion)

DEVELOPMENT GAP
•Some countries are developing
faster than others. Many Asian
countries are quickly developing
while many African countries
are slowly developing

MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH
• SOME OF THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH ARE AS
FOLLOWS:

MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH

CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
•Countries can be classified into 3 different
types:
1. Most develop countries (MDC’s)
2. Less developed countries (LDC’S)
3. Least developed countries (LLDC’s)

Most develop countries (MDC’s)
• the richest of the industrialized
and democratic nations of the
world

Less developed countries (LDC’S)
• countries with little industrial
development, little wealth, and
high population growth.

Least developed countries (LLDC’s
•Very low per capital income, low
literacy rates, and very little in the
way of manufacturing industries.

WEALTH GLOBAL NORTH
•This picture of the earth at
night shows the wealthy global
north, illuminating its
communities at night, and the
much poorer global south,
which can’t afford to do so.

COMPARISON
•The comparison between north and south is
not of only one aspect. It can be seen
through different angles that is:
1.Political
2.Economical
3.Social

COMPARISON BETWEEN NORTH AND
SOUTH BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

REASON
•Three main reasons why our
world is also unequal today:
1.Colonialism
2.Trade
3.Debt

COLONIALISM
•Today’s North-South gap traces its roots to the
of the Southern world regions by Europe over
the past several centuries.
•This colonialization occurred at different times
in different parts of the world, as did
decolonization.
•Control by one power over a defendant area or
people.

TRADE
•What you are spending to bring goods
into your country is greater sum that
what you are making by selling products
in the global economy.
•You are loosing money.
•Southern countries suffered from this.

DEBT
•Their products were loosing money in the
global economy, so they needed to increase
production.
•The only way they could do this was to borrow
money from the rich northern countries.
•This put them in debt.

DIVISION OF NORTH AND SOUTH
• The north and south divide (or rich-poor divide) is the
socio economic and political division that exists between
the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as
“the North,” and the poorer developing countries (least
developed countries), or “the South.” Although most
nations comprising the “North” are in fact located in the
Northern Hemisphere, the divide is not primarily defined
by geography.

DIVISION OF NORTH AND SOUTH
•As nations become economically developed, they
may become part of the “North,” regardless of
geographical location, while any other nations
which do not qualify for “developed” status are in
effect deemed to be part of the “South.”
•“The North” mostly covers the West and the First
World, with much of the Second World.

DEVELOPMENT GAP
•The North-South divide has more recently
been named the development gap.
•This places greater emphasis on closing
the evident gap between rich(more
economically developed) countries and
poor (less economically developed
countries)

GLOBALIZATION
• In terms of economic development, there exists an
economic gap between Northern and Southern
countries, which has been increased by globalization
(rich getting richer)
• The process by which regional economies, societies,
and cultures have become integrated through global
network of political ideas through communication,
transportation, and trade.

THREE WORLD MODEL
•CAPITALIST- Is an economic system in
which a country's trade, industry, and
profits are controlled by private
companies, instead of by the people
whose time and labor powers those
companies.

THREE WORLD MODEL
•COMMUNIST- Communist states in the world are in
China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam.
•These communist states often do not claim to
have achieved socialism or communism in their
countries—rather, they claim to be building and
working toward the establishment of socialism
in their countries.

THREE WORLD MODEL
• DEVELOPING-a poor agricultural country that is seeking to
become more advanced economically and socially. It is also
known as an LAIC, or a low and middle income country.
• These countries are characterized by being less developed
industrially and a lower human development index when
compared to other countries, have health risks such as having
low access to safe water, as well as sanitation and hygiene
problems.

THREE WORLD MODEL MAP

FIVE WORLD MODEL

WHY IS THE GAP BETWEEN ECONOMIC NORTH
AND SOUTH WIDENING?
• The richest 1% of the world’s population now
receives as much income as the poorest 57%.
• Lack of trade, Lack of Aid
• Abundance of debt, Neo-colonialism
• Failure of international organizations (e.g. IMF,
WB, WTO)
• Adverse climatic conditions
• The difficulty of transforming the established.

CLOSING GAP
•The united nations has developed a
program dedicated to narrowing the divide
through its millennium development goals.
•This includes improving education and
heath care, promoting gender equality, and
ensuring environmental sustainability.

ASIAN REGIONALISM IN GLOBALIZATION

ASIAN REGIONALISM
•Asian regionalism is the product of economic
interaction, not political planning.
• As a result of successful, outward oriented growth
strategies, Asian economies have grown not only
richer, but also closer together.

HOW DOES REGIONALISM BENEFIT ASIA?
•Asian regionalism could bring huge benefits
not just to Asia, but to the world.
•It could help sustain the region's growth,
underpin its stability, and—with the right
policies—reduce inequality.

ASIAN REGIONALISM: CONTEXT AND SCOPE
•In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff,
regional integration proceeded slowly.
•East Asian economies, in particular, focused
on exporting to developed country markets
rather than selling to each other.
•Initially, they specialized in simple, labor-
intensive manufactures.

• Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined not
because the region’s development strategy has changed but it
remains predominantly nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented.
• Interdependence is deepening because Asia's economies have grown
large and prosperous enough to become important to each other, and
because their patterns of production increasingly depend on networks
that span several Asian economies and involve wide-ranging
exchanges of parts and components among them.

