Types and areas of counseling multicultural counseling

Types and areas of
counseling
By
Dr. Satish Raj
Assistant Professor
School of Education
Lovely Professional University Jalandhar,
Punjab, India
Email:- satishnurpur@gmail.com
+91 7589110552

GROUP COUNSELLING PROCESS
• Group counseling provides a unique forum for
individuals to make changes in their lives. Unlike
individual counseling groups provide a realistic
social setting in which the client interacts with
peers who may be sharing the same or a similar
concern and have some understanding of the
problem.
• The counseling group allows members to be
open, honest and frank about their problems and
provide a situation in which it is safe to test ideas
and solutions to problems.
Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning

• Through the group process and its interactions and
sharing of experiences, clients learn to modify
earlier behaviour patterns and seek new, more
appropriate behaviours in situations that require
interpersonal skills.
• Group counseling is a form of therapy, which posits
that people benefit from shared experiences.
Usually group counseling is focused on a particular
issue, for example anger management. While a
therapist usually manages group counseling,
contributions from other members in the group are
considered valuable since all in the group share
similar issues.
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• One of the main principals behind group counseling
is the idea that dealing with specific issues may
cause isolation, and a feeling that one is alone in
facing one’s problems.
• Group counseling attempts to counteract this
isolation by assembling people with similar issues
to enforce that difficulties are not singular to one
person. Additionally, knowing other people with
similar troubles can be comforting to each
individual, who may not have access in their own
family and friends to people with the same
problem.
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Definition
Gladding defined a group as ―a collection of two or
more individuals who meet in face-to-face
interaction, interdependently, with the awareness that
each belongs to the group and for the purpose of
achieving mutually agreed-on goals.‖
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Types of Groups
• Psychoeducational: known as guidance of educational
groups are preventive and instructional in nature, their
purpose is to teach the group participants how to deal
with a probable threat (such as flu), or an immediate
life crisis (such as death of loved one). These are
mostly found in educational settings.
• Counseling: growth oriented for members generally
being normal people who are experiencing stress in
their life.
• Group therapy: focus on remediation and treatment of
those who are severely disturbed or who are exhibiting
socially deviant behavior.
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Structuring of Groups
• 1. Selection and induction of members : The most frequently
used procedure for selection and induction of members for
group counseling is a personal interview, prior to assignments
to group. The initial interview gives the counselor an
opportunity to establish identification with the members.
• 2. Size of the group : For group counseling the size of the
group should be relatively small. Although it is difficult to
recommend a specific number as a rule of thumb, about six to
ten members could be there in a group.
• 3. Composition of the group : There is controversy regarding
the composition of groups for counseling. Opinions differ as to
whether the group should be homogeneous or heterogeneous
with respect to problems, education, intelligence, age, sex and
so on.
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Structuring of Groups
• 4. Frequency and duration of meetings : Various
recommendations have been made regarding the frequency of
meetings. But, weekly and twice weekly meetings are
recommended most often.
• 5. Physical setting : Physical setting is less important in
comparison with emotional atmosphere and the skill of the
counselor. A skillful counselor and the group obviously will
function more effectively on a poor physical setting than an
incompetent one and his group in an ideal setting.
• However, privacy and freedom from interruptions are of course
important. The room should be small rather than large. Seating
should be flexible and varied. A circular seating arrangement
with each member sitting where he pleases is to be preferred to
a formal arrangements and permanent seat assignments.
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Advantages of Group Counselling
• 1. Providing Unique Environment: Group
counseling can offer a unique environment in which
to learn about and experience both self and others.
We all live in groups for much of our lives and
working together with others in a group can provide
valuable insights into characteristic patterns of
thinking and relating in a group setting.
• 2. Exploring the Issues in Depth: The group
experience gives individuals an opportunity to
explore their issues in more depth, in a setting
which more closely resembles work, study, social
and family groupings.
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• 3. Avoiding Isolation and Loneliness: One of the
