section 5b & c

1. Section 5b-5c:
Electrical Components
Fundamentals of Electronic

2. Learning Objectives
1-Recognize how capacitors work and differentiate
between their types
2-Recognize how diode work.
3-Recognize how transistors work and identify their
applications .

3. Capacitors
Capacitors : a device that stores energy in the form of an elect
rical field that produces a potential difference (static voltage) acr
oss its plates .
It contains
• 2 conductive plates
• Isolation in between (air)

4. Capacitors
Plate which connected to the positive
side of battery is
receiving the positive charge
Plate which connected to the negative
side of battery is
receiving the negative charge

5. Capacitors
The capacitance of any capacitor can be changed by :
1- Increasing the surface area of the electrode (plate)
2-Shorting the distance between the electrodes (plates)
3- Using materials that have a high dielectric constant

6. Type of Capacitors
1- Ceramic capacitors (non-polar)
2- Electrolytic capacitors (polarized) have a positive and negative poles
Electrolytic capacitor body contains
• (-) symbol
• (+) symbol
• Maximum acceptable voltage

7. How do capacitors work?

8. Capacitors with Ac and Dc currents
• Capacitors block Direct
Current
• Capacitors allow Alternating
Current

9. Diode
LED Light Diode
• Light Emitting Diode
• NO Filament
• Advance semiconductor
• Inside computer chip
• Less power
• Electronic component with t
wo terminals (cathode -)
(anode +)
• Current flow in one direction.

10. Transistors
• Input connected to the base
• Output is collected from the collector
• Current flows from the emitter terminal or into it .
• Transistor can be made by combining 3 semiconductor regions together.
Transistor Schematic Symbol
Current flow from the Base t
o the Emitter in NPN transist
Current flow from the Emitter
to the Base in PPN transistors.

11. Transistors
Transistor application
1. Amplifier
• Hearing aid
Tiny microphone picks up the sounds (input) and turns
them into fluctuating electric currents(output )
Gain = output /input = collector current /Base current =lc/lb

12. Transistors
Transistor application
2. Switches
• Memory chip
It contains a billions of transistors
Each transistor can be individually switched ON (1) or OFF(0)
A chip can store billions of zero and ones (normal letter and numbers )