Management is essential for any organization to be efficient and achieve its goals. It involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management integrates human, physical and financial resources to achieve organizational goals through a continuous and group process. Management occurs at three levels - top level sets goals and policies, middle level executes plans and coordinates activities, and lower level focuses on supervision and operations like assigning tasks, guiding workers, and maintaining productivity and relations.

1. Principles of management
B.Com. Ist Year Hons.

2. Concept,
Characteristics and
levels of
Management

3. Management
Management is essential to any organization that
wishes to be efficient and achieve its aims.
Management is needed everywhere in human life.
Without someone in a position of authority there
would be organizational anarchy with no structure and
very little, if any focus. It has been said that
management has four basic functions –
Planning,
Organizing,
Leading
Controlling.

4. Definitions of Management
According to Harald Koontz “ Management is the art of
getting things done through and with people in formally
organized groups.“
According to Henri Fayol,
"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to
command, to co-ordinate and to control.”
According to Peter Drucker,
"Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages
business and manages managers and manages workers
and work."

5. Management is an activity concerned with guiding human
and physical resources such that organizational goals can
be achieved. Nature of management can be highlighted as:
-
Management is Goal-Oriented: The success of any
management activity is assessed by its achievement of the
predetermined goals or objective. Management is a
purposeful activity. This can be achieved by employing
efficient persons and making better use of scarce
resources.
.

6. Management integrates Human, Physical and
Financial Resources: In an organization, human beings
work with non-human resources like machines. Materials,
financial assets, buildings etc. Management integrates
human efforts to those resources. It brings harmony
among the human, physical and financial resources
Management is Continuous: Management is an
ongoing process. It involves continuous handling of
problems and issues. Marketing and Advertising is also to
be done. For this policies have to be again framed. Hence
this is an ongoing process.

7. Management is all Pervasive: Management is
required in all types of organizations whether it is political,
social, cultural or business because it helps and directs
various efforts towards a definite purpose. Thus clubs,
hospitals, political parties, colleges, hospitals, business
firms all require management.
Management is a Group Activity: Management is
very much less concerned with individual’s efforts. It is
more concerned with groups. It involves the use of group
effort to achieve predetermined goal of management of
ABC & Co. is good refers to a group of persons managing
the enterprise.

9. Top Level of Management
It consists of board of directors, chief executive or managing
director. The top management is the ultimate source of authority
and it manages goals and policies for an enterprise. It devotes more
time on planning and coordinating functions.
The role of the top management can be summarized as follows -
1.Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of
the enterprise.
2.It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department
budgets, procedures, schedules etc.
3.It prepares strategic plans & policies for the enterprise.

10. Cont…..
4.It appoints the executive for middle level i.e. departmental
managers.
5.It controls & coordinates the activities of all the departments.
6.It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside
world.
7.It provides guidance and direction.
8.The top management is also responsible towards the
shareholders for the performance of the enterprise.

11. Middle Level of Management
The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle
level. They are responsible to the top management for the
functioning of their department. They devote more time to
organizational and directional functions. In small organization, there
is only one layer of middle level of management but in big
enterprises, there may be senior and junior middle level
management. Their role can be emphasized as –
1.They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the
policies and directives of the top management.
2.They make plans for the sub-units of the organization.
.

12. They participate in employment & training of lower level
management.
They interpret and explain policies from top level management to
lower level They are responsible for coordinating the activities
within the division or department.
It also sends important reports and other important data to top
level management.
They evaluate performance of junior managers.
They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers
towards better performance.

13. Lower Level of Management
Lower level is also known as supervisory / operative level of management. It
consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc. n other
words, they are concerned with direction and controlling function of
management. Their activities include –
1.The lower level management is the first line of managers as they feature at
the base of operations.
2. This management level is made up of the foreman, the line boss, the shift
boss, the section chief, the head nurse, superintendents, and sergeants
3.Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers.
4.They guide and instruct workers for day to day activities.
5.They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production.

14. 4.They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good
relation in the organization.
5.They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory
appeals etc to the higher level and higher level goals and objectives to the
workers.
6.They help to solve the grievances of the workers.
7.They are responsible for providing training to the workers.
8.They arrange necessary materials, machines, tools etc for getting the
things done.
9.They prepare periodical reports about the performance of the workers.
They ensure discipline in the enterprise.
10.They motivate workers.