main principals behind group counseling is the idea
that dealing with specific issues may cause
isolation, and a feeling that one is alone in facing
one’s problems. Group counseling attempts to
counteract this isolation by assembling people with
similar issues to enforce that difficulties are not
singular to one person. Additionally, knowing other
people with similar troubles can be comforting to
each individual, who may not have access in their
own family and friends to people with the same
problem.
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• 4. Highly Organized: Group counseling may be
highly organized, with people doing specific
activities together and then sharing the results.
Alternately, it may be more freeform, where people
share current issues related to the group’s purpose.
One person’s verbal contributions to a group might
be discussed, validated, and provoke problem
solving by other group members in a session. It
might also be an entry into a discussion regarding a
certain aspect of an illness or condition that is then
primarily led by the therapist.
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• 5. Group Counseling Costs Less : Some people
find the group counseling experience a better
alternative than private therapy because it tends
to cost less. Frequently group counseling is
covered by insurance, and many groups offer
sliding scale fees for those without insurance.
• 6. Help Others and Being Helped: Provides
the opportunity to help others as well as being
helped.
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• 7. Feeling of Empowerment Gives the feeling of
empowerment It helps build confidence and self-
esteem so that you may feel more control of your
life.
• 8. Improvement by Sensitivity and Insight: Group
members improve from the sensitivity and insight
of the Counselor.
• 9. Promoting Growth and Change: Group members
provide different perspectives which are often
helpful in promoting growth and change.
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Group Counseling Process
• Clarify ground rules and guidelines.
• Build cohesiveness and trust.
• Discuss confidentiality.
• Discuss active listening for each other.
• Summary of the initial meeting.
• Establish therapeutic atmosphere.
• Leader replicas facilitative behaviors.
• Establish a relationship.
• Address members’ concerns/problems.
• Explore previous solutions, look at alternatives.
• Set goals, try new behaviors, assign homework
• Report and evaluate results
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Introductory Phase
• Ask members to introduce themselves and tell why they
are in the group.
• Help members clarify their goals regarding what they
would like to accomplish in the meeting.
• Discuss confidentiality; Get a commitment from all
members to maintain confidentiality.
• Encourage group members to stay the entire time. The
group generally runs 2 hours; the time depends on the
ages of the children.
• Elect or appoint a co-leader or a peer leader to keep the
gate (that is, not let people in or out).
• Remind the group that no group member holds rank over
any other group member and that everyone’s
participation is valued equally.
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Intervention Phases
Fact Finding Phase
• Focus on discussing what happened.
• Encourage everyone to participate.
Feeling Phase
• Ask, ―What happened then?‖
• Ask, ―What are you experiencing now?‖
Clients’ Symptoms
• Ask, ―How is this affecting you?‖ (Is the member
having trouble sleeping, studying, or is the member
worrying too much?).
• Ask, ―How is this affecting your grades, your studies,
your health?‖
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Teaching phase
Teaching Phase
• Explore the common responses to this
incident.
• Brainstorm about how people have been
responding to the incident.
• Discuss how each response is helpful or
not helpful to people.
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Summary phase
Summary Phase
• Raise questions and provide answers.
• Summarize what has been learned and shared.
• Develop action plans for individuals and/or the
group, if needed.
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Summary phase
Summary Stage
• Provide support for group members to ensure their
physical, emotional, and psychological safety. An
action plan should be made to protect any group
member needing protection.
• Conduct a follow-up meeting in 3 to 5 days to see
how well the group members are coping.
• Arrange individual counseling sessions for group
members who need further assistance.
Thomson Learning

Family therapy
• Family therapy can employ techniques & exercises from
cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, or
other types of therapy.
• Behavioral or emotional problems in children are common
reasons to visit a family therapist. A child’s problems do not
exist in a vacuum; they exist in the context of the family and
will likely need to be addressed within the context of the family
(Herkov, 2016).
• It should be noted that in family therapy or counseling, the term
―family‖ does not necessarily mean blood relatives. In this
context, ―family‖ is anyone who ―plays a long-term supportive
role in one’s life, which may not mean blood relations or family
members in the same household‖ (King, 2017).
Thomson Learning

