This document discusses emerging and future technologies that may be applied in law enforcement. It explores techniques used by futurists to predict technological developments and various applications including emergency location systems, automatic collision notification, universal product coding, radio frequency chipping of goods, biometric identification, satellite surveillance, pursuit technologies using vehicle disabling chips, less-lethal weapons, mobile access to databases, and combinations of technologies. The goal is to understand how future technologies could impact policing.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
Emerging and Future Technologies
1. Copyright Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Chapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-One
EmergingEmerging
andand
Future TechnologiesFuture Technologies
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Understand the importance of looking atUnderstand the importance of looking at
future technologies.future technologies.
Explore a variety of potential technologicalExplore a variety of potential technological
applications in law enforcement.applications in law enforcement.
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FuturistsFuturists
QualitativeQualitative
TechniquesTechniques
Delphi Surveys, etc.Delphi Surveys, etc.
QuantitativeQuantitative
TechniquesTechniques
StatisticalStatistical
extrapolation, etc.extrapolation, etc.
Role-playing andRole-playing and
simulationsimulation
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Finding UsFinding Us
Emergency LocationEmergency Location
Transmitters (ELT)Transmitters (ELT)
Emergency PositionEmergency Position
Indicating RadioIndicating Radio
Beacons (EPIRB)Beacons (EPIRB)
Both use satelliteBoth use satellite
technology differenttechnology different
from GPSfrom GPS
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Automatic Collision NotificationAutomatic Collision Notification
Typically installed inTypically installed in
new cars, it is a formnew cars, it is a form
of Automatic Vehicleof Automatic Vehicle
Locator (AVL)Locator (AVL)
technologies which istechnologies which is
activated when an air-activated when an air-
bad is deployed.bad is deployed.
Commercial serviceCommercial service
then contacts PSAPthen contacts PSAP
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Universal Product CodeUniversal Product Code
Or Bar Coding, it isOr Bar Coding, it is
finding its way intofinding its way into
evidence managementevidence management
and equipmentand equipment
management systemsmanagement systems
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Chipping GoodsChipping Goods
The installation of Radio Frequency (RF)The installation of Radio Frequency (RF)
transmitters into commercial goods.transmitters into commercial goods.
A means of inventory control and lossA means of inventory control and loss
prevention.prevention.
However, chips remain active – evenHowever, chips remain active – even
when you take the product home.when you take the product home.
Someday, it is likely the “chipped” products inSomeday, it is likely the “chipped” products in
your refrigerator will “talk” to your refirgerator.your refrigerator will “talk” to your refirgerator.
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Chipped Handguns?Chipped Handguns?
Many people are killedMany people are killed
accidentally by handguns.accidentally by handguns.
Many police officers areMany police officers are
killed when offenderskilled when offenders
take the officer’stake the officer’s
handgun.handgun.
Chipping guns so thatChipping guns so that
only the registered useronly the registered user
can fire the handgun iscan fire the handgun is
one proposed method ofone proposed method of
prevention.prevention.
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Remote Control InformationRemote Control Information
SystemSystem
Transmitter on a police officer constantlyTransmitter on a police officer constantly
broadcasting and receiving informationbroadcasting and receiving information
Continuous contact with PSAPContinuous contact with PSAP
Originally developed for military useOriginally developed for military use
Provide remote supervisionProvide remote supervision
Provide remote feedback on the user’s vitalProvide remote feedback on the user’s vital
signssigns
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Our Homes as PrisonsOur Homes as Prisons
Currently, a personCurrently, a person
under “homeunder “home
supervision” wears asupervision” wears a
transponder bracelet.transponder bracelet.
At random intervals,At random intervals,
the supervisingthe supervising
agency calls theagency calls the
home and thehome and the
transponder respondstransponder responds
to the call.to the call.
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Our Homes as PrisonsOur Homes as Prisons
Expansions of the transponder modelExpansions of the transponder model
involve the use of GPS and AVLinvolve the use of GPS and AVL
technology so that offenders who are ontechnology so that offenders who are on
probation are constantly sending out aprobation are constantly sending out a
signal as to their whereabouts.signal as to their whereabouts.
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Scanning UsScanning Us
Magnetic GradientMagnetic Gradient
Measuring and PassiveMeasuring and Passive
Wave Millimeter WaveWave Millimeter Wave
Imaging are two means toImaging are two means to
supplement traditionalsupplement traditional
metal detectorsmetal detectors
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Optical License Plate ScanningOptical License Plate Scanning
Using Video, infrared light, opticalUsing Video, infrared light, optical
character recognition and other hardwarecharacter recognition and other hardware
and software license plates can beand software license plates can be
automatically scanned.automatically scanned.
