ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POETRY

POETRY
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN
POETRY
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF
POETRY

Introduction to
Poetry
“In a poem the words
should be as pleasing to
the ear as the meaning is
to the mind.” Marianne
Moore

What is a POEM?
• Webster says a poem is a metrical composition;
a composition in verse written in certain
measures, whether in blank verse or in rhyme,
and characterized by imagination and poetic
diction
• Some poems are very formal, and others are
more playful. Some are published in beautiful
books, and others are written on sidewalks.
• The thing that makes all poems alike is that
each expresses the writer’s imagination and
feelings in a creative way.

What is a POEM?
• Think of the poems you’ve read in the past.
Can you remember one you’ve enjoyed?
Now think of the lyrics of your favorite song.
Now consider the following questions:
• What is the most memorable line of the poem
or song?
• Are the lines grouped in any particular way?
• Do any of the lines rhyme?

CLASSIFICATION
OF LITERATURE
• ANCIENT LITERATURE
• MIDDLE LITERATURE
• MODERN HEBREW LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY
• RESEARCH
• DATA
ORGANITATION
• RELEVANT FACTS
• SUMMERY OF IDEAS
• FINAL WORK

THE EARLY ENGLISH
POETRY (ANGLO-
SAXON
POETRY)
• WRITTEN AROUND 7TH/ 8tH CENTURY
• POEMS HAD NOT TITLE
• POEMS WERE ANONYMOUS
• PROVINENCE AND DATING WERE
UNCERTAIN
• DEPENDS ON ALLITERATIVE VERSE.

POETRY IN THE ANGLO-
NORMAN
PERIOD

14TH
CENTURY
• ENGLISH LITERATURE APPEAR ONCE
AGAIN

SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN
KNIGHT

POETRY IN ENGLAND’S RENAISSANCE

THE INTRODUCTION OF
THE MOVABLE-BLOCK
PRINTING BY CAXTON
IN 1474

THOMAS WYATT AND HENRY
HOWARD INTRODUCED
SONNET

POETRY IN THE ELIZABETHAN
PERIOD
INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION OF THEMES,
MODELS, AND VERSE FORMS
POEMS WERE WRITTEN IN IAMBIC METERS
COURTLY POETRY

Elementsof Poetry
•What ispoetry?
•Poetry isnot prose. Proseistheordinary language
peopleusein speaking or writing.
•Poetry isaform of literary expression that captures
intenseexperiencesor creativeperceptionsof theworld
in amusical language.
•Basically, if proseisliketalking, poetry islikesinging.
•By looking at theset up of apoem, you can seethe
differencebetween proseand poetry.

Right Brain:
Creativity
Emotions
Left Brain:
Logic
Reality
The Human Brain
•Divided into 2
parts
•Each half has its
own function

To clarify . . .
When you
are looking
at big puffy
clouds . . .
Your right brain tells
you, “Hey! That one
looks like a bunny.”
While your left brain tells you . . .

So, which half do you use when
studying poetry?
Here are a few hints:
• Poetry requires creativity
• Poetry requires emotion
• Poetry requires an artistic quality
• Poetry requires logic

For the Left Brain:
Recognizing certain
devices used within a
poem will give the left
brain something to
concentrate on.
We’ll start with the
sound devices:

All About Poetry
History
Epic Poetry
Elizabethan Poetry
Modern Poetry
Elements
Styles
Authors
T.S. Eliot
Homer
Langston Hughes
Elizabeth Bishop
W.B. Yeats
Emily Dickinson
William Shakespeare
William Wordsworth
E.E. Cummings
Allegory & Metaphor
Rhyme & Meter
Irony & Image
Simile & Symbol
Alliteration & Assonance
Tone & Word order
Sonnet
Haiku
Epic
Free Verse
Limerick
Monorhyme
Quatrain
Works Cited

The repetition of
sounds at the ends
of words
Example: hat, cat, brat, fat, mat, sat
My Beard
by Shel Silverstein
My beard grows to my toes,
I never wears no clothes,
I wraps my hair
Around my bare,
And down the road I goes.
Here is another example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGrcdq2viZg

The beat
When reading a poem out loud, you may
notice a sort of sing-song quality to it,“ ”
just like in nursery rhymes. This is
accomplished by the use of rhythm. Rhythm
is broken into seven types.•Iambic
•Anapestic
•Trochaic
•Dactylic
•Monosyllabic
•Spondaic
•Accentual
Less
CommonMost
Used

These identify patterns of
stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line of poetry.That means one syllable is pronounced
stronger, and one syllable is softer.
iambic:
anapestic:
trochaic:
dactylic:
unstressed
stressed

The length of a line of poetry is measured in metrical
units called “FEET”. Each foot consists of one unit
of rhythm. So, if the line is iambic or trochaic, a foot
of poetry has 2 syllables. If the line is anapestic or
dactylic, a foot of poetry has 3 syllables.

