Learning about Motivation, its types along with measurement techniques. This is a topic for every person to learn.

2. KEYTOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
 Definitions
 Nature of motivation
 Theories of motivation Theories of motivation
 Types of motivation
 Measurement of Motivation
 Techniques of motivating farm people

3. MOTIVATION
 Motivation is derived from the Latin word ‘Movere’
which means to move. Thus, motivation is a force
which makes a person to move or to behave in a
particular way.particular way.
 “Motivation is the act of stimulating one or oneself to
get a desired course of action, to push the right
button to get a desired reaction.” (Michael J. Jucius)
 “To motivate is to induce people to act in a desired
manner.” (Koontz and O’Donnell)

4. • “Motivation is the reported urge to move in a given
direction or to achieve a certain goal.” (E. B. Flippo)
• “Motivation is a process that starts with a
physiological or psychological deficiency or need
MOTIVATION
physiological or psychological deficiency or need
that activates behaviour or drive that is aimed at a
goal or incentive.” (Fred Luthans)
• “The way in which urges drives, desires, aspirations
or striving needs-direct, control or explain the
behaviour of human beings.” (D. E. McFarland)

5. MOTIVATION
 Motivation is regarded as something which prompts,
compels and energizes an individual to act or behave
in a particular fashion at a particular time for
attaining some specific goal or purpose.attaining some specific goal or purpose.
 Motivation can be defined as the internal processes
that activate, guide, and maintain behaviour over
time.

6. NATURE OF MOTIVATION
 Motivation is an inner state of mind or an aroused
feeling.
 It is generated through basic needs and drives.
 It compels an individual to respond by creating a
kind of tension or urge to act.
 It is a preparation for responding in some selective
way to the satisfaction of the related need.
 It is a goal-directed activity, pursued till the
attainment of the goal.

7. NATURE OF MOTIVATION
 A change in goal may bring changes in the nature and
strength of the motive.
 Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension
aroused by a specific motive.aroused by a specific motive.
 Motive may be considered as a learned response or
tendency and also an innate disposition.

8. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
 Drive theory
 Arousal theoryArousal theory
 Expectancy theory
 Goal-setting theory

9. DRIVE THEORY
 According to this theory, biological needs arising
within our bodies create unpleasant states of arousal-
the feelings we describe as hunger, thirst, fatigue and
so on.so on.
 In order to eliminate such feelings and restore a
balanced physiological state or homeostasis or
engage in certain activities.
 Thus, motivation is basically a process in which
various biological needs push (drive) us to actions
designed to satisfy these needs.

10. DRIVE THEORY
 This theory has not been totally discarded even
today.
 Some people work in contrast to the theory. Eg: Even
though hunger strikes them, some people skip theirthough hunger strikes them, some people skip their
meals to reduce their weight.

11. AROUSALTHEORY
 A theory of motivation suggesting that human beings
seek an optimum level of arousal, not minimal levels
of arousal.
 People sometimes seek to increase rather than reduce People sometimes seek to increase rather than reduce
existing drives, an alternative theory of motivation
known as arousal theory was formulated.
 Arousal varies throughout the day, from low levels
during sleep to much higher ones when we are
performing strenuous tasks or activities we find
exciting.

12. AROUSALTHEORY
 This theory suggests that what we seek is not
minimal levels of arousal, but rather optimal arousal.
 Optimal arousal refers to the level that is best suited
to our personal characteristics and to whateverto our personal characteristics and to whatever
activity we are currently performing.
 Eg: If we are knitting, typing or performing similar
activities, we have a low level of arousal but when it
comes to competition of the similar things, our level
of arousal increases.

13. EXPECTANCYTHEORY
 A theory of motivation suggesting that behaviour is “pulled”
by expectations of desirable outcomes.
 Such outcomes, known as incentives, can be almost anything
we have learned to value-money, status etc.we have learned to value-money, status etc.
 Research findings in the field of industrial/organizational
psychology indicate that people will work hard at their jobs
only when they believe that doing so will improve their
performance (known as expectancy in the theory), that good
performance will be recognized ad rewarded (known as
instrumentality in the theory), and that the rewards provided
will be ones they want (known as valence).

14. GOAL-SETTING THEORY
• This refers to the view that motivation can be strongly
influenced by goals.
• Setting specific and challenging but attainable goals can boost
motivation and performance, especially when individuals are
committed to reaching the goals and receive feedback on their
progress.progress.
• Goal setting is highly effective in increasing performance, but
mechanisms that explain these effects are still somewhat
uncertain.
• It is most effective in boosting performance when the goals set
are highly specific, the goals are challenging; but the goals are
perceived as attainable.
• Thus, goal setting is the most successful when people perceive
feedback on their progress toward meeting the goals and when
they are truly and deeply committed on reaching them.