Family therapy or family
counseling• Family therapy or family counseling is a form of treatment
that is designed to address specific issues affecting the
mental health and functioning of a family. It can be used to
help a family through a difficult period of time, a major
transition, or mental or behavioral problems in family
members (―Family Therapy‖, 2014).
• As Dr. Michael Herkov explains, family therapy views
individuals’ problems in the context of the larger unit: the
family (2016). The assumption of this type of therapy is
that problems cannot be successfully addressed or solved
without understanding the dynamics of the group. The way
the family operates influences how the client’s problems
formed and how they are encouraged or enabled by the
other members of the family.
Thomson Learning

Family therapy
• According to Licensed Clinical Social Worker
Laney Cline King, these are the most common
types of family therapy:
• Bowenian: this form of family therapy is best
suited for situations in which individuals cannot
or do not want to involve other family members in
the treatment. Bowenian therapy is built on two
core concepts, triangulation (the natural tendency
to vent or distress by talking to a third party) and
differentiation (learning to become less
emotionally reactive in family relationships).
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Family therapy
• Structural: Structural therapy focuses on
adjusting and strengthening the family
system to ensure that the parents are in
control and that both children and adults set
appropriate boundaries. In this form of
therapy, the therapist ―joins‖ the family in
order to observe, learn, and enhance their
ability to help the family strengthen their
relationships.
Thomson Learning

Family therapy
• Systemic: The Systemic model refers to the
type of therapy that focuses on the
communications and the meaning behind
family members’ behaviors. The therapist in
this form of treatment is neutral and distant,
allowing the family members to dive deeper
into their issues and problems as a family.
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Family therapy
• Strategic: This form of therapy is more brief and
direct than the others, in which the therapist
assigns homework to the family. This homework
is intended to change the way family members
interact, assess and adjust the way the family
communicates and makes decisions. The therapist
takes the position of power in this type of therapy,
which allows other family members who may not
usually hold as much power to communicate more
effectively (King, 2017).
Thomson Learning

Parental counseling
• Parenting counseling is a type of service that aims
to provide the necessary knowledge, tools,
guidance, and most especially support to parents
without bias or judgment.
• This way, they become more fully equipped to
take care of their children.
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Parental counseling
• Although becoming a parent is rewarding, it is also
challenging. The responsibilities that parents must fulfill
are huge. They are required to:
• Raise good children who can contribute to the society
• Provide a home that is loving, supportive, and caring
• Meet all the needs of their children such as a home,
education, food, healthcare, and education
• Take care of their respective spouses
• Support the community they are in to create a safe and
productive place for their families
• Give their families a comfortable life
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Parental counseling
Common issues faced by parents
• Separation or divorce
• Child behavior and development
• Aggression or violence
• Family tension
• Confidence or self-esteem
• Substance abuse
• Teen issues
• Mental health
• Authoritarian parents expect much of their child
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Parental counseling
• Counselor can suggest a variety of programs that
include:
• Co-parenting counseling
• Couples counseling
• Divorce adjustment therapy
• Anger management
• Substance abuse rehabilitation and counseling
• Learning parenting skills from the counselor
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Parental counseling
Structural therapy - Identifies and re-orders the
organisation of the family system
Strategic therapy - Looks at patterns of interactions
between family members
Transgenerational therapy - Transgenerational
transmission of unhelpful patterns of belief and
behaviour
Communication theory
Psychoeducation theory
Relationship education
Relationship counseling
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Adolescent counseling
This is also called the "period of storm and states".
This is a very sensitive period.
Neither adolescents mix up with children nor with adults.
Children take them as senior fellows whereas adults still
treat them as children.
Rapid physical change takes place during adolescence
and they achieve full growth. However, adolescents are
still mentally and emotionally unstable and lack maturity
and efficiency in their work.
It creates the problems of adjustment for them in school,
home and community.
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Adolescent counseling
The feelings and desire of the adolescents do not match
with the parents and other adults of community.
Therefore, they become more sentimental and prefer to
pass most of the time outside the family in peers.
Adolescents actually want to bear various family and
social responsibilities to make their own identity but they
are note given responsibilities by family members and
elder considering they are not matured.
As a result of this they feel insecure in the society and
develop negative feeling and emotions which are really
harmful to them. Finally, due to negative feelings, altitude,
they involve in sexual abuse, Drug addiction vandalism,
smoking, alcoholism and watching vulgar pictures and
movies, which are more damaging anti- social activities.
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• The needs and demands of adolescents:
• Adolescents want proper understanding and acceptance of
their desire, need and feelings by the parents and adults and
behave them accordingly.
• They expect parents to recognize their ideas by giving
adequate time for them.
• They want proper understanding of their needs and problems
by adults.
• They want active participation while taking decisions in
their own matter.
• They expect no discrimination based on gender from
parents.
• They like to have personal feedback secretly from teachers
and parents in the mistake rather than abusing them publicly.
• They want to be involved in domestic problems like
economics problems. Sometimes, they want to stay alone at
home. They have to be given opportunities to live alone.Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning
.

