EMOTIONS-Introduction to Psychology

1. AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Industrial Technology
Kalibo, Aklan
Teacher Education Department
Power Point Presentation
On
EMOTIONS
Submitted to:
Dr. MYRNA D. PELAYO
in partial fulfillment the requirements for the subject
Soc. Sci I-General Psychology
1st
Semester, 2015-2016
Submitted by: Vea D. Leocario
BSEd I-A

2. EMOTION

3. INTRODUCTION:
 If you ask someone to describe what an emotion is, they might say it is a feeling,
sentiment, reaction, passion, excitement, or sensation. Another definition of
emotion is it is a spontaneous feeling arising from a person, thing, or experience.
Emotions are unique to each individual, are perception based, and subjective
experiences. It could be argued that emotions are the sole reason for therapeutic
interventions.
 People go to counselors because they do not like how they feel. In other words,
their emotions are too strong and upsetting or the individual does not appear to
have emotions at all. Some people have too much of one emotion versus how
they want to feel, e.g. depressed individuals are mostly sad and desire to feel
happy again. Therefore, every psychological theory, even cognitive behaviorism,
has a goal to ultimately alter the person's emotional state in a positive way.

4. IMAGINE LIFE WITHOUT
Happiness
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
Disgust

5. WHAT IS EMOTION?

6. WHAT IS EMOTION?
 Emotion is a complex psychological
phenomenon which occurs as animals or
people live their lives.
 It is Intense feeling that are directed at
someone or something.

7. EMOTIONS

Came from the Latin word ''emovere'' which means
''to move out''.

Subjective reactions to experiences that are associated
with physiological and behavioral changes(According to
Woolfolk)

Feelings that generally have both physiological and
cognitive elements and that influence behavior(Acc. to
Feldman)

Considered as the building blocks of personality

8. COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONS
(ATKINSON)-1996
1. Subjective experience of the emotion.
2. Internal bodily response, particularly those involving the autonomic
nervous system.
a. Blood Pressure & heart rate increase.
b. Respiration becomes more rapid.
c. The pupils dilate.
d. Perspiration increase while secretion of saliva & mucous
decrease.
e. Blood-sugar level increase to provide more energy.
f. The blood clots more quickly in case of wounds.
g. Blood is diverted from the stomach & intestines to the brain &
skeletal muscles.
h. The hair on the skin becomes erect, causing goose pimples.

9. COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONS
(ATKINSON)-1996
3. Cognition about the emotion & associated situation.
4. Facial expression.
5.Reactions to the emotion.
6. Action tendencies
None of these components, by itself is an emotion.
All these components come together to create a
particular emotions.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF
EMOTION
 The range of emotion is broad. More than 200
emotions are named in the English language.
Psychologists have classified them in many different
ways, and one of which is the system developed by
Robert Plutchnik called the EMOTION WHEEL.

11. ROBERT PLUTCHNIK
He believed that emotions have 4 dimentions:
-Emotion is either positive or negative
-Emotions are primary or mixed
-Many of these emotions are polar opposites
-Emotions Vary In Intensity

12. 1. EMOTION IS EITHER POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE
 Positive Emotions enhance self-esteem and improve our
relations with others while negative emotions lower
self-esteem and weakens the quality of our relations
with others.

13. 2. EMOTIONS ARE PRIMARY OR MIXED
 Emotions for Plutchnik are like colors. Every color of
the spectrum can be produced by mixing the primary
colors. Possibly some emotions are primary and if
mixed, form all others emotions, like joy and acceptance
combined results to Love.

