RECENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION CASE STUDY OF INDIA

1. RECENT TRENDS OF
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 CAUSES
 FACTORS
 RECENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
 CASE STUDY OF INDIA
 PROS AND CONS
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
 International migration is the movement of people across national
boundaries.
 On the basis of volume (number),distance and means of transport
use, international migration may be classified into:
A) Intercontinental. B) Transoceanic
 The international migration is quite older and limited in volume
and time.It is caused because of a number of special conditions at
the place of origin and place of destination.
 International Migration may be short migration of small group of
people or large groups travelling long distances.

4. INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
 The UN Migration Agency (IOM) defines a international migrant as
any person who is moving or has moved across an international
border from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of the
person’s legal status; whether the movement is voluntary or
involuntary; what the causes for the movement are; or what the
length of the stay is.
 The international migrant can be divided into two large groups:
a) Permanent Migrant
b) Temporary Migrant

6. HISTORY
 The history of International Migration
is divided into following periods:
1. Ancient Period (3000BC-500AD)
In ancient times,there had been large
scale exodus of people to Canaan where
Jews immigrated.
The Bactria and Sogdiana were the
promised land for the Persians where
they immigrated in large numbers.

7. Contd....
 The Mongols migrated to South China and Thailand around 2000 BC and
the people from Central Asia arrived in waves in the subcontinent of India.
2. Medieval Period
 In 14th and 15th centuries,the European had better navigation ships and
they discovered America,Australia and numerous unknown islands of the
Arctic,Atlantic,Indian and Pacific Ocean.
 They colonized and explorer more populated territories of Asia and Africa.
 In the middle ages,there was the emigration of Balkan peoples owing to
the dominance of Muslim Turks.

8. Contd....
 The great migration is a
conditional name for the ethnic
change in Europe in the 4th-7th
century, mainly from the
periphery of the Roman Empire.
 The Great Migration is
considered an integral part of
global migration processes,
covering seven to eight
centuries.

9. Contd...
 Negroes used to be sold in the urban markets of Portugal ,Spain, France
and Italy.These slaves(Negroes) were exported to USA from the Western
Coast and Congo.
 The settling of the New World (after 1492) opened up new market.

10. Triangular Slave Trade Sources of African Slave

11. Contd...
3. Modern Period (1500 – 1800)
 The Age of Exploration and European colonialism has led to an
accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern times. In the 16th
century, perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports.
 In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas
alone.
 Industrialization,Wars and Partition of India played major role in
international migration in modern period.
 Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The
increasingly global economy globalized the labour market. The Atlantic
slave trade diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-
bound contract labour migration from Europe and Asia to plantations.

12. Contd...
 The First and Second World Wars, and wars, genocides, and
crises sparked by them, had an enormous impact on
migration.
 Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while Christians
moved the other way, during the collapse of the Ottoman
Empire.
 In 1947, upon the Partition of India, large populations moved
from India to Pakistan and vice versa, depending on their
religious beliefs.

14. CAUSES
 Technology
 Economic Causes
 Social and Religious Causes
 Political Causes
 Demographic Causes
 Diffusion of Information
 Wars

15. FACTORS
Push Factors
 Poor Medical Care
 Not enough jobs
 Few opportunities
 Political fear
 Religious discrimination
 Loss of wealth
 Natural disasters
 Lower chances of finding
courtship
Pull Factors
 Chances of getting a job
 Better living standards
 Enjoyment
 Education
 Better Medical Care
 Security
 Family Links
 Lower crime
 Better chances of finding
courtship

16. RECENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION
 In today’s increasingly interconnected world, international migration has
become a reality that touches nearly all corners of the globe.
 Modern transportation has made it easier, cheaper and faster for people to
move in search of jobs, opportunity, education and quality of life.
 At the same time conflict, poverty, inequality and a lack of sustainable
livelihoods compel people to leave their homes to seek a better future for
themselves and their families abroad.
 The number of international migrants worldwide has continued to grow
reaching 272 million in 2019, 258 million in 2017, up from 248 million in 2015,
220 million in 2010, 191 million in 2005 and 173 million in 2000.

17. Source: UNITED NATION
YEAR INTERNATIONAL
MIGRANTS (in
million)
2000 173
2005 191
2010 220
2015 248
2017 258
2019 272
 Between 2000 and 2005, the
international migrant stock grew by an
average of 2 per cent per year. During
the period 2005-2010, the annual
growth rate accelerated, reaching 2.9
per cent. Since then, however, it has
slowed, falling to around 2.4 per cent
per year during the period 2010-2015
and to 2.0 per cent per year during the
period 2015-2017 and to 2.2 percent
during 2017-2019.