• Primary or Physiological Needs: The fulfillment of
physiological needs are inevitable because they are
concerned with the very existence of the
individual. The need for oxygen, need for water and
food, need for rest and sleep, need for sex gratification
etc. are the important physiological needs.
• Secondary or Socio-Psychological Needs: Needs that
are associated with socio-cultural environment of an
individual are called secondary needs. They are
acquired through social learning and their satisfaction
is necessary for the psychological well being of the
individual. Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning
NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENCE

• Needs for security
• Need for Love
• Need for approval
• Need for freedom and independence
• Need for self-expression and achievement
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NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENCE

• Perplexity with regard to somatic
variation: Every adolescent has more or less
difficult task of adjusting to somatic variation
which may occur in connection with puberty.
• Problems related with intensification of sex-
consciousness: The sudden awakening of sex
instinct during adolescence results in
intensification of sex consciousness. Adolescents
are curious to know about sex related topics and
are seeking answers to their innumerable doubts in
sexual matters. Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning
PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENCE

• Adjustment difficulties with parents: Adolescents have
a strong urge for freedom and independence. But often it
is obstructed by parental oppositions, parental opposition
may extend to such areas as choices of friends, choice of
education, recreational interests, dress, life-style, our of
going from and coming to the home, mode of behaviour
etc. The conflict between parental norms of behaviour and
peer group relationships often lead to friction in the
relationship and adolescents find it difficult to adjust to the
needs and demands of parents.
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• Childhood-Adulthood Conflict
• Adjustment difficulties with school discipline
• Adjustment difficulties with community
• The Ideal and Reality conflicts
• Peer pressure
• School issues & expulsion
• Pressure from exams
• Partying & drug abuse
• Loneliness
• Online bullying
• Body image & self-esteem
• Teenage sexuality
• Grief and loss
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• Anxiety & fear
• Sadness & depression
• Self-harm
• Obsessive compulsive behaviour
• Suicidal thoughts
• Violence, abuse & trauma
• Family issues
• Relationship problems
• Teenage pregnancy
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• Building Rapport
• Replacing Negative Self-Talk with Positive- Many
clinicians will encourage a client to write down their
negative thoughts at the beginning of their appointment and
then change the list into a positive one at the end.
• Group Sessions:- Many teens sometimes feel alone with
their feelings and may feel as though they are isolated with
their issues or that no one understands. Group sessions are
important because it may help clients feel connected to one
another and can provide insight that other people are also
struggling with similar problems. Group sessions can help
to create bonding and team building strategies to overcome
issues together. Group sessions can be extremely beneficial
due to the fact that clients no longer feel alone and can take
comfort in knowing that other teens are able to relate.
Thomson Learning
Counseling techniques for
adolescence