(This is where it’s going to start sounding like geometry class, so
you left-brainers are gonna love this!)
Each set of syllables is one foot, and
each line is measured by how many feet
are in it. The length of the line of
poetry is then labeled according to how
many feet are in it.
*there is rarely more than 8 feet*
1: Monometer
2: Dimeter
3: Trimeter
4: Tetrameter
5: Pentameter
6: Hexameter
7: Heptameter
8: Octameter

The repetition of the
initial letter or sound in
two or more words in a
line.
To the lay-person, these are called “tongue-twisters”.
Example: How much dew would a dewdrop drop if a
dewdrop did drop dew?

She Walks in Beauty
I.
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes:
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which Heaven to gaudy day denies.
Let’s see what
this looks like
in a poem we
are familiar
with.
Alliteration
AlliterationAlliteration
These examples use the
beginning sounds of words only
twice in a line, but by definition,
that’s all you need.

Words that spell out
sounds; words that sound
like what they mean.
Examples: growl, hiss, pop, boom, crack, ptthhhbbb.

Let’s see what
this looks like
in a poem we
are not so
familiar with
yet.
Noise Day
by Shel Silverstein
Let’s have one day for girls and boyses
When you can make the grandest noises.
Screech, scream, holler, and yell –
Buzz a buzzer, clang a bell,
Sneeze – hiccup – whistle – shout,
Laugh until your lungs wear out,
Toot a whistle, kick a can,
Bang a spoon against a pan,
Sing, yodel, bellow, hum,
Blow a horn, beat a drum,
Rattle a window, slam a door,
Scrape a rake across the floor . . ..
Onomatopoeia
Several other
words not
highlighted could
also be
considered as
onomatopoeia.
Can you find

Using the same key word
or phrase throughout a
poem.
This should be
fairly self-
explanatory,
but . . .
at risk of sounding
like a broken record
. . .

The repetition of one or
more phrases or lines at the
end of a stanza.
It can also be an entire
stanza that is repeated
periodically throughout a
poem, kind of like a
chorus of a song.

More Sound Devices
• Assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds
followed by different consonants in
stressed syllables, as in blade and maze.
• Consonance- the repetition of similar
consonant sounds at the ends of accented
syllables, as in wind and sand.

Figurative Language
• The writing or speech not meant to be
taken literally. Poets use figures of
speech to state ideas in new ways.
• Poets write poems that are usually divided
into lines and then grouped into stanzas,
or verses.
• Look at the following figurative language
types.

A comparison between two
usually unrelated things using
the word “like” or “as”.
Examples:
Joe is as hungry as a bear.
In the morning, Rae is like an angry lion.

An implied comparison between
two usually unrelated things.
Examples:
Lenny is a snake.
Ginny is a mouse when it comes to standing up for herself.
The difference between
a simile and a metaphor is
that a simile requires either
“like” or “as” to be included
in the comparison, and a
metaphor requires that
neither be used.

When it comes to using a metaphor device in
poetry, a poet can either make the entire poem a
metaphor for something, or put little metaphors
throughout the poem.
• The following poem is one big metaphor.

An exaggeration for the sake of
emphasis.
Examples:
I may sweat to death.
The blood bank needs a river of blood.

Giving human characteristics
to inanimate objects, ideas,
or animals.
Example:
The sun stretched its lazy
fingers over the valley.

A word or image that signifies
something other than what is
literally represented.
Examples:
Dark or black images in poems are often used to
symbolize death.
Light or white images are often used to symbolize life.

Using words to create a picture
in the reader’s mind.

Poetry that follows no rules. Just
about anything goes.
his does not mean that it uses no devices, it just means that th
pe of poetry does not follow traditional conventions such as
unctuation, capitalization, rhyme scheme, rhythm and meter, etc.
Fog
The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then, moves on.
No Rhyme
No Rhythm
No Meter
This is
free verse.

