HIS 120 Skull Structure and Articulation

Skull Structures & Articulation

• The mandible/”jawbone”

Exhibits dramatic changes with
age.
ref. Zemlin pg. #290


• Muscles of the Mandible
There are two sets of muscles which
control the motion of the mandible.
They are:
1. The mandibular depressors (four muscles)
2. The mandibular elevators (three muscles)
ref. Zemlin pages 260 and 261


The mandible/”jawbone”
Contributes very little in speech production.
(modifies resonances from the vocal tract)
Never completely closes during speech
production.
When wide open i.e. during oration or singing—
may contribute four or five decibels of intensity.


• The Occipital bone
Is located at the posterior—base area
of the skull.

It forms the lower and back portions
of the cranium.


• The Occipital bone
It articulates with six bones: the two
parietals, the two temporal bones, the
sphenoid and the atlas.

We primarily will focus on the two
temporal bones and the sphenoid.


• The temporal bone

Let’s view the right temporal bone
and its attendant structure.

(ref. Zemlin pg. #219)


• The temporal bone—”landmarks”
1. Mastoid process
2. Sphenoidal margin
3. Cochlear canal
4. Auditory meatus (internal & external)
5. Tympanic portion
6. Opening of carotid canal (internal & external)

ref. Zemlin page #219


• The Mastoid of the Temporal bone
At birth, it is mostly filled with bone.
However, during the first six years of life, it
develops cells which are filled with air and
lined by the same mucous membrane
which lines the middle ear/tympanic cavity.


• The Temporal Bone
The petrous portion of the temporal
bone is located between the sphenoid
and occipital bones. It houses the
essential parts of the organs of
equilibrium and hearing.


• The Sphenoid Bone
It is located at the basilar part of the
occipital bone. It appears as
“butterfly wings with the squamous
portion of its greater wings contacting
the right and left temporal bone.


The body of the sphenoid contains
two sphenoid sinuses which are
separated from one another by the
midline septum.


On the its inferior side along the
petrous portion of the temporal bone,
the sphenoid bone is grooved to
accommodate the Eustachian tube.


• The Sphenoid bone
It articulates with all of the bones of
the cranium: the occipital, parietal,
frontal, ethmoid, and temporal.


• The Vocal Tract

It can create formants of speech
by modifying the resonances from
the vocal folds of the larynx.


• The Vocal Tract
It can produce sounds separate from
those created by the larynx.
1. By placing the tongue against the upper teeth
we can create the “th” formant.
2. By placing the lower lip against the upper teeth
we can create the “f” formant.

• Cavities of the Vocal Tract
There are five cavities which are:
1. The buccal
2. The oral
3. The pharnygeal
4. The two nasal cavities
ref. Zemlin page 226 and 227


• The Nasal Cavity
The landmarks of the nasal cavity are well
described on page #230 of Zemlin.

We will focus primarily on the Oral cavity
(to include the tongue) and the pharyngeal
cavity.


• Oral cavity—the Tongue
It can be defined by four “landmarks”
for speech formation.
1. The tip (next to the teeth)
2. The blade (area between tip and front of
tongue)
3. The front (below the hard palate)
4. The back (beneath the soft palate)


• Oral Cavity—the Tongue
The tongue has two sets of muscles.

1. There are four intrinsic muscles (ref. Zemlin
page #253)
2. There are four extrinsic muscles (ref.
Zemlin page #254)


• Oral Cavity—The Tongue
There are seven articulatory
parameters which define various
tongue positions and configurations
used during speech production.
ref. Zemlin page 257 and 258


Vowel formants are the least complex
using primarily two of the seven
articulatory parameters. While
consonants use primarily five of the seven
parameters and fricative sounds such as
“s” use all of the articulatory parameters.


A diagram of English vowel formation
and the various tongue positions
during formation is found on page
#301 of Zemlin.


• The Palate
There are two defined palates of the oral
cavity/mouth structure. They are:

1. The Hard Palate
2. The Soft Palate


• The Soft Palate
Grows rapidly in length during the
first two years of life.

Increases in thickness until maximum
thickness is reached at age sixteen.


• The Palate
The tongue moves against these two
palates during the formation of
speech/phonation i.e. when
performing a portion of the seven
tongue articulators.


• The Pharynx
There are three primary components to the
Pharynx area. They are:
1. The nasopharynx (respiratory).
2. The oropharynx (digestive and respiratory).
3. The laryngopharynx (digestive and respiratory).
ref. Zemlin page #271


• The velopharyngeal mechanism

This is a mechanism in the pharynx area
which has a an important role in speech
production.


• The velopharyngeal mechanism
Its closure is very important for speech
production. Inadequate closure can result
in nasalized speech or the inability to
impound air pressure within the oral cavity
for the production of consonants.

HIS 120 Skull Structure and Articulation

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