This presentation is not mine. Credits to the owner.

1. Hazards and Risks of
Earthquakes and
Volcanoes
Geology 112
Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015
Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445
Paula Jefferis, Lecturer

2. Instructor: Paula Jefferis
Office: DH 419
Telephone: 408-924-5016
Email: paula.jefferis-nilsen@sjsu.edu
Contact information:

3. Welcome to the spring 2011
semester!
 Wishing you success during the semester!
 Regular attendance with active participation,
understanding material, and completing
assignments helps achieve this goal.
 These classes are large so make a point of making
a visit during office hours especially if the material
is overwhelming
http://www.sjsu.edu/people/paula.jefferis-nilsen

4. Natural Disasters, Patrick Abbott
 7th edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3
Reading the entire chapter associated with topic will be helpful
to understanding material in class.

5. Assignments and Percentage of
Class
Assignment Percentage
Three exams 55%
Oral report and essay 10%
Term paper 15%
Home or work
evaluation
10%
Field trip 10%

6. Assignments and Due Dates
Assignment or exam Date
Exam #1 March 1st
Exam #2 April 14th
Exam #3 (last day of class) May 17th
Oral report and essay February 15 and 16
Term paper April 21st
Home evaluation May 5th
Pinnacles field trip Section 1: Saturday, March 12th
Section 2: Saturday, March 18th

7. All written work must be submitted
to turnitin.com before class
 Register and understand how the system
works
Section 1 Id #:3751962 Password:earthquakes1
(case sensitive)
Section 2 Id #: 3751963 Password: earthquakes2
(case sensitive)

8. Class organization
 Introduction, formation of the Earth and
plate tectonics
 Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation
and prediction
 Earthquakes: geology, seismology,
hazards
 Mitigation measures to reduce risk

9. Work load
 Read appropriate pages in text
 complete term paper, home analysis, exams on
assigned dates
 understand vocabulary and concepts
 apply vocabulary and concepts to explain
Earth’s processes
 attend 1 Saturday field trip

10. Physical map of the World
70% oceanic crust; 30% continental crust
Part I: Earth Process

11. Tectonic map of the world

12. Cross-section of the Earth showing earth processes
producing earthquakes and volcanoes.

13. Part II: Volcanoes
 Why are some
volcanoes more
destructive than
others?
– location
 The Mt. St. Helens
eruption, 1980

14. Volcanoes
 Why do some
volcanoes look
different than
others?
– location
 Mauna Loa, Hawaii

15. Volcanoes around the World

16. What type of hazards can you
think of associated with a
volcanic eruption?
Hawaii

17. Volcanic Hazards
Ashfall
Pyroclastic flows
Lava flow
Lahars

18. Comparison of ash plumes
Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption compared
to prehistoric eruptions

19. Potential Risk
Proximity and understanding of
the volcano

20. Monitoring
 Scientists document any change in volcanic
activity with technology.
 Volcanic eruptions have been predicted

21. Part III: Earthquakes
 Where do earthquakes occur?
 Why?

22. Why and where earthquakes
and occur?

24. Earthquakes Today

27. Why earthquakes occur: release
of energy
Ground shaking
Acceleration or push
when seismic waves
reach the Earth’s
surface.

28. Earthquakes are caused when
the Earth moves along faults
Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone: 1860; 1770; 1751 –last earthquakes

29. Population and shaking
Warmer colors equals
higher population
concentrations
Stronger shaking is
associated with population
concentrations

30. Structural failure

31. Structural failure

32. 6,718,362 million
people

34. What type of hazards can you
think of associated with an
earthquake?
Anchorage, 1964
Coalinga, 1983 Indonesia, 2005

35. Earthquake Hazards
Liquefaction
Ground Rupture
Landslides
Tsunami
Ground shaking

36. Earthquakes cannot be
predicted

37. Preparedness
 Retrofit structures
known not to
respond well in
earthquakes.

38. Education
 Local population understanding the
potential hazard can reduce loss of life
Putting Down Roots in
Earthquake Country

39. Recovery
 Federal, state and
local agencies aid in
the recovery of
natural disasters.
 Search and rescue
volunteers
 International help
One small airport in Haiti.
Difficult to deliver and
distribute supplies.

40. Connection
 Patterns and characteristics of
earthquakes and volcanoes
 The theory of plate tectonics helps
explain this pattern
 If people understand the possible
hazards, preparation can help reduce
the risk

41. Remember!
 Read text
 Attend class
 Ask questions
 Equals success in this
class!