A reference to another piece of
literature or to history.
Example: She hath Dian s wit (from“ ’ ” Romeo and Juliet).
This is an allusion to Roman mythology and the
goddess Diana.
The three most common types of allusion refer to
mythology, the Bible, and Shakespeare s writings.’

Other Forms of Poetry
• Narrative- poem tells a story in verse.
Narrative poems often have elements
similar to those in short stories, such as
plot and character.
• Haiku- a three line Japanese poem verse
form. The first and third lines each have 5
syllables and the second line has 7
syllables. So, 5-7-5.

• Lyric- poem expresses thoughts and
feelings of a single speaker, often in highly
musical verse. This may be why words to
songs are called lyrics.
• Ballads- songlike poems that tell a story,
often dealing with adventure and romance.
Again, in music most love songs are
called ballads.

• Concrete- poems shaped to look like their
subjects. The poet arranges the line to create a
picture on the page.
• Limericks- humorous, rhyming, five-line poems
with a specific rhythm pattern and rhyme
scheme. Ex-There was an Old Man in a boat,
Who said, 'I'm afloat, I'm afloat!' When they
said, 'No! you ain't! ‘He was ready to faint, That
unhappy Old Man in a boat.
• Rhyming Couplets- pairs of rhyming lines,
usually of the same meter and length

Epic poetry
• Characteristics: usually found in preliterate
societies, this style of poetry was typically
passed down through oral traditions, until
someone eventually wrote them down- this is
why we can read them today. These poems
usually take the form of a long narrative, which
means it is usually a very long story told in the
first person (“I did this” instead of “he or she did
that”). These poems were written a long time
ago- The Odyssey, for example, is t thought to
have been written anywhere between 8 and 7
B.C.
• The Odyssey by Homer

Elizabethan Poetry
• Most of our ideas about how poetry
should be written come from this era.
Elizabethan poetry was written in
through the17th
and 19th
centuries.This
poetry has a heavy emphasis on
many rules regarding rhythm,
rhyme, meter.
• Major themes of this poetry are:
discovery of the self, political
turbulence, and originality (later in the
era)
• For examples of this poetry, please
see: William Shakespeare, William
Wordsworth

Modern Poetry
• In modernism, we see poets breaking the rules of gentlemanly
Elizabethan poetry, and forming new definitions of what makes a
poem interesting. No longer did poetry have to follow rules about
rhythm, rhyme, and meter. Poetry from this era ranges from small
poems about an image (see E.E. Cummings), to long, sprawling epics
written in several languages (see T.S. Eliot). For more examples of 20th
and 21st
century poetry, see below:
• Elizabeth Bishop
• Langston Hughes

Characteristics of Post-Modern
Poetry (1945-1985)
• There is no single dominant style of poetry
during this period
– Narrative poems (tell a story)
– Observational, philosophical, and reflective
poems
– Sense of alienation
– Poems as diary or journal
– Poems that reinterpret the self in context of
others (“Mirror” by Sylvia Plath)

Post Modern Poetry
• Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton
– Both poets are known for use of figurative
language
• Simile and metaphor
– Both used language to capture painful
emotions
– Both explored the pressures society places on
women, specifically standards of beauty and
mental health

Post Modern Poetry
• Theodore Roethke
– Family owned greenhouses when he was a kid; wrote
lots of observational poems about nature
– Found it difficult to relate to others; related to the
world through his poetry
– Use of figurative language in poems—sound effects
primarily
• Alliteration: repetition of consonants at beginning of words
• Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds in words (not
necessarily at the beginning of word)
• Consonance: repetition of constant sounds in the middle or
at the ends of words

Distinguishing Characteristicsof Poetry
• Unlikeprosewhich hasanarrator, poetry hasa
speaker.
– A speaker, or voice, talksto thereader. The
speaker isnot necessarily thepoet. It can also bea
fictional person, an animal or even athing
Example
But believeme, son.
I want to bewhat I used to be
when I waslikeyou.
fro m “ Once Upo n a Time” by GabrielOkara

Distinguishing Characteristicsof Poetry
• Poetry isalso formatted differently from prose.
– A line isaword or row of wordsthat may or may
not form acompletesentence.
– A stanza isagroup of linesforming aunit. The
stanzasin apoem areseparated by aspace.
Example
Open it.
Go ahead, it won’t bite.
Well…maybealittle.
fro m “ The First Bo o k” by Rita Do ve