The scan is compared against databases:The scan is compared against databases:
TollsTolls
Access controlAccess control
Stolen vehiclesStolen vehicles
Unpaid parking citationsUnpaid parking citations
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DataveillanceDataveillance
A term used to describe the investigationA term used to describe the investigation
and monitoring of individuals through data:and monitoring of individuals through data:
Financial transactions (ATM, Credit card, etc)Financial transactions (ATM, Credit card, etc)
Use of library resources (e.g., PATRIOTUse of library resources (e.g., PATRIOT
ACT).ACT).
Passing toll boothsPassing toll booths
Communication recordsCommunication records
Civil RecordsCivil Records
Other government and commercial recordsOther government and commercial records
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BiometricsBiometrics
The science ofThe science of
automatically identifyautomatically identify
someone based onsomeone based on
physiological andphysiological and
behavioralbehavioral
characteristicscharacteristics
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BiometricsBiometrics
Two broad uses ofTwo broad uses of
biometrics:biometrics:
Access ControlAccess Control
IdentificationIdentification
Passwords andPasswords and
identification cardsidentification cards
are often combinedare often combined
with biometricwith biometric
information toinformation to
increase accuracyincrease accuracy
and securityand security
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Accuracy and Security
Triangle
BiometricsBiometrics
What you are:
BIOMETRIC
MEASUREMENT
What you have:
IDENTIFICATION
CARD (Like ATM Card)
What you know:
PASSWORD
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BiometricsBiometrics
Iris and Retinal ScanIris and Retinal Scan
Low intensity beam into subject’s eyeball.Low intensity beam into subject’s eyeball.
Patterns of veins are compared againstPatterns of veins are compared against
databasedatabase
Facial RecognitionFacial Recognition
Measurements betweenMeasurements between NodesNodes (center of(center of
nose, eye, etc.)nose, eye, etc.)
Over 80 points can be measuredOver 80 points can be measured
Compared against databaseCompared against database
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BiometricsBiometrics
Any biometric systemAny biometric system
that makesthat makes
comparisons againstcomparisons against
a database needs toa database needs to
have the subjecthave the subject
EnrolledEnrolled forfor
comparisoncomparison
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SatellitesSatellites
Currently used byCurrently used by
Law Enforcement forLaw Enforcement for
GPS, and someGPS, and some
communications.communications.
May some dayMay some day
supplement visualsupplement visual
surveillance – lookingsurveillance – looking
down like today’sdown like today’s
military satellitesmilitary satellites
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Pursuit TechnologiesPursuit Technologies
Most advances haveMost advances have
been relatively lowbeen relatively low
tech such as:tech such as:
Spike stripsSpike strips
Pursuit InterventionPursuit Intervention
TechniqueTechnique
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Pursuit TechnologiesPursuit Technologies
Hi-Tech advancesHi-Tech advances
have surrounded thehave surrounded the
commercialcommercial
installation of “chips”installation of “chips”
that allow the fleeingthat allow the fleeing
vehicle to be “turnedvehicle to be “turned
off” by the police –off” by the police –
The effect is similar toThe effect is similar to
running out of gasrunning out of gas
Screen Capture provided by FAAC, Inc
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Less-Lethal TechnologiesLess-Lethal Technologies
Note that the term has changed from “non-Note that the term has changed from “non-
lethal” to “less-lethal” because alllethal” to “less-lethal” because all
techniques are dangerous.techniques are dangerous.
Chemical gas and electrical shock fairlyChemical gas and electrical shock fairly
common.common.
The use of light beams and sound is beingThe use of light beams and sound is being
used by the military and some foreignused by the military and some foreign
police agencies.police agencies.
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Getting SmallerGetting Smaller
Bicycle patrol and footBicycle patrol and foot
beat officers are nowbeat officers are now
accessing databasesaccessing databases
via small hand-heldvia small hand-held
computers.computers.
Photograph provided by CyberCop-Software
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Technology CombinationsTechnology Combinations
The combination ofThe combination of
different types ofdifferent types of
technologies istechnologies is
creating innovativecreating innovative
solutions for lawsolutions for law
enforcementenforcement
Screen captured by ShotSpotter, Inc.
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Police TechnologyPolice Technology
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