14. 3. MANY OF THESE EMOTIONS
ARE POLAR OPPOSITES
Emotions appear across each other on the emotion wheel, like love and
remorse or joy and sadness. Plutchnik believes one cannot simultaneously
experience emotions that are polar opposites.
4. Emotions Vary In Intensity

15. PLUTCHIK'S WHEEL OF EMOTIONS
(PRIMARY & MIXED EMOTIONS)
 Robert Plutchik
-was a psychologist who studied
emotions, suicide and aggression. He
believed that there were 8 basic
categories of emotions-
anger, fear, sadness, disgust,
surprise, anticipation,
acceptance, and joy.
Plutchik stated that all other emotions
evolved from these 8 basic emotions
and he illustrated the relationships of
one emotion to another in a wheel
diagram. From this diagram, you can
see the shades of colors change with
respect to the various emotions felt.

16. BASIC EMOTIONS
(MATLIN,1992)
EMOTION FUNCTION
FEAR PROTECTION
ANGER DESTRUCTION
JOY INCORPORATION
DISGUST REJECTION
ACCEPTANCE REPRODUCTION
SADNESS REINTEGRATION
SURPRISE ORIENTATION
ANTICIPATION EXPLORATION

17. PRIMARY EMOTION
 What are the Primary Emotions?

18. PRIMARY EMOTIONPS
 LOVE
 JOY
 ANGER
 SADNESS
 SURPRISE
 FEAR

19. PRIMARY EMOTION
A primary human emotion types are the one
triggered in response to an event.

20. SECONDARY EMOTIONS
What are the Secondary Emotions?

21. SECONDARY EMOTION
 PASSION
 OPTIMISM
 IRRITATION
 DISGUST
 SHAME
 NERVOUSNESS

22. SECONDARY EMOTION
If we experience fear , the secondary emotions would
be : feel threatened or feel anger , depending on the
situation we are experiencing.

23. FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
( BY FELDMAN )
1.Preparation for action
- we are able to respond to changes in our environment because
our emotions enable us to prepare to respond to the stimulus in
our surroundings
2.Shaping future behavior
- one factor that shapes our future behavior is our emotion.
- constant exposure to stimuli that stir our emotions enables us
to learn, relearn and unlearn a certain behavior.
3.Helping us interact more effectively with others
- we are interacting with one another almost every time.
- understanding our emotions and emotions of others enables
us to sympathize with others.

24. VARIETY OF EMOTIONS
 POSITIVE HUMAN EMOTION
 NEGATIVE HUMAN EMOTION

25. POSITIVE EMOTIONS
 Positive emotions that lead one to feel good about
one’s self will lead to an emotionally happy and
satisfied result.
SOME OF THE POSITIVE EMOTIONS ARE:
 HOPEFUL
 CONFIDENT
 PEACEFUL

26. NEGATIVE EMOTION
 Negative emotions sap your energy and
undermine your effectiveness. In the negative
emotional state, you find the lack of desire to do
anything.
SOME OF THE NEGATIVE EMOTIONS ARE
 EXHAUSTED
 PANIC
 OBNOXIOUS

27. THEORIES OF EMOTION
 Does your heart pound
because you are afraid...
or are you afraid because you
feel your heart pounding?

28. JAMES-LANGE
THEORY OF EMOTION
 Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

29. JAMES-LANGE
THEORY OF
EMOTION
The first one is the oldest of the four. It
is known as the James-Lange
theory. As you may have guessed,
this theory originated from two
theorists called William James (1884)
and Carl Lange (1887).

The concept of William James and Carl
Lange about emotion is that we are having
emotional experiences as the result of the
body's reaction to the environmental
stimulation.