Sonnets
• Background of Sonnets
– Form invented in Italy.
– Most if not all of Shakespeare’s sonnets are about
love or a theme related to love.
– Sonnets are usually written in a series with each
sonnet a continuous subject to the next. (Sequels in
movies)

Sequence of Sonnets
• Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets and can be broken up by the
characters they address.
– The Fair Youth: Sonnets 1 – 126 are devoted to a young man of
extreme physical beauty. The first 17 sonnets urge the young man to
pass on his beauty to the next generation through children. From
sonnet 18 on, Shakespeare shifts his viewpoint and writes how the
poetry itself will immortalize the young man and allow his beauty to
carry on.
– The Dark Lady: Sonnets 127 – 154 talk about an irresistible woman of
questionable morals who captivates the young poet. These sonnets
speak of an affair between the speaker and her, but her unfaithfulness
has hurt the speaker.
– The Rival Poet: This character shows up during the fair youth series.
The poet sees the rival poet as someone trying to take his own fame and
the poems refer to his own anxiety and insecurity.

Structure of Sonnets
The traditional Elizabethan or Shakespearean
sonnet consists of fourteen lines, made up of
three quatrains (stanzas of 4 lines each) and a
final couplet (two line stanza). Sonnets are
usually written in iambic pentameter. The
quatrains traditionally follow an abab rhyme
scheme, followed by a rhyming couplet.

Free Verse
• Free verse is poetry that has no fixed pattern of
meter, rhyme, line length, or stanza arrangement.
• When writing free verse, a poet is free to vary
the poetic elements to emphasize an idea or
create a tone.
• In writing free verse, a poet may choose to use
repetition or similar grammatical structures to
emphasize and unify the ideas in the poem.

Free Verse
• While the majority of popular poetry today is written
as free verse, the style itself is not new. Walt
Whitman, writing in the 1800’s, created free verse
poetry based on forms found in the King James Bible.
• Modern free verse is concerned with the creation of a
brief, ideal image, not the refined ordered (and
artificial, according to some critics) patterns that other
forms of poetry encompass.

Example of Free Verse
The lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirmed case,
He will never sleep any more as he did it in the cot in his mother’s bedroom;
The dour printer with gray head and gaunt jaws works at his case,
He turns is quid of tobacco, his eyes blurred with the manuscript;
The malformed limbs are tied to the anatomist’s table,
What is removed drops horribly in the pail;
The quadroon girl is sold at the stand….the drunkard nods by the barroom
stove…
Excerpt from “Song of Myself” (section 15)
Walt Whitman

Creolization of Caribbean
Identity:
Diversity and Displacement

Outline
Definitions & History of colonization
Creolization:
English language & of people
Race Relations  Conflicts and Displacement;
Resistance and Formation of Distinct
Culture
• Caribbean poetry; Derek Walcott & dub poetry
• Popular culture: Different ways; Calypso, Reggae &
Hip-Hop

Image of the Caribbean
Jan van de Straet’s engraving “America”--the
new world as a woman

Definition (1): the Caribbean
names:
West Indies (Anglophone)
the Antilles (Francophone)
the Caribbean as a term encompassing
both
Composed of immigrants only:
the aboriginal communities [Amerindians--
Arawaks, Caribs, etc.] exterminated;
Immigrants from Africa, Asia and Europe.

The Caribbean area and the Caribbean diaspora
Canada
The U.S.
““Children of the Sea”Children of the Sea”; Fugees; Fugees
Annie John
M. Cliff, B. Marley
Wide Sargasso Sea
Sugar Cane Alley
Derek Walcott
England
France India

History of Colonization in the Caribbean Area
1492-96 -- Columbus’s “discovery” of the West
Indies
16th-18th centuries --Colonial period:
also a period of wars among colonial nations and
pirates, and conflicts between the white masters,
black slaves and mulatto.
Rebellion (1) –the Maroons
e.g. Abeng – (from a West
Africa); used primarily as a
signalling device; served as a
vital means of communication
when the Maroons were at
war with the British (e.g.)

