Brief History of Englsih
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Brief History of Englsih
- 1. Brief History of English
- 2. Structure of English Language Structure system Phonetics Phonology grammar Morphology Syntax Semantics Vocabulary Discourse Use social cognitive
- 3. Basic questions English is a Global Language but… • When and where was it born? • How did it evolve? • How did it spread around the globe? • What languages are related to English? • What other languages influenced English?
- 4. The English Language Timeline Pre-English: Celts and Romans up until 410 AD Stage 1: Old English (OE) from 410 – 1150 AD Stage 2: Middle English (ME) from 1150 – 1450 Stage 3: Early Modern English (EME) from 1450 – 1750 Stage 4: Modern English (ModE) from about 1750
- 5. The Celtic Stock The Celtic language was one of the first known to be recorded in Britain before the following invasions of the island. Celtic tribes (coming from Europe) lived in Britain in the Iron Age for over 500 years until the arrival of the Romans.
- 6. The Celts in Europe
- 7. The Roman invasion Julius Caesar conquered Britain in 55 BC and Claudius in 43 AD, but it wasn’t permanent or really influential. Latin was never the language of the people, it was only the language of the ruling class.
- 8. In the English versions of Asterix, the Latin jokes are not translated or explained. Very few Asterix fans know Latin. Some may know Veni Vidi Vici, or even Alea Iacta Est, but that's about it. "There's lots of 'Alea jacta est' references in Asterix books. It just means 'the die is cast'.
- 9. The Roman invasion Rome introduced Latin words in commerce, religion, army, some place names, etc. Christianity introduced more Latin in the English language later on.
- 10. The Roman Empire
- 11. The English Language Timeline Stage 1: Old English (OE) from 410 – 1150AD Stage 2: Middle English (ME) from 1150 – 1450 Stage 3: Early Modern English (EME) from 1450 – 1750 Stage 4: Modern English (ModE) from about 1750
- 12. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest Different Germanic tribes coming from current Denmark conquered Britain in 449 AD. The Angles and the Saxons were very important and gave English its basic vocabulary and structures. English is Teutonic in essence.
- 14. Old English The Anglo-Saxon language is also known as Old English and it is the primitive form of modern English. The Angles gave the name of the country (England, “land of Angles”).
- 15. Old English Some words coming from Anglo- Saxon are: This language also left the “Saxon Genitive” (Terry’s brother) man eat house work woman
- 17. The Vikings In the 9th and 10th centuries Vikings from Scandinavia occupied the North-East of Britain. Their language, Old Norse (connected with the Anglo- Saxon), gave many words to the English language.
- 19. Old Norse Some basic everyday words in English come from Old Norse: sky leg take window call dirty church
- 20. Similarities between Old Norse and Old English An example of how close the languages were earlier is the Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent- Tongue (Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu) which is one of the Icelandic sagas. It was composed at the end of the 13th century and contains 25 verses of poetry. It is an important work in both Norwegian and Icelandic literary history.
- 21. The Voyage of Ohthere – Ottars reise Den gammalengelske teksten lyder: • Ohthere sæde his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, þæt he ealra Norðmonna norþmest bude. He cwæð þæt he bude on þæm lande norþweardum wiþ þa Westsæ. Samme tekst på norsk: • ”Ottar fortalte sin herre, kong Alfred, at han bodde lengst nord av alle nordmenn. Han sa at han bodde nord i landet, ved Vesterhavet.” Norwegian: Ottar fra Hålogaland
- 22. Translation Old English • Ohthere sæde his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, þæt he ealra Norðmonna norþmest bude. • He cwæþ þæt he bude on þæm lande norþweardum wiþ þa Westsæ. Modern English • Othere said to his lord, King Alfred, that he lived northernmost of all the Northmen (or Norwegians). • He said that he lived in the land [that is] northward along the Western Sea (i.e. the sea to the west of Norway). Source: http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/engl401/texts/ohthfram.htm 20100121
- 23. The Voyage of Ohthere – Ottars reise
- 24. The English Language Timeline Stage 1: Old English (OE) from 410 – 1150AD Stage 2: Middle English (ME) from 1150 – 1450 Stage 3: Early Modern English (EME) from 1450 – 1750 Stage 4: Modern English (ModE) from about 1750
- 25. The Norman Conquest The Normans came from Normandy, Northern France in 1066. It was the last invasion in England but had an enormous influence in many aspects of British life: habits, language, society, literature, justice, etc.
- 27. French Influence French was the language of the top of society (government, church, justice…) and little by little its influence spread a bit to the rest of the population who always spoke English. This is the birth of Anglo-French.
- 28. French Influence The Normans brought more than 10,000 words into English, 75% still in use and no longer felt as foreign. By the 13th / 14th centuries only the top class uses French. By 15th century it disappears but always as a favourite foreign language. With French also came a lot of Latin vocabulary.
- 29. Middle English This is the span from 11th to 15th centuries. Some French words incorporated were: court advise mutton govern sovereign duke
- 30. Middle English The Great Vowel Shift meant the complete dissolution between spelling and pronunciation (the first was kept while the second evolved a lot). English was not a unique language but a collection of dialects (Southern dialects were more important).