• Games:- These days, many teenagers are overwhelmed with
the stressors of prepping for college, dealing with school
assignments, popularity, and keeping up with social media,
friends, etc. It creates atmosphere of stress and games are
very effective to reduce this stress among them.
• Music:- Music tends to bring up a lot of emotions for people
– depending on the song, music can make you feel either
happy, sad, angry, nostalgic, etc.
• Worksheets of problem solving:- Worksheets that
encourage brainstorming to solve problems and to track
behaviors or moods are some of the typical forms
used. Others may include describing cognitive-behavioral
models, how to change misconceptions, and common
negative thinking patterns.Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning
adolescence

• Increased interaction with family members
• Trust building, faith increase, problems &
experiences share, multiple solutions can be there.
• Comprehensive guidance programme should be
there
• Therapy sessions for severe disorders
• Motivational seminars, activities, assignments
• Challenging tasks
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adolescence

• Female's issues can refer to any concern that
might impact a female’s mental health. These
concerns might be related to gender stereotype or
assumptions and concerns related to women's
health, but they are also likely to include other
challenges faced by women.
• Women may experience certain biological,
environmental, and psychosocial challenges, and
these concerns can have a significant impact on
mental health and well-being.
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Counseling for girls

• Some mental and physical health concerns women
face may be related to gender.
• A study from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) found that not only are women
more likely to experience mental health concerns
such as depression or anxiety, women also
experience mental distress at higher rates.
• It was widely believed the HIPPOCAMPUS- the
part of the brain partially responsible for regulating
emotion and memory—was larger in women than
in men.
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• ISSUES RELATED TO PHYSICAL HEALTH
• Bodily changes
• Appearance
• Malnutrition
• Fertility issues
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• ISSUES RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Postpartum depression
• Postpartum psychosis
• Posttraumatic stress
• Eating disorders
• Mood-related challenges
• Self-harming behaviors
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• SOCIALAND CULTURAL ISSUES
• Sexism/Oppression
• Abuse/Intimate partner violence
• Adverse portrayal in society and the media
• Marriage problems, infidelity, divorce, or other
relationship issues
• Career choice
• Family problems
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• Coping Skills
• Individualized therapeutic "homework”
• Strengthening emotions
• Relationship building with teens
• Increased communication
• Bubble Breath
• Sensitivity to identity development; especially for ethnic
and racial minorities,
Ethnic and racial identity models
• Relaxation training
• Constructive thinking
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Counseling for students with
disability
• Type of disability group
• The Disabled:
• The Disadvantaged:
• The Gifted and Talented:
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disability
• Type of disability
• Physical challenges
• Mental challenges
• Social challenges
• Career problems
• Coping challenges
• Adjustment problems
• Self concept
• Anxiety/depression
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disability
• Conduct individual and small-group counselling to
students
• Carry out developmental programmes relating to
transition issues, stress management, anger management,
conflict management, relationship management, positive
thinking and responsible thinking
• Work with families of students being counselled, and
conduct home visits when necessary
• Refer students and their families to community resources
for specialised assistance.
• Apply strategies for early identification and intervention
of students with social, emotional and behavioural
problems
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disability
• Perform educational and career/vocational
counselling
• Advise teaching staff with regard to counselling-
related issues based on identified needs
• Organise training/workshops for parents based on
recognised needs
• Assist teaching staff with strategies on how to support
students in distress
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.
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Multicultural Counseling
• According to Gertz 1973; Maruyama 1992;
Seeley2000, Multicultural Counseling can be defined
as:
• “Becoming a multicultural counselor does not only
mean gaining more knowledge of other cultures, but
even more it means understanding the complex
processes through which people become members of
communities and societies and construct their
worldviews, basic attitudes, values, norms, etc.”
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• The interface between counselor and client that takes
the personal dynamics of the counselor and client into
consideration alongside the dynamics found in the
cultures of the counselor and the client.
• Multicultural counseling is defined as what occurs
when the counselor works with a client from a
different cultural group and how that might affect
interactions. This definition is expanded to include
dissimilarities in religion and spirituality, sexual
orientation, gender, age and maturity, socioeconomic
class, family history, and even geographic location.Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning

• Counseling from a multicultural lens is necessary in
our diverse world and allows counselors to help
people in underserved communities.
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF
MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
• All counseling is cross-cultural in nature
• Multicultural counseling places an emphasis
on human diversity in all its many forms
• Culturally competent counselors develop
awareness, knowledge and skills to
intervene effectively in the lives of people
from culturally diverse backgrounds
• Culturally competent counselors are multi-
culturally literate human beings
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Multicultural Counseling Competencies
• Counselor Awareness of Own Cultural Values
• Counselor Awareness of Client Worldview; A
counselor must recognize that their client’s world view
is different than their own
• Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies; A
counselor with cultural competence respects their
client’s religious views, values, beliefs, indigenous
practices, and languages. Counselors must understand
the characteristics of therapy and its impact on cultural
groups.
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Multicultural Counseling Techniques
• Therapeutic approach:- Counselors must be
knowledgeable about their client’s attitudes, cultural
stigma and beliefs about the therapeutic process in
order to select appropriate interventions.
• Communication:- Counselors must be cognizant of
societal figures of speech and phrases that trigger
ethnic groups. Cultural contexts as well as Culture-
specific verbal and nonverbal aspects (i.e. gestures,
body language, personal space, etc.) of communication
should be considered during client interaction.
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• The RESPECTFUL Model
• The RESPECTFUL model was developed with one
goal in mind: to recognize the multidimensionality
of all clients in a comprehensive and integrative
way.
• San Jose State University’s Counselor Education
Department shares The RESPECTFUL
Model that was developed by Michael D’Andrea
& Judy Daniels around 1997 and involves ten
different factors that influence an individual’s
psychological development as well as their sense
of personal well-being.Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning

• The ten factors of the RESPECTFUL model are as
follows:
• Religious-Spiritual Identity: Some clients are
affected by their religion through transcendental
experiences that extend beyond the ordinary. Others
may identify with no religion at all.
• Economic Class Background: Class influences a
client’s development and as such affects their own
identification of their strengths and expression of
problems throughout therapy or counseling.
Thomson Learning

• Sexual Identity: Sexual identity influences personal
development, especially for people who’ve been
oppressed because of their sexuality which reduces an
individual’s sense of worth.
• Psychological Maturity: This type of maturity
involves the ability of an individual to respond to a
situation or their environment in an appropriate
manner based upon their psychological strengths and
needs.
• Ethnic-Cultural-Racial Identity: Some clients
experience ―within-group‖ differences which could
influence their psychological development.
Thomson Learning

• Chronological Developmental Challenges: Physical,
cognition, and psychological skill development affects
how an individual experiences challenges at different
points in life.
• Trauma and Other Threats to One’s Well-Being:
Stressful situations can put individuals at risk for
psychological dangers when the ability to cope with
them become ineffective.
• Family History and Dynamics: Family can play a
role in a person’s sense of self, ambition, and
prejudices. The modern family is now one with much
more diversification, less rigidity, and broadened
horizons.
Thomson Learning

• Unique Physical Characteristics: People who
possess unique physical characteristics may experience
stress of dissatisfaction. It is on part of the counselor to
reflect on the internalized negative views of
stereotypes.
• Location of Residence and Language Differences:
Depending upon the climate patterns, geological
terrain, and types of occupations available, individuals
will possess various strengths and interests. Being
aware of stereotypes and biases associated with
individuals who speak a different dialect can defer
from inaccurate assumptions.
Thomson Learning

• Consideration of the above during the course of
a counseling relationship helps the counselor-
client relationship stay, as the acronym
insinuates, respectful. This model provides
counselors with the ability to progress
appropriately, ethically, and holistically through
each counseling session.
Thomson Learning

Types and areas of counseling multicultural counseling

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Types and areas of counseling multicultural counseling