• Emerging Asian economies that had opened up their
financial markets—Indonesia, the republic of Korea,
Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand—were worst hit,
but nearly all Asian economies were eventually affected.
•Most then used the crisis as an opportunity to pursue
wide-ranging reforms in finance as well as in other areas
of weakness that the crisis exposed.

• Asia emerged with a greater appreciation
of its shared interests and the value of
regional cooperation.
•Since the crisis, Asia has become not only
more integrated, but also more willing to
pull together.

GROWTH AND INTEGRATION
•Asian regionalism is emerging against the backdrop of a
remarkable half century of economic development.
• In the four decades from 1956-1996, East Asian living
standards—as measured by real (inflation adjusted) output
per person—rose at a rate faster than has ever been
sustained anywhere else.

•Other Asian economies rank in the upper tiers of
the world’s growth distribution.
•Over those four decades, living standards in the
16 integrating Asian economies analyzed in this
study grew at an average of 5.0% a year, while the
world as a whole averaged only 1.9%.

•These extraordinary results were achieved by
economies that differed widely in size; incomes;
endowments of natural, human, and capital
resources; specialization patterns; political
organization; language; culture; and history.

FLYING IN SEQUENCE
• Competition in global markets is at the heart of what is now
understood as the east Asian development model (Kuznets
1988).
• When the model emerged in the 1950s, its focus on labor-
intensive exports was new; the prevailing “big push”
development strategy favored large, coordinated
investments in a bid to achieve economies of scale, usually in
import competing industries.

FLYING IN SEQUENCE
• East Asian development instead
relied on the region’s abundant asset
of relatively well-educated, low-wage
labor and in time leveraged it with
ample savings and investment.

FLYING IN SEQUENCE
• The model emerged in Japan in the aftermath of world war II.
• Although japan was already industrialized, the war had devastated
its economy and sharply lowered its wages. Access to markets in
the US enabled japan to develop labor-intensive exports, fueling a
dramatic rise in savings, investment, and economic growth. As
Japan's exports shifted to more advanced products, east Asia's
newly industrializing economies—Hong Kong, china; the republic
of Korea; Singapore; and Taipei, China—filled the gap for labor-
intensive exports

THE CRISIS AND ITS LEGACY
• Even with hindsight, though, the events of 1997/98 seem
improbable.
• The crisis struck some of the world’s most successful
economies and, in short order, brought down governments,
threatened seemingly well-established firms and institutions,
and imposed severe hardship on hundreds of millions of
people.
• It proved to be short, and economic activity rebounded quickly

THE CRISIS AND ITS LEGACY
•The crisis also had a silver lining.
•It stimulated difficult policy and institutional reforms to
remedy the structural weaknesses in east Asian
economies that it had exposed.
•It also highlighted Asia's growing interdependence,
weaknesses in the global financial system, and thus
the benefits of Asian cooperation.

RENAISSANCE
• Since the crisis, Asia has reemerged as the world’s most
dynamic region, experiencing what a new world bank
study has called the east Asian renaissance (gill and
Kharas 2007).
• But the pattern of Asian development has changed.
• The People’s Republic of China (PRC), India, and
Vietnam are now the region’s—and the world’s—fastest
growing economies.

RENAISSANCE
• Because the PRC and India are also the world’s most
populous countries, their rise dramatically changes the
regional and global economic landscapes.
• Most other countries in the region are also growing solidly, if
less spectacularly than before the crisis.
• Growth in the directly affected economies of the association of
southeast Asian nations (ASEAN), though disappointing
compared to earlier periods, is also gradually strengthening

ASIAN REGIONALISM IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

The center of gravity of the global economy is
shifting to Asia. The region’s economy is already
similar in size to those of Europe and North
America, and its influence in the world continues to
increase.

• In many Asian countries, the cycle of poverty has
been broken; in others, this historic aim is within
sight.
• Asia’s extraordinary success has brought new
challenges—while rapid economic growth remains a
priority, citizens demand that it also be sustainable
and more inclusive.

• And Asia is now so important to the world economy that
it must also play a larger role in global economic
leadership.
• Regional economic cooperation is essential for
addressing these challenges.
• In many Asian countries, the cycle of poverty has been
broken; in others, this historic aim is within sight.

Asia’s extraordinary success has brought
new challenges—while rapid economic
growth remains a priority, citizens
demand that it also be sustainable and
more inclusive.

•And Asia is now so important to the world economy
that it must also play a larger role in global
economic leadership.
•Regional economic cooperation is essential for
addressing these challenges.

REGIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION
•Regional economic cooperation is an important
means for creating new trade, investment and
employment opportunities, enhancing economic
security, and addressing broader socioeconomic
and environmental issues.
•Yet significant challenges continue to hinder greater
cooperation and integration.

ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION(ECO)
• The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is
an Asian political and economic intergovernmental
organization which was founded in 1985 in Tehran by
the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.
• It provides a platform to discuss ways to improve
development and promote trade and investment
opportunities.

GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
•The modern world-system is now a global
economy with a global political system (the
modern interstate system).
•It also includes all the cultural aspects and
interaction networks of the human population of
the earth.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
• Global governance is necessary because humanity
increasingly faces both problems and opportunities
that are global in scale.
• Today, transnational problems such as violence and
pandemics routinely reach across borders, affecting us
all.
• The most important challenge for humanity to
overcome is that of existential risks.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE
• The global governance perspective seeks to examine gaps
in the international system for managing complex
issues and to engage stakeholders on practical steps
for collective problem-solving.
• It pays particular attention to informing successful
multilateral negotiations on creating or reforming global
institutions, and to engaging more effectively new
transnational actors from the private sector and civil society.

CONCEPT OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
•Global governance or world governance is a
movement towards political cooperation
among transnational actors, aimed at
negotiating responses to problems that affect
more than one state or region.

GLOBAL BUSINESS, LABOR, AND ECONOMIC
GOVERNANCE
• The core theme global justice through business, labor, and
economic governance focuses on the role of the private
sector, labor, and multilateral economic institutions (for
example, the G20, ASEAN, the EU, the WTO, and the UN
system including the IFIs, ILO, and WIPO) in strengthening
the peace-security-justice nexus, including by advancing and
shaping global norms and principles as well as the united
nations’ sustainable development goals.

GOVERNANCE
•Activities undertaken under this theme aim to improve
the global governance of economic factors – including
trade, financial flows, labor, and intellectual property – by
fostering innovation as well as by maximizing these
factors to advance global peace, security, and justice (for
example, by strengthening the role of role of international
institutions in the transfer and utilization of climate
friendly technologies in developing countries).

GOVERNANCE
• The role of climate change as threat multiplier that places
human security and the global economy at risk is a cross-
cutting element of global governance that will frequently
feature in research activities conducted within this pillar.
• In addition, this core theme will prioritize migration
management, including vis-à-vis the current refugee and
internally displaced persons crisis.

GLOBAL ECONOMY
•The world economy or global economy is
the economy of the humans of the world,
considered as the international exchange of
goods and services that is expressed in
monetary units of account.

GLOBAL ECONOMY
• In some contexts, the two terms are distinct "international" or
"global economy" being measured separately and
distinguished from national economies while the "world
economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries'
measurements.
• Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production,
use and exchange the definitions, representations, models and
valuations of the world economy vary widely.
• It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of earth.

WORLD ECONOMY
•World economy exclusively to human economic
activity and the world economy is typically judged
in monetary terms, even in cases in which there
is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods
or services, or in cases in which a lack of
independent research or government cooperation
makes establishing figures difficult.

WORLD ECONOMY
•TYPICAL EXAMPLES are illegal drugs
and other black market goods, which by
any standard are a part of the world
economy, but for which there is by
definition no legal market of any kind.

BLACK MARKET
•A black market, underground economy, or
shadow economy is a clandestine market or
series of transactions that has some aspect of
illegality or is characterized by some form of
noncompliant behavior with an institutional set
of rules.

BLACK MARKET
•Because tax evasion or participation in a black
market activity is illegal, participants will attempt to
hide their behavior from the government or regulatory
authority.
•Cash usage is the preferred medium of exchange in
illegal transactions since cash usage does not leave
a footprint.

BLACK MARKET
• Common motives for operating in black markets are to trade
contraband, avoid taxes and regulations, or skirt price
controls or rationing.
• Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the
definite article as a complement to the official economies, by
market for such goods and services, e.g. "The black market
in bush meat".

GRAY MARKET
• A grey or gray market (sometimes confused with the similar term
"parallel market")
• It refers to the trade of a commodity through distribution
channels that are not authorized by the original manufacturer or
trade mark proprietor.
• Its products are traded outside authorized manufacturer
channel. (without having the manufacturers’ knowledge)

WHITE MARKET
•The white market is the legal, official, authorized,
or intended market for goods and services.
•The white market in some goods, such as adoption
of children, has been criticized as being inefficient
due to government regulation.

PINK MARKET
•pink market is of state-sanctioned, but
immoral activities such as wars of aggression.
• It is the market of government-endorsed
monopolies and oligopolies of useful services.

RED MARKET
•The trade of human flesh and blood in the form
of sex racket, child trafficking, organ selling
(either without the consent of an individual or
forcefully)
•. red market is of immoral activities banned by
the state.

5 MARKETS

UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL ROLE OF THE US
ECONOMY
•A growth surge in the world’s largest economy could
provide a significant boost to global activity.
• In contrast, uncertainty about the direction of US
policies could have the opposite effect.
•This column investigates spillover channels linking
the US and the global economy.

ECONOMY
• An acceleration in US growth would have positive
effects for the rest of the world if not counterbalanced
by increased trade barriers.
• However, policy uncertainty could hamper global
growth, and could have particularly bad effects on
investment growth in emerging and developing
economies.

ECONOMY
• Because of its size and interconnectedness, developments
in the US economy are bound to have important effects
around the world.
• The US has the world’s single largest economy, accounting
for almost a quarter of global GDP (at market exchange
rates), one-fifth of global FDI, and more than a third of
stock market capitalisation.

ECONOMY
•It is the most important export destination for one-
fifth of countries around the world.
•The US dollar is the most widely used currency
in global trade and financial transactions, and
changes in US monetary policy and investor
sentiment play a major role in driving global
financing conditions (world bank 2016).