Ways of rebellion (2):
petit marronage ( 小走私 ) in
francophone islands
pretend sickness, steal, or even poison
their masters.
with music, dance, religion (voodon),
or simply their different ways of living;
open rebellion

1808 --1838 Britain and USA abolished
slave trade; complete abolition of slavery
in British colonies
1845 East Indian indentured laborers in
Trinidad; Chinese indenture in French
colonies (e.g. Wide Sargasso Sea)

1919-1939 seen as
Slums of the
Empire.
• Negritude; Back to
Africa movement
(e.g. MARCUS GARVEY)
riots & strikes in 1935-
1938 and afterwards

Since the 50’s
Colonization in reverse: West Indian
migration to England  restrictions imposed
Independence movements:
1958-62 -- The Federation of the West Indies
independence  1962 -- Jamaica, Trinidad and
Tobago;1966  Barbados and Guyana;

American Imperialism in the Caribbean
Area (Cf. Bob Marley site http://www.bobmarley.com/)
Economic
the area becomes the tourists’ heaven and a
cheap labor factory (capital, technology and
management shipped to the area to use the labor
power without leaving the profits there.)
Cultural domination –
music styles – the emergence of
raggae (e.g.)

Neo-Colonialism of the U.S.A.
military intervention (e.g.
"Caribbean Basin Initative"– bribing
Jamaica and the rest of the
Caribbean to support the armed
confrontation in Grenada and the war
in El Salvador.

Definition (1): Creolization
1). Orignal meaning: Native,
local,”pure”;
2). Native-born whites;
3). Hybrid

Definition (2): Creolization
People --
Europeans born in the Caribbean,
mulatto
Language –
the mixture of English and African tribal languages
into some special kinds of native languages (Patois,
such as French Patois, Jamaican Patois). E
• e.g. Beijan: The English used in Barbados-- closest to
standard English (e.g. 1); Jamaican creole,
• "postcreole continuum“-- parallels the social hierarchy to
some degrees (--those speaking in creole are looked down
upon).
• Postcolonial usage of creole  dub poetry

Color System in the Caribbean Society
“Dying to raise their color all of
them” (199) (e.g. “Bright Thursday”)
The color triangle: white
brown
dark

Race Relations: multiple division
Post-emancipation period – conflicts
between different races (e.g. the English vs. the
French),
between plantation owners and small farmers,
between the newly rich and the declining
aristocrats.
Discriminated: mulatto and creole.
In the contemporary Caribbean area and
diaspora: the Bajan vs. the Jamaican, all
against Haitian, etc.

Consequences of creolization
racial conflicts;
split sense of identity – in between Europe
and Africa
diverse and dynamic culture (Walcott)

The people’s resistance to colonialism: some examples of
Caribbean Poetry
Caribbean poetry (introd.)
Derek Walcott (e.g.)
“ I who am poisoned with the blood of
both,
Where shall I turn, divided to the vein?”
"A Far Cry From Africa“ Derek Walcott, 1957

Caribbean Poetry
Dub poetry: forerunner of hip-hop
an extension of reggae culture
a form of performance poetry having
its roots in popular Jamaican culture,
and more particularly in reggae and
Rastafarianism.
The movement has served to bring
poetry back to the people

Dub poetry
openness to pop culture and esp. to
music (reggae and calypso); appeal
of public performance; acceptance of
social responsibility --poetry has
a “function” (poetry vs fiction as a
middle-class genre)
amateur poetic practice in the WI (e.g.
Jamaican creole )
e.g. Edward Braithwaite, Michael Smith;

Mutabaruka
“dis poem”
http://www.mutabaruka
.com/lyrics.htm

“Colonization in Reverse”
What a joyful news, Miss Mattie;
Ah feel like me heart gwine burs--
Jamaica people colonizin
Englan in reverse
By de hundred, by de tousan
From country an from town,
By de ship-load, by the plane-load,
Jamaica is Englan boun.

Dem a pout out a Jamaica;
Everybody future plan
Is fi get a big-time job
An settle in de motherlan
What a islan! What a people!
Man an woman, ole and young
Jussa pack dem bag an baggage
An tun history upside dung!
--Louis Bennett (e.g.)

Popular Culture (1) Trickster Tradition
Anancy stories (spider)—from West
Africa—the experience of the Middle
Passage in animal forms (42)
The “Monkey Business”—the monkey as
a gentleman-like animal—a symbol of
the (pseudo-)colonizer—undressing
unmasking the (pseudo-)colonizer
Functions of a trickster—for survival and
revenge

Popular Culture
Calypso: originated in the songs of
African slaves who worked in the
plantation fields of Trinidad.
Forbidden to talk to each other, they
used calypso to communicate feelings
and information.
e.g. Work songs in Sugar Cane Alley.
e.g. "Dan is the Man".