We experience emotions as a result of our
physiological changes that produce specific
sensation.
 C R Y
 S T R IK ER E A C T  S A D
 A N G R Y
I N T E R P R E T
1842-1910 1834 - 1900

30. CANNON-BARD
THEORY OF EMOTION
 Emotion-arousing stimuli
simultaneously trigger:
 physiological responses
 subjective experience of
emotion
 The second theory is known as
the Cannon-Bard theory. It
began with the work of Walter
Cannon. He thought that the
James-Lange theory was
flawed for a number of reasons
(Cannon, 1927).
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)

31. THALAMUS
Cerebral
Cortex
Autonomic
Nervous
System
(ANS)
AWARENESS
OF EMOTIONS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REACTION
THE CANON-BARD
THEORY
1871-1945 1898-1977

32. SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
OF EMOTION
 To experience emotion one must:
 be physically aroused
 cognitively label the arousal
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
1922-1977

33. MANY YEARS LATER, TWO PSYCHOLOGISTS CALLED STANLEY SCHACHTER AND
JEROME SINGER PROPOSED ANOTHER THEORY. THEIR THEORY, KNOWN AS
THE SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY, SUGGESTS THAT EXPERIENCING AN EMOTION
REQUIRES BOTH BODILY RESPONSE AND AN INTERPRETATION OF THE BODILY
RESPONSE BY CONSIDERING THE PARTICULAR SITUATION THE PERSON IS IN AT
THE MOMENT (SCHACHTER & SINGER, 1962).
STIMULUS THALAMUS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
AROUSAL
IDENTIFYING
EMOTIONS
OBSERVATION
OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CUES

34. RICHARD LAZARUS
(LAZARUS THEORY)
 Richard Lazarus developed the Lazarus theory of emotion. His
model basically states that a thought must occur before an emotion
or physiological response can take place. Therefore, a person sees a
bear (event), the person thinks "I am going to be shredded into tiny
little pieces" (thought), and the person simultaneously feels fear
and prepares for "fight or flight."
Bear (Event) => "I am going to die" => fear (Emotion) + "Fight or
Flight" (Physical) Stanley Schachter

35. LAZARUS COGNITIVE
MEDITATIONAL THEORY
 It is the stimulus that causes emotional reaction. However,
this emotional reaction undergoes the process of cognitive
appraisal mediatus or ''to come between'', which means that
before the actual physical arousal and emotional experience
the person first interprets the arousal before experiencing
physiological and emotional experience.
STIMULUS APPRAISAL
(mediate)
EMOTIONAL
EXPERIENCE
PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSE

36. OPPONENT-PROCESS
THEORY
 This theory is a completely different type of
theory and explains our experience of emotions
in relation to its opposites. Richard Solomon and
John Corbit suggest that the experience of an
emotion disrupts the body's state of balance and
that our basic emotions typically have their
opposing counterparts (Solomon & Corbit,
1974).

37. SIGMUND FREUD
 Sigmund Freud believed that mental illness came from repressed
emotions in the unconscious mind. Freud believed that release
and acceptance of these denied or repressed emotions and
memories were vital for mental health. If this emotional energy
was not released, Freud noted that it led to physiological
symptoms and illnesses. He termed these physiological
manifestations of emotions "psychosomatic." Severe
psychosomatic cases of repressed memories of trauma led to a
diagnosis of "hysteria.“

38. DEVELOPING EMOTIONALLY
HEALTHY PERSONALITY
 1. Exercise restraint and temperance and moderation in the
expression of your emotion.
 2. Cultivate a sense of humor.
 3. Learn to accept the inevitable things in life.
 4. Develop an attitude of consideration and respect for the rights
of other people.
 5. Pursue a hobby that will open new avenues of interest, engage
your attitude and divert it from the routine, humdrum work of
daily life.
 6. Be humble to accept your own mistakes.
 7. Avoid the occasions that will cause your trigger violent
emotions.
 8. Redirect the expression of certain emotions through
substitution of more desirable ones—this is sublimation.
 9. Learn to accept yourself for what you are.
 10. Cultivate friendship.

39. QUOTES ON EMOTION:
 Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions.”
~Pablo Picasso
 Every role varies greatly, just as emotions vary greatly.”
~Corin Nemec
 "An emotion is a complex psychological state that involves three distinct
components: asubjective experience, a physiological response, and
a behavioral or expressive response.“
~(Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2007

40. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?

42. BSEd I-A
2015-2016
Vea D. Leocario