HOW SYNCHRONIZED ARE US AND GLOBAL
BUSINESS CYCLES
• Business cycles in the US, other advanced economies
(AES), and emerging market and developing economies
(EMDES) have been highly synchronous.
• This partly reflects the strength of global trade and financial
linkages of the US economy with the rest of the world, but
also that global shocks drive common cyclical fluctuations.
• This was particularly the case at the time of the 2008-09
global crisis.

HOW SYNCHRONIZED ARE US AND GLOBAL BUSINESS
CYCLES
•It is not a new phenomenon, however.
•Although the four recessions the global
economy experienced since 1960 (1975, 1982,
1991, and 2009) were driven by many problems
in many places, they all overlapped with severe
recessions in the US (Kose and Terrones 2015).

HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE WORLD
ECONOMY
• Foreign direct investment's impact on economic growth
has had a positive growth effect in wealthy countries
and an increase in trade and FDI, resulting in higher
growth rates.
• Furthermore, globalized countries have lower increases
in government outlays and taxes, and lower levels of
corruption in their governments

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON WORLD
ECONOMY
•Increased competition from globalization helps
stimulate new technology development, particularly
with the growth in FDI, which helps improve
economic output by making processes more
efficient. Economies of scale.

GLOBALIZATION: AFFECT MARKETING
•Globalization leads to increased competition.
•This competition can be related to product and
service cost and price, target market, technological
adaptation, quick response, quick production by
companies etc.
•When a company produces with less cost and sells
cheaper, it is able to increase its market share.

REGIONALISM (POLITICS)BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

REGIONALISM (POLITICS)
•In politics, regionalism is a political ideology focusing
on the "development of a political or social system
based on one or more" regions and/or the national,
normative or economic interests of a specific region,
group of regions or another subnational entity,
gaining strength from or aiming to strengthen the
"consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with
a homogeneous population"

3 DISTINCT ELEMENTS
1."movements demanding territorial autonomy
within unitary states;
2.the organization of the central state on a
regional basis for the delivery of its policies
including regional development policies;
3.political decentralization and regional
autonomy"

DELINEATION OF REGION
1. administrative divisions,
2. culture,
3. Language and
4. religion, among others.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
•Administrative divisions are granted a certain
degree of autonomy and are usually required to
manage themselves through their own local
governments.
• Countries are divided up into these smaller units
to make managing their land and the affairs of
their people easier.

• A country may be divided into provinces, which, in
turn, may be divided in whole or in part into
municipalities.
•Administrative divisions are conceptually separate
from dependent territories, with the former being an
integral part of the state and the other being only
under some lesser form of control.

•An administrative division, unit, entity, area or
region, also referred to as a subnational entity,
constituent unit, or country subdivision, is a portion
of a country or other region delineated for the
purpose of administration.

CULTURAL AREA
•In anthropology and geography, a cultural region,
cultural sphere, cultural area or culture area refers
to a geography with one relatively
homogeneous human activity or complex of
activities (culture).
•These are often associated with an ethnolinguistic
group and the territory it inhabits.

CULTURAL AREA
•Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic
coverage to the borders of a nation state, or to
smaller subdivisions of a state.
•Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or
form concentric structures of macrocultures
encompassing smaller local cultures.

CULTURAL AREA
• Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on
the particular aspect of interest, such as religion and
folklore vs. Dress and architecture vs. Language.
•Cultural areas are not considered equivalent to
kulturkreis (culture circles).

LANGUAGE
•A regional language is a language
spoken in an area of a sovereign
state, whether it be a small area, a
federated state or province, or
some wider area.

LANGUAGE
• Internationally, for the purposes of the European charter
for regional or minority languages, "regional or minority
languages" means languages that are:
1. Traditionally used within a given territory of a state by
nationals of that state who form a group numerically
smaller than the rest of the state's population; and
2. Different from the official language(s) of that state

INFLUENCE OF NUMBER OF SPEAKERS
•There are many cases when a regional language can
claim greater numbers of speakers than certain
languages which happen to be official languages of
sovereign states.
•FOR EXAMPLE, Catalan (a regional language of Spain,
Italy and France, albeit the national language of Andorra)
has more speakers than Finnish or Danish.

• A similar situation exists in china, where Wu, spoken in
southern Jiangsu, northern, and the general area of
shanghai Zhejiang by more than 90 million speakers, is
spoken natively by more speakers than French; Yue
Chinese, a Chinese regional variety spoken in Guangdong,
Hong Kong and nearby areas in china with more than 60
million local and overseas speakers (north America, parts of
Malaysia), outnumbers Italian in number of speakers.

•Dialects of the min dialect group have
over 70 million speakers, mainly in
Fujian and in nearby Taiwan, but also in
the southeast Asian countries of
Malaysia and Singapore.

RELATIONSHIP WITH OFFICIAL LANGUAGES
• Regional language may be closely related to the
state's main language or official language. FOR
EXAMPLE:
•The Frisian languages spoken in the Netherlands
and Germany, which belong to the Germanic family.
•The Gutnish language, a regional language spoken
in Gotland and related to the Swedish language.

OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AS REGIONAL LANGUAGES
• An official language of a country may also be spoken as a regional
language in a region of a neighboring country. FOR EXAMPLE:
• Afrikaans, an official language of south Africa, is a regional
language of Namibia.
• Cantonese, one of the official standard varieties in Hong Kong and
Macau (both special administrative regions of the people's republic
of china), is used as a regional language of the province of
Guangdong, people's republic of china.

