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Managing Earth's Resources
- 1. Preserving Earth’s Cycles Managing Natural Resources
- 2. In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can: 1. Anything naturally occurring on our planet that is useful to humans is a: • Natural Resource 1. Name at least 5 renewable resources the earth provides. • Air (oxygen), Water (drinking, agriculture, hydropower) • Living things (plants, animals, biomass energy), Land (for growing things) • Sun (warmth, plant growth, solar energy), Wind (power), Geothermal energy 3. True or False: A nonrenewable resource is a substance or product that is used up faster than it is able to be replenished through natural processes. • True • Pollution that comes from a specific, identifiable location is called: • Point Source Pollution • Plant and animal products which are used to heat homes, generate electricity, or create plant-based fuels for automobiles are called: • Biomass Bonus Question: Why is biodiversity important? For ecosystem stability, medical discoveries, economic development Week 10 Review Quiz
- 3. Nonrenewable Resources • Resources being used up faster than they can be replaced by natural processes are called nonrenewable. – Fossil Fuels • 66% of electricity in the U.S. was generated from burning coal & natural gas in 2015 – Minerals • Metals (copper, gold, bauxite) • Nonmetals (clay, diamonds, graphite) • Radioactive elements – Land • Human use (building/recreation/garbage)
- 4. Fossil Fuels • Coal – mined out of the ground • Natural gas – flammable methane gas – found near petroleum, underground • Oil – liquid found underground between folds of rock
- 5. Fossil Fuel Deposits • Natural Gas often found on top of oil • Oil rises up to float above water • “Pockets” of fossil fuels where tectonic plate folding and faulting occur
- 7. Fossil Fuels • Coal – burned for electricity, heat, and in factories • Natural gas – used to heat homes, generate electricity, & for manufacturing • Oil – Gasoline & Diesel fuel • for transportation (cars, trucks, airplanes, ships, trains) – Lubricants • petroleum jelly, grease, engine oil – Plastics – Asphalt • paved roads, parking lots, etc. – Kerosene, propane, butane • burned for light/heat
- 8. Products Made from Petroleum-based Chemicals Antihistamines Credit Cards Ink Surfboards Antiseptics Dentures Insecticides Surgical Equipment Antibiotics Deodorant Lipstick Syringes Artificial Limbs Diapers Medical Equipment Telephones Aspirin Dinnerware Nylon Rope Tennis Balls Balloons DVDs Pacemakers Tennis Rackets Bandages Dyes Pantyhose Tennis Shoes Cameras Eyeglass Frames Perfumes Tents Candles Fertilizers Photographic Film Toothbrushes Clothing Food Preservatives Piano Keys Toothpaste Computers Footballs Plastics Toys Cough Syrup Glue Shampoo Tranquilizers Cosmetics Golf Balls Shaving Cream Umbrellas Crayons Heart Valve Replacements Soft Contact Lenses Vitamin Capsules
- 9. AIR POLLUTION • An increase in the content of harmful substances (pollutants) in the lower atmosphere. – Where do pollutants come from? • Emissions – vehicles – manufacturing plants – Charcoal grills, lawnmowers • Photochemical smog • Ozone loss – CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) • Smoke – forest fires, wood stoves, etc. • Natural disasters – volcanic eruptions, fires, earthquakes
- 12. • Humans/animals – respiratory & renal problems – high blood pressure – problems of nervous system – eye irritation – cancer • Plants – reduced growth – degeneration of chlorophyll • mottling of leaves (patches/ spots of color) • Acid rain • Greenhouse effect • Ozone layer destruction Consequences of Air Pollution
- 13. Land/Soil • Soil for growing food (crops/livestock) – loamy soil is best • holds water but allows for drainage • rich in nutrients & organic material • Land for building & development • Land for recreation (parks/pools/preservation)
- 14. Minerals – Precious metals • Gold, silver, platinum – Precious & semi-precious gems • Diamonds, rubies, emeralds – Building/manufacturing materials • marble, limestone • sand, gravel, silicon • iron ore, zinc, lead, copper • sulfur, talc – Radioactive substances • Uranium, radium, plutonium – Food additives • salt, calcium, magnesium, zinc
- 15. • Agricultural use of chemical fertilizers & pesticides – can kill organisms (decomposers) that help replenish healthy soil SOIL POLLUTION • Landfills, septic systems, nuclear & industrial waste – buried chemicals/toxins dissolve into soil/water
- 17. • Clear-cutting forested areas, construction zones – leads to erosion & leaching of soil nutrients – can eliminate of beneficial microbes • Impervious surfaces (cement/asphalt) – storm water runoff carries pollutants into soil/water – bioswales help filter naturally SOIL POLLUTION
- 18. What is Energy? • Energy is the ability to do work or cause change – measured in units of Joules (J) • Examples: – sun melts ice cream – car engine burns gas – electricity powers a blender – batteries run a flashlight – food enables us to run – a carpenter swings a hammer – trains pull boxcars – a tornado rips off a roof – wood stoves warm houses
- 19. Forms of Energy – Thermal Energy (heat) • faster moving atoms collide more often and cause higher temperatures • i.e. water boils on the stove – Chemical Energy (stored in atomic bonds) • heat/light/sound is released during chemical reactions • i.e. your body gains energy after eating – Electrical Energy (movement of electrons) • the flow of electrons is converted into heat, light, sound or movement • i.e. hair dryer, radio, light bulb, MAX train