19. Source: United Nation 2017

20. TOP 10 HOSTING COUNTRIES
SOURCE: UNITED NATION

21. SOURCE: UNITED NATION (2017)

22. TOP 10 SENDING COUNTRIES
 SOURCE: UNITED NATION (2017)

23. A Case Study: INDIA
 India has a long history of migration.
 More than a century ago, large numbers of Indian migrants – many of them
involuntary ones – moved to Africa, the Caribbean and within the Indian
subcontinent itself.
 Some of the top destinations of Indian migrants in more recent decades
include Persian Gulf countries, North America and Europe.
 International migrants have mainly come from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh and Punjab.
 They have consisted of people with professional expertise of technical
qualifications migrating to industrialised countries.

24.  International migrants have
mainly come from Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Punjab.
 They have consisted of people
with professional expertise of
technical qualifications
migrating to industrialised
countries.

25. 1. India is the top source of international migrants, with one-in-
twenty migrants worldwide born in India.
 As of 2019, 17.5million people born in India were living in other countries.
India has been among the world’s top origin countries of migrants since the
United Nations started tracking migrant origins in 1990.
 The number of international Indian migrants has more than doubled over
the past 25 years, growing about twice as fast as the world’s total migrant
population.

28. 2. India is also one of the world’s top destinations for
international migrants.
 As of 2015, about 5.2 million immigrants live in India,
it the 12th-largest immigrant population in the world. The
overwhelming majority of India’s immigrants are from
neighboring countries such as Bangladesh (3.2 million),
Pakistan (1.1 million), Nepal (540,000) and Sri Lanka
(160,000).

29. 3. Even though the country is the top source of the world’s migrants in
total numbers, India has one of the world’s lowest emigration rates.
 Only about 1% of India’s birth population lives outside of the country,
a similar emigration rate to that of the U.S. At more than 1 billion,
India’s population is the second-largest in the world behind China.
 Consequently, it would take tens of millions more people to leave
India before its emigration rate reached the world’s 3% average

30. 4. India receives more remittances from migrants than any other country.
 About $69 billion was sent by Indian migrants to family and
in India in 2015, amounting to roughly 3% of the country’s gross
domestic product, according to the World Bank estimates.
 Most of the money comes from Indians living in Persian Gulf
countries as well as the U.S., the UK and Canada. India has been
the world’s top recipient of migrant remittances since 2008, when
it overtook China on this measure.

32. Contd..
5. India’s religious minorities have been more likely to migrate .
 Religious minorities make up a larger share of India’s international migrant
population than they do among the nation’s domestic population, according
to 2010 Pew Research Center estimates.
 For example, about 19% of the Indian international migrant population was
Christian, compared with only 3% of the population in India. Similarly, an
estimated 27% of the Indian international migrant population was Muslim,
compared with 14% of the population in India.
 The reverse is true for Hindus: Only 45% of India’s international migrant
population was Hindu, compared with 80% of the population in India.

34. Pros and Cons
Pros:
1. International Migration diversifies local economies.
2. It increases the population base.
3. It helps to create global market.
4. It creates a fairer level of population distribution.
5. It promotes lower level of crime.
6. It encourages entrepreneurism.
7. It benefits most families in the country.
8. It raises GDP.

35. 9. It encourages lower prices at a point of sale.
10. It encourages economic recovery.
 CONS:
1. International Migration can causes Overpopulation issues.
2. It encourages disease transmission.
3. Immigration can create wage disparities.
4. It creates stressors on educational and health resources.
5. It reduces the chances of developing nation.
6. It is easier to exploit immigrants.

36. 7. Immigration activities may create integration facility.
8. It can place stress on local social services.
9. Immigration can split up families
10.It can result in human rights violation.

37. Conclusion
 Humanity has always been on the move.Migration is a global phenomenon, there
is still no global understanding of how to manage it.
 As today people are moving more than ever before. There are presently around
272 million international migrants. That figure has grown rapidly since the turn of
the millennium, when there were 173 million.
 Together with the increasing volume,there is changing demographics, advancing
technology, evolving needs of labour markets and continued challenges posed
by wars, shortages, human rights violations and climate change. As migration
leads to the economic growth of hosting countries so, the government of
sending countries should create the favourable conditions so that people do not
migrate to other countries.

38. Thank you