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
• An official language, also called state language, is a language
given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other
jurisdiction.
• Typically a country's official language refers to the language
used in government (judiciary, legislature, administration).
• the term "official language" does not typically refer to the
language used by a people or country, but by its government, as
"the means of expression of a people cannot be changed by any
law

RELIGION
• Religion and geography is the study of the impact of
geography, i.e. Place and space, on religious belief.
• Another aspect of the relationship between religion and
geography is religious geography, in which geographical
ideas are influenced by religion, such as early map-making,
and the biblical geography that developed in the 16th century
to identify places from the bible.

RELIGION
• Traditionally, the relationship between geography and religion
can clearly be seen by the influences of religion in shaping
cosmological understandings of the world.
• From the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the study of
geography and religion mainly focused on mapping the
spread of Christianity (termed ecclesiastical geography by
Isaac 1965), though in the later half of the seventeenth century,
the influences and spread of other religions were also taken
into account.

RELIGION
• Other traditional approaches to the study of the
relationship between geography and religion involved the
theological explorations of the workings of nature – a
highly environmentally deterministic approach which
identified the role of geographical environments in
determining the nature and evolution of different religious
traditions

RELIGION
• Thus, geographers are less concerned about religion
per se, but are more sensitive to how religion as a
cultural feature affects social, cultural, political
and environmental systems.
• The point of focus is not the specifics of religious
beliefs and practices, but how these religious beliefs
and practices are internalized by adherents, and how
these process.

RELIGION
• A key focus in the study of sacred places is the politics of
identity, belonging and meaning that are ascribed to sacred
sites, and the constant negotiations for power and legitimacy.
• Particularly in multicultural settings, the contestation for
legitimacy, public approval, and negotiations for use of
particular spaces are at the heart of determining how
communities understand, internalise and struggle to compete
for the right to practice their religious traditions in public
spaces.

• Regionalists aim at increasing the political power and
influence available to all or some residents of a region.
• Their demands occur in "strong" forms, such as
sovereignty, separatism, secession and
independence, as well as more moderate campaigns for
greater autonomy (such as states' rights,
decentralization or devolution).

•Strictly, regionalists favour confederations
over unitary nation states with strong
central governments.
• They may, however, embrace intermediate
forms of federalism.

POLITICAL POWER (SOCIAL AND POLITICAL)
•In social science and politics, power is the capacity
of an individual to influence the conduct
(behaviour) of others.
•The term "authority" is often used for power that is
perceived as legitimate by the social structure.
•Power can be seen as evil or unjust.

POLITICAL POWER (SOCIAL AND POLITICAL)
• This sort of primitive exercise of power is historically endemic to humans;
however, as social beings, the same concept is seen as good and as
something inherited or given for exercising humanistic objectives that will
help, move, and empower others as well.
• IN GENERAL, it is derived by the factors of interdependence between
two entities and the environment.
• IN BUSINESS, the ethical instrumentality of power is achievement, and
as such it is a zero-sum game. (expressed as being "upward" or
"downward“).

SOVEREIGNTY
• The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory,
population, authority and recognition.[7] According to Stephen D. Krasner, the term
could also be understood in four different ways:
1. Domestic sovereignty – actual control over a state exercised by an authority
organized within this state,
2. Interdependence sovereignty – actual control of movement across state's borders,
assuming the borders exist.
3. International legal sovereignty – formal recognition by other sovereign states,
4. Westphalian sovereignty – lack of other authority over state other than the domestic
authority (examples of such other authorities could be a non-domestic church, a
non-domestic political organization, or any other external agent)

SOVEREIGNTY
• According to IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN, another
fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that
must be recognized by others if it is to have any meaning:
“Sovereignty is more than anything else a matter of legitimacy
requires reciprocal recognition. Sovereignty is a hypothetical
trade, in which two potentially conflicting sides, respecting de
facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their
least costly strategy.”

SOVEREIGNTY
HISTORY
CLASSICAL
The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that:
• The people transferred all their imperium and power to the
emperor. (Cum lege regia, quae de imperio eius lata est,
populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem
conferat)
• The emperor is not bound by the laws. (Princeps legibus
solutus est)

SOVEREIGNTY
HISTORY
•A decision by the emperor has the force of law.
Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem.
•Ulpian was expressing the idea that the
emperor exercised a rather absolute form of
sovereignty, that originated in the people,
although he did not use the term expressly.

SEPARATISM
• Separatism is an advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal,
religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the
larger group. While it often refers to full political secession,
separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater
autonomy.
• while some equate separatism with religious segregation,
racist segregation, or sexist segregation, most separatists
argue that separation by choice may serve useful purposes
and is not the same as government-enforced segregation.

SEPARATISM
MOTIVATION
•Groups may have one or more motivations for
separation, including:
1.Emotional resentment and hatred of rival
communities.
2.Protection from genocide and ethnic cleansing.
3.Resistance by victims of oppression, including
denigration of their language, culture or religion.

SEPARATISM
MOTIVATION
4. Influence and propaganda by those inside and outside the region who
hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict and hatred.
5. Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share
power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion.
6. Economic motivations: seeking to end economic exploitation by more
powerful group or, conversely, to escape economic redistribution from a
richer to a poorer group.
7. Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition.

