PRESA promotes healthy landscapes and sustainable rural livelihoods through market-based reward mechanisms for environmental services.

1. PRESA– Pro-Poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa Thomas Yatich and Miika Makela, PRESA Overview for outcome mapping March 1, 2010, Brackenhurst, Limuru-Kenya

6. RUPES / PRESA time line 1998 2002 2009 2011 2007 2008 2006 2010 First discussions with IFAD RUPES 1 began RUPES 1 implemented RUPES 1 Reporting; Development of RUPES II RUPES II implemented PRESA developed PRESA implemented Pan-tropical Scoping study Scoping Study papers published

7. Incentives, compensation and reward typologies for sustaining ecosystem services (source: Pan-tropical scoping study)

8. Supported by IFAD Coordinated by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Implemented with local, national and international partners RUPES aims to enhance the livelihoods and reduce the poverty of upland poor in Asia while supporting environmental conservation at the global and local levels

10. RUPES Action Research Sites Areas of Interest

11. Kulekhani, Nepal Kalahan Manila Kalahan Sumberjaya Lampung Bungo Jambi Singkarak West Sumatra Bakhun Bakun

14. PRESA Goal and Objectives G oal: smallholder farmers and residents living in the highlands of East and West Africa benefit from fair and effective agreements between stewards and beneficiaries of ecosystem services. Objectives: 1. Foster workable environmental service agreements. 2. Catalyze policy support and private-sector participation in environmental service agreements 3. Build a community of practice to provide support to researchers, NGOs and government agencies interested in pro-poor rewards for environmental services in Africa

19. Sites

21. Pentagon of Defining Research Questions Questions / Hypotheses Realistic Efficiency Acceptability Sustainability Poverty

22. Realistic / effective Q1. What are the critical spaces in watersheds and mixed-use landscapes where on-farm land use has greatest off-farm effects (eg riverine areas)? Q2. What are likely time paths of landscape degradation and restoration (lags, hysteresis effects)? Q3. What elements of agroforestry and other land use systems are most important for landscape function (eg anchoring and binding for landslide risk)? Ulugurus, Tanzania Sasumua, central Kenya Western Usambaras, Tanzania

23. Efficiency Q1. Are there strong negative incentives for farmers to practice good environmental stewardship or the private sector to invest in ecosystem services (eg rural taxation, monopoly on power supply)? Q2. What are the strongest elements of the business case for investment in ecosystem management (compliance, reputation, market niche, cost)? Q3. What is the possibility of using reverse auction approaches for countering problems of asymmetric information?

24. Acceptability / Fairness Q1. How does the form of conditional payment affect their acceptance in local communities (eg. property rights, monetary payments, public services) Q2. What are the tradeoffs between fairness and efficiency in geographic and social targeting of positive incentives / payments (eg case of REDD in Indonesia)? Q3. Do mechanisms with positive incentives undermine social norms of responsible behavior?