15. TYPES OF MOTIVATION
 Hunger motivation
 Thirst MotivationThirst Motivation
 Sexual motivation
 Aggressive motivation
 Achievement motivation

16. HUNGER MOTIVATION
 Our body’s need for food is the basis of this
motive.
 The longer we are deprived of food, the more we
feel the intensity of this motive.feel the intensity of this motive.
 The physiological key to hunger lies in the
chemical composition of the blood and
hypothalamus of brain.
 When the blood glucose level decreases, the
message is sent to the hypothalamus and we feel
hungry.

17. THIRST MOTIVATION
 It is found to be stronger than hunger motive.
 The physiological key of the thirst motive lies in the
imbalance of fluid in the body tissues and
hypothalamus.hypothalamus.
 A high level of NaCl in the blood upsets the fluid
balance in the tissues which in turn need to supply
fluid to the body tissues.
 This message is conveyed to the lateral
hypothalamus and thirst drive is activated.

18. SEXUAL MOTIVATION
 Though not so essential as food and water but
constitutes a highly powerful psycho-physical
motive.
 Its satisfaction results in immense happiness and well Its satisfaction results in immense happiness and well
being to an individual.
 This proves to be a medium for survival of the
species.

19. AGRESSIVE MOTIVATION
 This relates to those behaviours that are intended to
inflict physical or physiological damage on others.
 Bandura (1973) suggests that frustration generates
aggression only in those people who have previouslyaggression only in those people who have previously
developed aggressive attitudes and actions as a
means of coping with the environment.
 One may be aggressive because one has been brought
up in the environment where he frequently observes
his parents, elders, teachers and peers showing
aggression towards him or others.

20. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
 The need to achieve is the spring-board of the
achievement motive.
 This desire to achieve is as basic and as natural as
other biological or socio-psychological needs.other biological or socio-psychological needs.
 However, in a competitive society, a stronger drive or
motive to achieve something or everything that is
essential for beating others in the race and
consequently feeling a sense of pride and pleasure in
one’s environment.

21. MEASUREMENT OF
MOTIVATION
 Direct method
 Indirect methodIndirect method
 Experimental methods

22. DIRECT METHOD
 The subject is ready to express his motives through
verbal or other over behaviour.
 The required information about the motives of an
individual is gathered directly from the primaryindividual is gathered directly from the primary
source, the subject and his natural behaviour, by
directly asking him to account for his own behaviour
or through naturalistic objective observation of his
behaviour.
 The major techniques include questionnaire,
inventories, interview, autobiography etc.

23. INDIRECT METHOD
 The subject is either unaware of his motives or is
determined not to reveal his real motives, the use of
indirect methods is recommended most.
 Based on the mechanism of projection, the subject is Based on the mechanism of projection, the subject is
expected to provide clues for his hidden or true
motives by responding to these unstructured stimuli.
 The interpretation of these clues by the experimenter
may then help, in the assessment of the subject’s true
motives

24. INDIRECT METHOD
 All the projective techniques like Rorschach Ink Blot
Test, Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT), Child
Appreciation Test (CAT), Drawing Competition Test,
Sentence Completion technique, Word Association
technique etc.technique etc.
 The interpretation of these structured responses depends
upon the reason for giving the test.
 Eg: if the experimenter is interested in measuring
affiliation or achievement motive, the subject’s responses
are evaluated in terms of how much affiliation orientation
or achievement orientation it displays.

25. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
 This consists of the measures involving objective
observations under controlled conditions.
 The experimenter first makes some tentative hypotheses
and then tests them in the laboratory or laboratory-like
conditions for arriving at some objective, reliable and
valid conclusions.

26.  Eg: One may hypothesize that the persons having high
achievement motive must differ in a number of
predictable ways from persons with low achievement
motive.
 In experimental testing, the experimenter may collect
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
 In experimental testing, the experimenter may collect
scores related with achievement motive by introducing
a projective test.
 After that he may try to demonstrate that subjects who
score high in terms of achievement motive are also
faster at solving mathematical problems, memorizing
poems and performing some typical complex skills.

27. TECHNIQUES OF
MOTIVATING FARM PEOPLE
 The local problems should be properly identified.
 The local leaders should be asked to create a suitable
atmosphere of learning.
 Different techniques like result demonstration and
method demonstration must be used to motivate the
farmers.
 The extension worker must be empathetic towards
the farmers to create a more suitable environment of
study.

29. REFERENCES
 General Psychology by S.K. Mangal
 Social Psychology by Branscombe and Baron Social Psychology by Branscombe and Baron