SEPARATISM
MOTIVATION
8. Destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others.
9. Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires.
10. Continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up.
11. Feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate
means.
12. The perception that the state can no longer support one's own group or has
betrayed their interests.
13. Opposition to political decisions.

ETHNIC SEPARATISM
• is based more on cultural and linguistic differences than
religious or racial differences, which also may exist. Ethnic
separatist movements include the following:
EURASIA
• The soviet union's dissolution into its original ethnic groupings
which formed their own nations of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and
Uzbekistan.

ETHNIC SEPARATISM
AFRICA
• Africa's hundreds of ethnic groups[17] are subsumed into 54
nation states, often leading to ethnic conflict and separatism,[18]
including in Angola, Algeria, Burundi, the Caprivi strip in Namibia,
Congo and the democratic republic of the Congo, Darfur in
Sudan, Ethiopia, Senegal, south Africa, Uganda, western Sahara
and Zimbabwe.

ETHNIC SEPARATISM
AMERICAS
• Independence movement in Puerto Rico with the goal of obtaining
complete independence from the united states.
• Hispanic (mostly Chicano) separatism, as embodied in the Chicano
movement (or Chicano nation) in the united states sought to recreate
Aztlán, the mythical homeland of the Uto-aztecs comprising the
southwestern united states which is home to the majority of Mexican
Americans. they drew on the Latin American concepts of racial identity
such as the bronze race and la Raza Cósmica. Today, a small Raza
Unida party continues with similar goals.

ETHNIC SEPARATISM
AUSTRALASIA
• Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia in Sabah and
Sarawak, North Borneo, federation of Malaysia.
• Free Papua movement in west Papua, Indonesia.
• Māori separatism in new Zealand.
• Bougainvillean separatism in Papua new guinea.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
• Some separatist groups seek to separate from
others along racial lines.
• They oppose interracial marriage and
integration with other races and seek separate
schools, businesses, churches and other
institutions; and often separate societies,
territories, countries, and governments.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
•BLACK SEPARATISM (also known as black
nationalism) is the most prominent wave
advancing the concepts of "black racial
identity" in the United States and has been
advanced by black leaders like Marcus
Garvey and organizations such as the nation
of Islam.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
BLACK SEPARATISM
•Critical race theorists like New York
University's Derrick Bell and
University of Colorado's Richard
Delgado argue that US legal,
education and political systems are
rife with blatant racism.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
BLACK SEPARATISM
•They support efforts like "all-black" schools and
dorms and question the efficacy and merit of
government-enforced integration.[28] in 2008
statements by Barack Obama's former pastor
Jeremiah wright, Jr., Revived the issue of the
current relevance of black separatism.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
LATIN AMERICA
•Latin American concepts of racial identity such as
the bronze race and La Raza Cósmica found in
the small separatist Raza Unida party.
•The Chicano movement (or Chicano nation) in
the United States sought to recreate Aztlán, the
mythical homeland of the Aztecs comprising the
Southwestern United States.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
WHITE SEPARATISM
•White separatism in the United States and
Western Europe seeks separation of the
white race and limits to nonwhite
immigration under the argument that these
policies are necessary for white race's
survival.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
WHITE SEPARATISM
• White supremacy or white supremacism is
the racist belief that white people are superior to people of
other races and therefore should be dominant over them.
• White supremacy has roots in scientific racism, and it often
relies on pseudoscientific arguments (unfalsified claims).
• Like most similar movements such as neo-Nazism, white
supremacists typically oppose members of other races as
well as Jews.

RACIAL SEPARATISM
WHITE SUPREMACISM
•The term is also typically used to describe
a political ideology that perpetuates and
maintains the social, political, historical,
or institutional domination by white people (as
evidenced by historical and contemporary
sociopolitical structures such as the Atlantic
Slave Trade, Jim crow laws in the United States,
and apartheid in South Africa).

RACIAL SEPARATISM
NORTH AMERICAN SEPARATISM
• Most North American and many other native American groups already
have a high degree of autonomy.
• Complete separatism is advocated by some members of the Canadian
first nations,
• American Indian movement, republic of Lakota (Lakota Sioux people in
south Dakota), and tribal groups in eastern Oklahoma, most notably
the Cherokee people of the Cherokee nation of Oklahoma
• Hawaiian sovereignty movement seeks some form of sovereignty for
Hawaii.

NORTH AMERICAN SEPARATISM
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE AMERICAS
• The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the Pre-Columbian
peoples of North, Central and South America and their
descendants.
• Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were
traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the
amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and
agriculture.
• The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a
testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the
flora indigenous to the Americas

RELIGIOUS SEPARATISM
•Religious separatist groups and
sects want to withdraw from some
larger religious groups and/or
believe they should interact primarily
with coreligionists.

ENGLISH CHRISTIANS
• English Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries who
wished to separate from the church of England and form
independent local churches were influential politically under
Oliver Cromwell, who was himself a separatist.
• They were eventually called Congregationalists.
• The Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in new
England were separatists

ENGLISH CHRISTIANS
• English dissenters or English
separatists were Protestant Christians who separated from
the Church of England in the 17th and 18th centuries.
• A dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, "to disagree") is one
who disagrees in opinion, belief and other matters.
• English dissenters opposed state interference in religious
matters, founded their own churches, educational
establishments and communities.

