2. ÍNDEX
Page 1: Cover page.
Page 2: Index:
Page 3: ZPD (Zone of proximal development)
Page 4: TPR (Total physical response )
Page 5: Target language
Page 6: Mother langue
Page 7: Approach
Page 8: Acquisition vs Learning
Page 9: Silent period
Page 10: The critical period
Page 11: LAD(Language acquisition device)
Page 12: EFL, ESL
Page 13: Phonics
Page 14: Multiple Intelligencies theory
Page 15: Digital literacy
Page 16: Literacy
3. ZPD
(Zone of Proximal Development)
It was developed by Vigotsky.
He said that social interaction is critical to
learning.
The zone of proximal development is what
a learner has already mastered (the actual
level of development) and what he or she
can achieve when provided with
educational support (potential
development).
Vygotsky, Lev
4. TPR
(Total Physical Response )
TPR is a language-teaching method
developed by James Asher, a professor
emeritus of psychology at San José State
University. It is based on the coordination of
language and physical movement. In TPR,
instructors give commands to students in the
target language, and students respond with
whole-body actions.
James Asher
5. Target language
A language that a nonnative speaker is in
the process of learning.
6. Mother tongue
The language which a person has grown
up speaking from early childhood.
7. Approach
A set of principles about teaching including
views on method, syllabus, and a
philosophy of language and learning.
Approaches have theoretical backing with
practical applications.
8. Acquisition vs Learning
LEARNING ACQUISITION
Artificial Natural
Technical Personal
Priority on the written
language
Priority on the spoken
language
Theory (language analysis) Practice (language in use)
Deductive teaching (rule-
driven; top-down)
Inductive coaching (rule-
discovery; bottom-up)
Preset syllabus Improvised activities
Activities about the language Activities in the language
Focus on form Focus on communication
9. Silent period hyphotesis
The silent period hyphotesis is the idea that
when a language is learned, there should
be a period in which the learner is not
expected to actively produce any
language. This is based on observations of a
listening period in infants when they learn a
first language.
10. The Critical Period
The hypothesis that if somebody does not
acquire a first language before a certain
time (around puberty), they will lose the
ability to acquire language.
11. LAD
(Language Acquisition Device)
The LAD is a system of principles that
children are born with that helps them learn
language, and accounts for the order in
which children learn structures, and the
mistakes they make as they learn. Second
language learning theory proposes that
acquisition is possible in second and
subsequent languages, and that learning
programmes have to create the conditions
for it.