Bob Marley(1944-1981) &
Jamaica: his efforts in promoting peace
A ghetto kid; his father, a white plantation owner.
(e.g.)
Formed the Wailing Wailers in 1963.
Attempted assassination: before the PNP-
sponsored "Smile Jamaica" concert in 1976.
the One Love Peace Concert in 1978.
Received the Third World Peace Medal by all the
African delegations at the United Nations.

Rastafarianism
Origin in Africa: the Nile Valley (including both
Egypt and Ethiopia) ; Ethiopian Orthodox Church,
a pure form of Christianity that kept its
connection with its Judaic and Egyptian pasts, all
elements within Rastafarianism.
Major Belief: the blending of the purest forms of
both Judaism and Christianity; rejects the
Babylonian hypocrisy of the
modern church. (Babylon can also refer to the
Western colonial culture in general.)

Rastafarianism (2)
practice: the herb "ganja" (marijuana) was
regarded as "wisdomweed for a religious rite; a
life of asceticism and artistry; the difference
between rastas and hippies.
Jah: Haile Selassie, Emperor of
Ethiopia, arrived in Jamaica in 1966
the 1930s in Jamaica: were years of social
upheaval and labor strikes --perfect timing for the
rise of Rastafarianism, a religion of the
dispossessed. (Different from hippie culture)
(e.g.)

Bob Marley’s major messages:
Peace, love & Anti-
colonialism & self-
liberation
e.g. Redemption
Song (first part,
about slavery)
“ Old pirates yes they rob I
Sold I to the merchant ships
Minutes after they took I
From the bottomless pit
But my hand was made strong
By the hand of the almighty
We forward in this generation
Triumphantly
All I ever had, is songs of freedom
Won't you help to sing, these songs
of freedom
Cause all I ever had, redemption
songs
Redemption songs
Emancipate yourselves from
mental slavery
None but ourselves can free our
minds ...

Bob Marley’s song: another
example
“Buffalo Soldier” from Legend-A gritty
ballad that tells the cruelly ironic story of
black men being conscripted into the
ranks of the Union Army to kill indians.

Fugees: The Score “No Woman, No Cry”
I remember when we used to sit in the government
yard in Brooklyn.
Observing the crookedness as it mingled with the
good people we meet.
Good friends we had,
Good friends we've lost along the way.
In this great future you can't forget your past, So dry
your tears
I say And to my peers who passed away,
No woman, no cry, no woman no cry, say say say.

Fugees: a “Hopeful” Image about
the refugee
A Hip-Hop band from Haiti
Hip-Hop style: re-assemble a lot of music
and styles by the Black singers in the past;
the themes: refugees; colonialism/sexism;
their escape and tendencies to commit
crimes in the host city
these themes are treated with sympathy for
the refugees and/or uplifting messages.

Killing Me Softly
Strumming dub plates with
our fingers,
Eliminate sounds with our
song,
Killing a sound boy with this
sound,
Killing a sound boy with this
sound,
Taking sound boys' lives
with this dub,
Killing him softly with this
sound.
Strumming my pain with his
fingers,
Singing my life with his
words,
Killing me softly with his
song,
killing me softly with his
song,
Telling my whole life with
his words,
Killing me softly with his
song.

Carnival by Wyclef Jean
Carnival: the setting is a court trial, in
which Wyclef tries hard to excuse himself.
e.g. Guantanamera: disclose the beauty myth about the
Caribbean woman,
who is actually a prostitute.

Closing Arguments
In closing, ladies and gentlemen of the jury
I'm not gonna sit here and bore you with a
long, drawn out story or excuse, of why I
think Wyclef is guilty I'm gonna stand by
the exhibits as well as the tapes And songs
such as Jeopardy, Til Novemeber, All the
Girls, and Bubblegoose, which stand side
by side with my allegations I rest my case

. . . Your honor see, this, this is exactly
what I'm talkin about
I mean I've been meaning to ask this
the whole time Who the hell is Bishop?
Eh?
And and why the hell hasn't he been brought
on the stand?
Bishop, bishop, not true, false, bishop
Ohh, bullshit!