ZOISM
• Zionism sought the creation of the State of
Israel as a homeland, with separation
from gentile Palestinians.
• Simon Dubnow, who had mixed feelings toward
Zionism, formulated Jewish Autonomism, which
was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish
political parties such as the bund and his
own Folkspartei before world war II.

ZOISM
• Zionism can also be seen as somewhat ethnic too, however,
as its definition of who is Jewish has often included people
of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish
religion.
• It is further complicated as some who had ancestors who
converted to Judaism, such as some Ethiopian Jews, may
not share ethnic history with the Jews, however, are
considered to be so but not without debate.

SIKHS
•SIKHS in India sought an independent nation
of Khalistan after an agitation in the 1970s and
1980s for implementation of the Anandpur Sahib
Resolution (demanding things such as a greater
share of river water and autonomy for Punjab)
resulted in the storming of the Harimandir Sahib
(golden temple) by the government of India troops
in 1984.

SIKHS
• . The storming of the temple to flush out Sikh militants who were
gaining momentum in their agitation for greater autonomy for Punjab
resulted in Sikhs demanding an independent state for the Sikhs
situated in Punjab Khalistan movement.
• The conflict escalated and led to an assassination of the Prime
Minister of India Indira Gandhi (first and, to date, the only
female prime minister of India.) as a retaliation of an Indian military
operation called 'operation blue star' directed against the Sikhs'
holiest shrine, the golden temple, in which many innocent Sikh
civilians too lost their lives.

MUSLIM SEPARATIST GROUPS
• Muslim separatist groups in the Philippines (Mindanao and other
regions: Moro Islamic liberation front, Abu Sayyaf), in Thailand (see
also south Thailand insurgency), in India (see also insurgency in
Jammu and Kashmir), in the people's republic of china (Xinjian:
east Turkestan Islamic movement), Tanzania (Zanzibarian
separatist movements), in the central African republic (regions that
are inhabited by Muslims: Séléka), in Russia (in the northern
Caucasus, especially in Chechnya: Caucasus emirate), in
Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Alijah Izetbegovic espoused
an Islamic inspired separatism)

GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC SEPARATISM
EXAMPLES
• MALAYSIA'S SABAH AND SARAWAK SEPARATISTS--Sabah
Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM) is a separatist organization that
intends to separate the states of Sabah and Sarawak from the
federation of Malaysia.
• CASCADIA SEPARATISTS--the Cascadia movement contains
groups and organizations with a wide range of goals and strategies.
Some groups, such as the Cascadian independence party, wish to
create a Cascadian nation-state[9] while others, Cascadia now! And
vote Cascadia, seek to build a bioregionalism network as alternative
to the nation-state structure.

GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC SEPARATISM
EXAMPLES
• The relationship between gender and separatism is complex and
warrants more research. SEPARATIST FEMINISM is women's
choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated
institutions, relationships, roles and activities. LESBIAN
SEPARATISM advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism.
Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to
live apart in intentional community, cooperatives, and on land trusts.
QUEER NATIONALISM (or "gay separatism") seeks a community
distinct and separate from other social groups

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA CULTURE IN
GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization has a great influence on
the media and further its impact on us.
• The most visible effect of globalization is wide
spread communication.
• The introduction of newspapers, magazine,
internet and TV has immensely helped to spread
information and has helped people to come
together from all over the world.

MEDIA CULTURE
•Media culture refers to the current western capitalist
society that emerged and developed from the 20th
century, under the influence of mass media.
•The term alludes to the overall impact and intellectual
guidance exerted by the media (primarily TV, but also
the press, radio and cinema), not only on public
opinion but also on tastes and values.

MEDIA CULTURE
• MASS CULTURE conveys the idea that such culture
emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves,
like popular art did before the 20th century.
• The expression media culture, on the other hand,
conveys the idea that such culture is the product of
the mass media.
• Another alternative term for media culture is "image
culture.

THEORIES OF GLOBAL MEDIA
5 PRINCIPAL PRACTICES
POLITICAL ECONOMY APPROACH TO MEDIA:
1. SOCIAL TOTALITY—all power connected to wider forces
2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE—history of economic formation (and rule) unfolds
over time
3. CHANGING BALANCE BETWEENCOMMERCIAL MEDIA INDUSTRIES &
GOVERNMENT SECTOR –has deregulation decreased and private ownership
increased
4. PRAXIS –influence of research in practice and manner in which it seeks influence;
seeks to involve public in measuring performance of existing political economy
5. GLOBAL– global perspective is central to critical political economy approach (refer
Herbert Schiller)

HERBERT SCHILLER

• Culture leads the way in dictating forms of production especially
since:
1. Organizational cultures have become more aware of the
impact of “social” management on performance,
2. Knowledge economy is embedded in learning, and learning is
embedded in specific geographical areas
3. Carminative advantage of “first-movers’ and institutional lock-
in.

