A sole proprietorship is a business owned and run by one individual, with no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits and is responsible for all losses and debts. A partnership is an arrangement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. Cooperatives are legal entities owned and democratically controlled by their members, and often share earnings proportionally based on participation rather than capital shares. There are various types of cooperatives including consumers', producers', retailers', social, and volunteer cooperatives.

1. OSM – Prof. Rajesh Satpathy

2. Sole
Proprietorship
A ‘sole proprietorship’, also known as the sole trader or simply
a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run
by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between
the owner and the business.
The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the
business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts.

3. Sole
Proprietorship

4. Sole
Proprietorship
Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts
of the business are the proprietor's. It is a "sole" proprietorship in
contrast with partnerships.
A sole proprietor may use a trade name or business name other
than his or her legal name. In many jurisdictions there are rules to
enable the true owner of a business name to be ascertained.

5. Sole
Proprietorship
According to Glos and Baker "A sole proprietorship is a business
owned by one person who is entitled to all of its profits,
and
Reed and Conover say "The single or the sole proprietorship is a
business owned and controlled by one man even though he may
have many other persons working for him.

6. Advantages of
Proprietorship
This entity having the ability to raise capital either publicly or
privately, to limit the personal liability of the officers and managers,
and to limit risk to investors. Sole proprietorships also have the
least government rules and regulations affecting it.
Owners have complete control over all the aspects of his business
and can take any managerial decisions that he/ she wants to take.

7. Disadvantages of
Proprietorship
Raising capital for a proprietorship is more difficult because an
unrelated investor has less peace of mind concerning the use and
security of his or her investment and the investment is more
difficult to formalize, other types of business entities have more
documentation.
As a business becomes successful, the risks accompanying the
business tend to grow. One of the main disadvantages of sole
proprietors is unlimited liability where the owner's personal assets
can be taken away.

8. Partnership
A partnership is an arrangement where parties agree to cooperate
to advance their mutual interests.
Since humans are social beings, partnerships between
individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools,
governments, and varied combinations thereof, have always been
and remain commonplace.

9. Partnership

10. Partnership
In the most frequently associated instance of the term, a
partnership is formed between one or more businesses in which
partners (owners) co-labor to achieve and share profits and losses.
Partnerships exist within, and across, sectors. Non-profit, religious,
and political organizations may partner together to increase the
likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their
reach.
Examples: Unicef + NHRM, NDA, UPA 1, UPA 2

11. Cooperatives
A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled
by its members. Members often have a close association with the
enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or
as its employees.
Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or
by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations.
Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership
as dividends, which are divided among the members according to
their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of
according to the value of their capital shareholdings.

12. Cooperatives

13. Cooperatives
Amongst the Asia's largest milk co-operative, Gujarat Co-operative Milk
Marketing Federation (GCMMF) selling dairy products under the brand ‘Amul’.

14. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are typically based on the cooperative values of "self-
help, self-responsibility, democracy and equality, equity and
solidarity" and the seven cooperative principles:
> Voluntary and open membership
> Democratic member control
> Economic participation by members
> Autonomy and independence
> Education, training and information
> Cooperation among cooperatives
> Concern for community

15. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are dedicated to the values of openness, social
responsibility and caring for others. Such legal entities have a range
of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone
who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join.
Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's
level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend
on sales or purchases, rather than according to capital invested.

16. Types of
Cooperative governance
Retailers' cooperative:
A retailers' cooperative (known as a secondary or marketing
cooperative in some countries) is an organization which
employs economies of scale on behalf of its members to receive
discounts from manufacturers and to pool marketing.
It is common for locally owned grocery stores, hardware
stores and pharmacies. In this case the members of the
cooperative are businesses rather than individuals.

17. Types of
Cooperative governance
Worker cooperative:
A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative,
that is owned and democratically controlled by its "worker-
owners". There are no outside owners in a "pure" workers'
cooperative, only the workers own shares of the business, though
hybrid forms exist in which consumers, community members or
capitalist investors also own some shares.

18. Types of
Cooperative governance
In practice, control by worker-owners may be exercised through
individual, collective or majority ownership by the workforce, or
the retention of individual, collective or majority voting rights
(exercised on a one-member one-vote basis).
A worker cooperative, therefore, has the characteristic that the
majority of its workforce owns shares, and the majority of shares
are owned by the workforce.Membership is not always compulsory
for employees, but generally only employees can become members
either directly (as shareholders) or indirectly through membership
of a trust that owns the company.

19. Types of
Cooperative governance
Volunteer cooperative:
A volunteer cooperative is a cooperative that is run by and for a
network of volunteers, for the benefit of a defined membership or
the general public, to achieve some goal. Depending on the
structure, it may be a collective or mutual organization, which is
operated according to the principles of cooperative governance.
The most basic form of volunteer-run cooperative is a voluntary
association.

20. Types of
Cooperative governance
The cooperation between Young Biologist Association
NGO and Let's do it! World international ecological movement has
become the basis for establishment of the “Let’s do it!
Armenia” movement in Armenia.
This year, this movement aims to carry out the volunteer initiative
“Armenia Without Garbage” which involves a number of activities ,
cleanup campaign, seminars etc. The basis of the worldwide
movement “Let's Do It! World” is the big cleanup (Let's do it!
2008) organized in Estonia in 2008, during which more than 50 000
volunteers were able to clean up Estonia from 10,000 tons of
waste.

21. Types of
Cooperative governance
Social cooperative:
A particularly successful form of multi-stakeholder cooperative is
the Italian "social cooperative", of which some 7,000 exist.
"Type A" social cooperatives bring together providers and
beneficiaries of a social service as members.
"Type B" social cooperatives bring together permanent workers
and previously unemployed people who wish to integrate into the
labor market.

22. Types of
Cooperative governance
Social cooperative:
Social co-operatives exist to provide social services such as the care
of children, elderly and disabled people, and the integration of un
employed people into the workforce.
In countries such as Sweden and Britain they exist without any
special legislation, while elements of the Italian model have been
legislated for in Belgium and Poland.

23. Types of
Cooperative governance
Consumers' cooperative :
A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers.
Employees can also generally become members. Members vote on
major decisions and elect the board of directors from amongst
their own number.
The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England
by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the
local shops. A well known example in the United States is
the REI (Recreational Equipment Incorporated) co-op, and in
Canada (Mountain Equipment Co-op).

24. Types of
Cooperative governance

25. Types of
Cooperative governance