It includes ORAL LITERATURE
They called it as ORATURE
ORATURE – Was coined by PIO ZIRIMU
PIO ZIRIMU – Ugandan scholar

PROSE – Mythological or
historical, written or spoken
language
CALL-AND RESPONSE –
Spontaneous verbal and
non-verbal interaction
between the speaker and
the listener

EPIC OF SUNDIATA –
Composed in medieval Mali
EPIC OF DINGA – From Old
Ghana empire

KEBRA NAGAST OR THE BOOK
OF KINGS – The best known work
in this tradition
TRICKSTER STORY – One of the popular
form of traditional African folktale

JOSEPH EPHRAIM CASELY
HAYFORD – Published the 1st
African novel written in
English
ETHIOPIA UNBOUND –
1st African novel written in
English

HERBERT ISAAC ERNEST
DHLOMO– Published 1st
English- language
African play
THE GIRL WHO LIKED
TO SAVE – 1st
English-language African
play

NGUGI WA THIONG’O – Wrote
1st east African drama
BLACK HERMIT – 1st east
African drama

 THINGS FALL APART BY CHINUA ACHEBE –
Receive significant worldwide critical acclaim

LEOPOID SEDAR SENGHOR –
President of Senegal published the
1st anthology of French language poetry
ANTHOLOGY OF THE NEW BLACK AND
MALAGASY POETRY IN THE
FRENCH LANGUAGE – 1st anthology of French
language poetry

JOHN PEPPER CLARK
-Nigerian poet, dramatist, and
literary critic
-Born: APRIL 6, 1935
-Plays: OZIDI AND SONG
OF GOAT
-Representative of his poetry
was the volume, A DEVADE
OF TONGUES.
AFRICAN WRITERS
AND POETS

IN MY THESIS
Stylistic analysis of a poetry
Speech Act Theory
Example

THE LINGUISTIC
APPROVALThe linguistic appraisal may be as follows:
Appraisal
Source /
Engagement
Amplification /
graduation
Attitude
Appreciation
(Value of things)
Judgment
(people’s
character)
Affect
(feeling)

SPEECH ACT
Speech Act
Elements
Speech act analysis
Tamil Dalith poems
Tamil Thirunangai
poems
Native American poems
Addresser The poet The poet The Poet
Addressee
The society / to
beloved one
The society / rarely to
beloved one
The society / rarely to
beloved one
Time Present Present Present/ past
Place
Native / Mostly
readers’
Native / Mostly
readers’
Native / Mostly readers’
Type
Murmur/ instructive /
narrative
Murmur / narrative /
agony / pathos
Instructive / murmur/
narrative / frustration
Message
Unnoted heroism/
transition on culture
and nativeness / social
status
Personal feelings like
frustration / pain by the
society / happiness in
being a girl /
abandoned family
relationship
Unnoted heroism / nature
or abandoned landscape/
transition on culture and
nativeness / frustration /
awareness towards their
nativeness

IDEA FROM LANGUAGE IN USE
OF MARGINALIZED POETS’
POEMS
S. No Use of language in poems Tamil dalith
poems
Tamil thirunangai
poems
Native
American
1. Loss of language Yes No Yes
2. Loss of dialects No No No
3. Loss of the ceremonial and
artistic traditions of which
the poetry is part
No No No
4. Oppression of poets by
common people
Yes Yes Yes

APPENDIX - Appraisal Form
S.No Appraisal P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9
1 Source / Engagement
Monogloss
Heterogloss
Projection
Modality
Concession
E
E I I
E E E
E E
2. Attitude
Appreciation
(value of things)
Positive
Negative
Judgement
(people’s character)
Moral
Praise (positive)
Condemnation
(Negative)
Personal
Admiration
(Positive)
Criticism
(Negative)
Affect
(feeling)
Positive
Negative
E
E
E
E
E
E E
I
I
I
E
I
E
I
I
I
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
3. Amplification /
Graduation
Focus
Sharpen
Soften
Force
Raise
Lower
Intensifier
Attitudinal
Metaphor
Swearing
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
I
E
E
E

THANK YOU
BY
KEERTHANA. K
Ph. D RESEARCH SCHOLAR,
PG& RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,
VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES FOR WOMEN, ( AUTONOMOUS)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. R. BATHRIDEVANATH,
RESEARCH SUPERVISOR & COORDINATOR,
PG& RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POETRY

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