•“The concept of cultural imperialism describes the
sum of processes by which a society is brought into
modern world system and how its dominating
stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and
sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to
correspond to, or even promote, the values and
structures of the dominant center of the system

3 FACTORS-STRUCTURAL LIMITS TO DIVERSITY
GOLDING & MURDOCK (2000):
• power relations between corporations & nation- states =
regulation of ‘public interest’
• dominant economic forces determine range and diversity of
textual forms available = structural and rhetorical limits to
polysemy of media texts
• income-based barriers to access to cultural and communications
goods and services constitute a reiteration of class divides
(‘digital divide’)

DIGITAL CAPITALISM
• Schiller (1999): “digital capitalism” – ‘powerful pan-
corporate attempt to subject worldwide telecommunications
policy to us-originated, neo- liberal regulatory norms’
(commercialization, pro- market, ‘anti-collectivism’)
• From early 1980s to present: ‘a dramatic restructuring on
national media industries, along with the emergence of a
genuinely global commercial media market’ (Herman &
Machesney, 1997) = concentration of media power on a
global scale in the hands of a small number of MNCs

GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE THROUGH THE MEDIA
• The received view about the globalization of culture is one
where the entire world has been molded in the image of
western, mainly American, culture.
• In popular and professional discourses alike, the popularity of
Big macs, Baywatch, and MTV are touted as unmistakable
signs of the fulfillment of Marshall McLuhan's prophecy of the
global village.
• The globalization of culture is often chiefly imputed to
international mass media.

GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE THROUGH THE MEDIA
• Contemporary media technologies such as satellite
television and the internet have created a steady flow of
transnational images that connect audiences worldwide.
• Without global media, according to the conventional
wisdom, how would teenagers in India, turkey, and
Argentina embrace a western lifestyle of Nike shoes, Coca-
Cola, and rock music? Hence, the putatively strong
influence of the mass media on the globalization of culture.

ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN THE GLOBALIZATION OF
CULTURE
•is a contested issue in international
communication theory and research.
•Early theories of media influence, commonly
referred to as "magic bullet" or "hypodermic
needle" theories, believed that the mass media
had powerful effects over audiences.

ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN THE GLOBALIZATION OF
CULTURE
•theoretical formulations in
international communication
clung to a belief in powerful
media effects on cultures and
communities.

CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND THE GLOBAL
MEDIA DEBATE
•In international communication theory and research,,
cultural imperialism theory argue that audiences
across the globe are heavily affected by
media messages emanating from the
Western industrialized countries.

CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND THE GLOBAL MEDIA
DEBATE
• "media imperialism" and "cultural imperialism," most of the
literature in international communication treats the former as a
category of the latter.
• cultural imperialism is firmly rooted in a political-economy
perspective on international communication.
• political economy focuses on material issues such as capital,
infrastructure, and political control as key determinants of
international communication processes and effects

FACTORS THAT AFFECT MEDIA GLOBALIZATION
• Many factors can affect media globalization such as economic,
social, cultural and political factors.
• Media globalization is a form of cultural imperialism as media in
places such as America with channels such as CNN broadcast
government news which can most assuredly influence people
from around the world as television is a communication channel
and depending on what industry they belong to, it may biased
thus it would contribute towards cultural imperialism which shows
how the media integrates and thus affect it

• During the 1960s and the 1970s America and some other
first world nations took the media to their advantage.
• America challenged the idea of the emergence of news and
cultural factors for example ‘film, music, television and
advertisements’ and thus entertainment was portrayed
through the media which helped to develop many countries

•With the widespread of the internet, it has
given the media another channel to which
to interact with the world and is the most
useful, all-encompassing channel of
communication used throughout the world.

•Media globalization has greatly expanded the
significance of communication through various media
channels such as social networking sites on Facebook
which has become so dominant that people from
around the globe and from countless different cultures
use these communication channels even though it
originally originated from the west but which still has
many affects on the less developed world.

RADIO
•The radio is also another form of media which can
generate globalization in the sense that it has
universal accessibility.
•The radio has been around for hundreds of years and
it still seen as an influential tool in helping and
expanding ideas around the globe.

RADIO
•The radio in Europe was mainly used for
governmental uses during the times of war
and thus other countries from around the
globe considered the radio as a ‘popular
movement’ as well as a ‘political dissenter’
which was used to criticize the state policies.

INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGY
•Although many people treat the
internet as a worldwide, electronic
device which is best known for
democracy at its peak, it has led to a
divide and has its own disadvantages.

INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGY
•The internet and technology itself has affected many
social and economic factors within the society which
has also affected those living in undeveloped
countries that people who are poor do not have
access to the internet and considering that the
internet is part of a global movement, they seem to
be neglected.

EFFECTS OF MEDIA
•The social institutions are shaped, it
liaises and advertises the morals and
structures of the powerful centre of
the actual system.

EFFECTS OF MEDIA
•There is no globalization without media
and communication but this is sometimes
ignored.
•The media itself acts as a connector
which interconnects different cultures
from around the globe.

MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
•MARSHALL MCLUHAN describes globalization as
inter-relations amid various countries which
aim to highlight the ‘electronic media and
technology which increasingly integrates the world’
and therefore the events in a certain country may be
experienced in real-time by other people which would
make the world more integrated.

ROLE OF MEDIA IN GLOBALIZATION
•The media is media technologies that are intended to
reach a large audience by mass communication.
•Today the media play a key role in enhancing
globalization.
•And the media also play important role in facilitating
culture exchange flows of information between
countries

THANK YOU FOR READING!
CHELDHAYE

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