English for the New Millennium, General English of B.ED. First Year of TU

1. Liberty and Democracy
(Source: www.essaylib.com/essay.php)
Presented by: Dammar Singh Saud

3. Introduction of Kant
 Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is considered a central
figure in modern philosophy. Kant argued that the human mind creates
the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of
...Wikipedia
 Born: April 22, 1724, Königsberg, Germany
 Died: February 12, 1804, Königsberg, Germany
 Influenced: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, More
 Influenced by: Aristotle, Plato, René Descartes, David Hume, More

5. Introduction of Fareed Zakaria
 Fareed Rafiq Zakaria is an Indian-American journalist and author. He is
the host of CNN's Fareed Zakaria GPS and writes a weekly column for The
Washington Post. Wikipedia
 Born: January 20, 1964 (age 53 years), Mumbai, India
 Spouse: Paula Throckmorton (m. 1997)
 Nationality: American, Indian
 Children: Sofia Zakaria, Lila Zakaria, Omar Zakaria
 Education: Harvard University (1993), Cathedral and John Connon
School, Yale University

7. Introduction of Schumpeter
 Joseph Alois Schumpeter was an Austrian-born American economist and
political scientist. He briefly served as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919.
In 1932 he became a professor at Harvard University where he remained
until the end of his career. Wikipedia
 Born: February 8, 1883, Třešť, Czech Republic
 Died: January 8, 1950, Taconic, Connecticut, United States
 Influenced: Robert Solow, Philippe Aghion, William Baumol, More
 Influenced by: Karl Marx, Max Weber, Ludwig von Mises, More

9. Introduction of Roald Dahl
 Roald Dahl was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter,
and fighter pilot. His books have sold more than 250 million copies
worldwide. Wikipedia
 Born: September 13, 1916, Llandaff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
 Died: November 23, 1990, Oxford, United Kingdom
 Movies: The BFG, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, More
 Short stories: The Landlady, Lamb to the Slaughter, More

11. Introduction of Huntington
 Samuel Phillips Huntington was an American political scientist, adviser
and academic. He spent more than half a century at Harvard University,
where he was director of Harvard's Center for International ... Wikipedia
 Born: April 18, 1927, New York City, New York, United States
 Died: December 24, 2008, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, United
States
 Awards: Guggenheim Fellowship for Social Sciences, US & Canada
 Education: Harvard University (1951), University of Chicago (1948), Yale
University (1946), Stuyvesant High School
 Influenced: Francis Fukuyama, John Mearsheimer

13. Introduction of Sorenen
 Theodore Chaikin "Ted" Sorensen was an American lawyer, writer, and
presidential adviser. He was a speechwriter for President John F. Kennedy,
as well as one of his closest advisers. President Kennedy once called him
his "intellectual blood bank." Wikipedia
 Born: May 8, 1928, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
 Died: October 31, 2010, New York City, New York, United States
 Spouse: Sara Elbery (m. 1964)
 Party: Democratic Party
 Children: Juliet Sorensen

14. Central Idea of the text
Democracy is difficult to define alone because
each political scientist defines it upon his own
personal experiences and beliefs. Similarly, some
people take liberty and democracy interrelated
but others takes these terms differently.

15. Major points of the text
 “Democratic peace”, as was first introduced by Kant, is the theory
that no two democratic countries have gone to war with each other.
 Democratic peace is actually the liberal peace. (Fareed Zakaria)
 Democracy is simply a political method, a mechanism for choosing
political leadership whereas liberty is often defined as the basic
freedoms granted to humans by nature. (Joseph Schumpeter)
 Democracy is for the formation of government where all citizens
participate in order to select the political leaders. In contrast,
liberty is the basic human rights like freedom of speech, freedom
of assembly, freedom to choose one’s own religion, culture and
language.

16. Major points of the text
 Ideal democracy refers to a kind of democracy that includes
the practice of democracy (elections) and liberty (the
preservation of freedoms) or the complete integration of
democracy and liberty.(Dahl, Huntington & Sorenson)
 Democracy is closely linked to the formation of the
government in which all citizens actively participate to
select the leaders. In contrast, liberty is about a
government’s goal i.e. individual’s natural rights like the
freedom of speech, assembly, freedom to one’s own religion,
culture and language.( Zakaria & Schumpter)

17. Major points of the text
 Unfortunately, most of the countries are practicing illiberal
democracy.
 The term democracy has truly meant liberal democracy in
context of the Western nations.
 Illiberal democracy creates civil unrest and war.
 Oppressed people eventually rise their voice against the
leadership or government to get freedom or basic human
rights as their demands. If the government does not listen
their voice, the oppressed people often make strike or fight
against the government.

18. Major points of the text
 Within nations that practice liberalism allows each of its citizens
feel safe and cared for by his nation.
 Classical liberal freedoms (the right to oppose the government and
form groups, the freedom of free speech and fair vote etc.),political
competition, public participation and inclusion of variety of public
interests in policy making are the important factors of polyarchy or
liberal democracy. (Dahl)
 Elections, open, free and fair are the essence of democracy.
(Huntington).

19. Major points of the text
 Competition, participation and civil and political liberties
are the elements of political democracy. (Sorenson)
 Two routes to political democracy: increase in competition
and liberalization and participation or inclusiveness.
 Thus, underlying philosophies about liberty and democracy
are similar while the usage of terms differs.
 A country moving toward democracy in respect to open
elections is a country likely to move to a liberal democracy
and peace within the nation.

20. Major points of the text
 Satisfaction and happiness of the people towards the
government is the sign of liberal democracy and peace.
 If a leader of an autocracy rules with the concern of the good
of the people always as the basis of all decisions, then such
rule will more likely lead to peace than a democratizing
nation where the leader perhaps has only self-promoting
interests in mind.

21. Conclusion
The term “democracy” alone is difficult to define. Each
political scientists defines the word upon his own
experiences and beliefs. However, liberty is the key to
the growth of a liberal democracy and the increase of
peace within a nation.

22. Any Queries???
Thank you.