- 20. Forms of Energy – Radiant Energy (waves) • electromagnetic waves carry energy that our bodies interpret as heat, light or sound • i.e. sunlight, radio transmissions, microwave ovens, x-ray machines – Nuclear Energy (stored in atomic nuclei) • nuclear fission & fusion occurs when protons & neutrons are split apart or forced together, releasing huge amounts of energy • i.e. nuclear reactors, the sun & stars, radioactive elements, geothermal heat
- 21. Law of Conservation of Energy • Energy cannot be created or destroyed (1st Law of Thermodynamics) – it can only be converted from one form to another – the total energy in a system must remain constant
- 22. Energy Resources Renewable • Won't run out - can be replaced/replenished – Solar & Geothermal – Wind & Hydroelectric – Biomass – WaveNon-Renewable • Limited supply - once it's used up, it's gone for good – Fossil Fuels • Petroleum • Natural Gas • Coal – Nuclear
- 23. Renewable Energy • Biomass • Solar • Geothermal • Wind • Hydroelectric • Wave
- 24. Nonrenewable Energy Coal Plant Petroleum Wells Natural Gas Pipeline Nuclear Reactors Fossil Fuels are formed by decomposition, heat & pressure acting on buried dead organisms over long periods of time • Petroleum (crude oil) • Natural Gas, propane, kerosene • Coal, asphalt, tar • Paraffin wax, methane gas • Motor oil, grease, petroleum jelly
- 26. Per Capita Oil Consumption
Notes de l'éditeur
- Montreal Protocol of 1987 - This pact to phase out the use of CFCs and restore the ozone layer was eventually signed by every country in the United Nations—the first UN treaty to achieve universal ratification. The unparalleled cooperation has had a major impact. "If we had just kept letting CFCs increase at a pretty nominal rate, characteristic of the 1970s, the decreased ozone levels of the hole would have eventually covered the entire planet," said atmospheric physicist Paul Newman of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "Global ozone dropped a little bit [after CFCs were banned], but the good news is that if we had done nothing, it would have gotten really, really bad." Now a complete rebound seems imminent. Some scientists project that by 2080 global ozone will return to 1950s levels. Photochemical smog is a unique type of air pollution which is caused by reactions between sunlight and pollutants like hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide. Although photochemical smog is often invisible, it can be extremely harmful, leading to irritations of the respiratory tract and eyes. In regions of the world with high concentrations of photochemical smog, elevated rates of death and respiratory illnesses have been observed. Smog itself is simply airborne pollution which may obscure vision and cause various health conditions. It is caused by small particles of material which become concentrated in the air for a variety of reasons. Commonly, smog is caused by an inversion, in which cool air presses down on a column of warm air, forcing the air to remain stationary. Inversions are notorious in Southern California, where smog can sometimes get so severe that people are warned to stay indoors. Some of the particulate matter in the air can oxidize very readily when exposed to the UV spectrum. Nitrogen dioxide and various hydrocarbons produced through combustion will interact with sunlight to break down into hazardous chemicals. It doesn't have to be sunny for photochemical smog to form; UV light can also penetrate clouds. The pollutants released through human activity in this situation are known as “primary pollutants,” and they include sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other volatile organic compounds. When these compounds interact with the sun, they form “secondary pollutants” like ozone and additional hydrocarbons. While ozone is an excellent thing in the upper atmosphere, since it protects the delicate environment of the Earth, it is not desired at ground level. Ozone can be extremely irritating to the respiratory tract, leading to fits of coughing and various medical conditions if exposure is prolonged. The mixture of hazardous pollutants formed by the reaction between UV rays and smog can travel on the wind to rural areas, meaning the photochemical smog does not just impact big cities. Some measures have been taken around the world to reduce photochemical smog. Tight emissions regulations on vehicles and factories are one such step; many factories must use scrubbers and treatment systems before releasing air from their manufacturing facilities, for example. The use of harmful chemicals is also restricted in some regions of the world, since these chemicals can create photochemical smog. Government agencies also monitor air quality through testing, citing companies which violate the law and issuing warnings when smog levels are dangerous.
- Salt Lake City timescience.com
- Usually, some energy is "lost" or transferred into friction (heat and movement loss), so efficiency is never 100%. Still the overall amount of energy remains the same.
- Discuss advantages/disadvantages of each
- Discuss advantages/disadvantages of each
- per capita = per person According to the CIA World Factbook estimate for 2010 the world consumes about 87 million barrels of oil each day.