- 32. The English Language Timeline Stage 1: Old English (OE) from 410 – 1150AD Stage 2: Middle English (ME) from 1150 – 1450 Stage 3: Early Modern English (EME) from 1450 – 1750 Stage 4: Modern English (ModE) from about 1750
- 33. Early Modern English This is the span from 15th to 17th centuries. The use of the printed press helped to fix the language. The Renaissance meant the arrival of many classical terms from Latin and Greek (only at cultivated level).
- 34. Classical languages These languages gave many words for different sciences and disciplines (not for common language) and grammar rules. physics radius history architecture educate algebra
- 35. The British Isles English is now the official language imposed on the whole of Great Britain and also taken to Ireland. More regional languages (Welsh and Pictish) are pushed away and nearly disappeared.
- 36. The British Empire Britain is now a powerful nation and begins its colonial expansion. North America was the first colony but later many more territories were incorporated to the Empire.
- 37. The British Empire By 1870 67% of non-European countries are British.
- 38. Other languages The expansion of English worldwide meant contact with other languages that gave more new words to English: tea tornado sauna tattoo yatch futon boomerang pasta
- 39. The English Language Timeline Stage 1: Old English (OE) from 410 – 1150AD Stage 2: Middle English (ME) from 1150 – 1450 Stage 3: Early Modern English (EME) from 1450 – 1750 Stage 4: Modern English (ModE) from about 1750
- 40. Lingua Franca Today English is an international language for communication : • 380 million as native speakers • 2 billion as foreign speakers • Mandarin, Hindi and Spanish have more native speakers than English.
- 41. Varieties of English English has different variations in every country (British, American, Australian…) and also more local dialects (Brummie, Geordie, Cockney… in the UK) American English is no doubt the predominant one (TV, cinema, music, the Internet…)
- 43. Future of English English will probably be the international language in the future. Today’s communication prevents the breaking up of English into different languages.
Notes de l'éditeur
- Why Janus? The Roman god, Janus, in his usual representation with a double-faced head. A spirit associated with doorways and archways, looking backwards as well as forwards, he is also often regarded as the god of beginnings. Here pictured on a Roman coin. The month of January is named after him. The reason why he is included here is to illustrate the two facets of language. How can we understand the uses of English without learning about how English evolved over time. Structure and Use are two sides of the same coin.
- The saga relates the story of two Icelandic poets Gunnlaugr ormstunga and Hrafn Önundarson, and their competition for the love of Helga the Fair, granddaughter of Egill Skallagrímsson. The story opens with a prophetic dream of two eagles fighting over a swan, prefiguring the love triangle in the story. The narrative then follows Gunnlaugr and is sympathetic towards him as it describes his ambitious career as a court poet across Scandinavia and the British Isles. He first competes with Hrafn in verse and later in battle. The saga has similarities to earlier sagas of poets, such as Kormáks saga and Bjarnar saga, but it is more refined and elegant with strong characterization and emotional impact. Long considered a masterpiece, the saga is often read by beginning students of Old Norse literature.[2] Printed with a Latin translation and commentary already in 1775, it was the first of the Icelanders' sagas to be published in a scholarly edition.[3] Den gongen rådde kong Adalråd Jåtgeirsson over England, og var ein god hovding. Han sat i London den vinteren. Den gongen hadde dei same tungemålet i England som i Noreg og Danmark. Men dei skifte tungemål i England då Vilhjlam Bastard (Wilhelm Erobreren) vann landet De norske vikingene prøvde også, uten hell riktignok, å underlegge seg England. Den norske rikskongen Harald Hardrådes mislykkede forsøk ved Stamford bru (1066), markerer forresten slutten på vikingtida. I Heimskringla forteller Snorre om nordmannen Styrkår, som kom seg unna i dette slaget. Her møter han en engelsk bonde. Samtalen viser oss at det nordiske språket var velkjent langt ut over våre hjemlige trakter:
- Ohthere of Hålogaland (Norwegian: Ottar fra Hålogaland) was a Viking adventurer from Hålogaland. Around 890 AD he travelled to England, where Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, had his tales written down. Ohthere reported that he lived "north-most of all the Northmen", and that "no-one [lived] to the north of him".[1] He spoke of his travels north to the White Sea, and south to Denmark and England, describing his route. He also spoke of the Sami people (Finnas), and of two mysterious peoples called the "Cwenas" and the "Beormas". While the identity and homeland of the Cwenas remain subject for discussion, Ohthere reported that the Beormas spoke a language related to that of the Sami people, and lived in an area of the White Sea region. This is marked on the accompanying map as "Bjarmland", and has been seen by some as a reference to people of the Old Permic culture. Ohthere's story is the earliest known written source for the terms "Norway" and "Denmark".[2][citation needed] Ohthere is believed to have come from Troms, probably somewhere north of Harstad, perhaps the island of Senja, where today's Lenvik is seen as a likely home; or possibly further north, for example from either of the islands of Kvaløya and Karlsøy.[citation needed]