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BODY COMPOSITION
WHAT IS BODY COMPOSITION
 Body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat,
bone, water and muscle in human body.
 Body composition is a method of describing what the body is made of.
 Body composition analysis can accurately show changes in fat mass,
muscle mass, and body fat percentage.
 It also influence health outcomes, and its measurement is increasingly
valuable in clinical practice. 2
DIVISION OF TERMINOLOGY
Overweight
Over fatness
Obesity
3
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
 Body mass index (BMI), derived from body mass and stature, to
assess “normalcy” for body weight
BMI = Body mass (kg) / stature (m 2 )
 It has curvilinear relationship with the all-cause mortality ratio.
4
BMI LIMITATIONS
 The BMI tables, fails to consider the body’s proportional
composition or the all important component of body fat
distribution, referred to as fat patterning.
 In addition, factors other than excess body fat—bone, muscle
mass, and even increased plasma volume induced by
exercise training—affect the numerator of the BMI equation.
 A high BMI could lead to an incorrect interpretation of
overfatness in lean individuals with excessive muscle mass
because of genetic makeup or exercise training.
5
MODELS OF BODY COMPOSITION
6
REFERENCE MAN AND WOMAN
7
 Fat-Free Body Mass : Represents the body mass devoid of all extractable
fat (FFM= Body mass- fat mass)
 Example : Body mass = 75.1 kg ; Body fat = 23.6%
Fat mass = Body mass * % body fat
FFM = Body mass - fat mass
 Lean Body Mass : It consists of the small percentage of non-sex-specific
essential fat equivalent to approximately 3% of body mass.
 Reference woman- Whole body density of 1.040g/cm3 represents a body fat
percentage of 27% , in which approximately 12% is the essential body fat.
 Reference man- Whole body density of 1.070g/cm3 represents a body fat
percentage of 15%,in which approximately 3% is the essential body fat. 8
 Total body fat = Essential Fat + Storage fat
 Essential fat – fat in heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys,
intestines, muscles, and lipid-rich tissues of the central
nervous system and bone marrow. Normal physiologic
functioning requires this fat.
 Storage fat – accumulates in adipose tissue
 A similar proportional distribution of storage fat exists in men
and women (12% of body mass in men, 15% in women), but
the total percentage of essential fat in women that includes
the sex-specific fat averages four times the value in men.
 The additional essential fat most likely serves biologically
important functions for child bearing and other hormone-
related functions.
9
MINIMAL LEANNESS STANDARD
 Lower limit exists
 In men, the lower body fat limit is calculated as,
Storage fat – Body mass
 As in the reference man, the lean body mass (61.7kgs) consists
2.1kgs(3%) of essential body fat. Encroachment into this reserve
may impair optimal health and capacity for vigorous exercise.
 Same as in reference woman, the lower limit includes approximately
12% essential fat.
10
TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS BODY
COMPOSITION
11
12
DEXA
Air displacement plythesmography
Hydrostatic underweighing
Skin fold thickness
SIRI EQUATION:
% body fat = (495 / body
density) – 450
BIA
HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING
 It is also referred to as "underwater weighing", "hydrostatic
body composition analysis", and "hydrodensitometry" is a
technique for measuring the density of a living person's body.
 The procedure is based on Archimedes principle, which states
that: The buoyant force which water exerts on an immersed
object is equal to the weight of water that the object displaces.
 Once body density has been calculated from the data
obtained by hydrostatic/underwater weighing, body
composition can be estimated.
13
14
HOW TO CALCULATE
Volume = weight
– underwater
weight
Density (body) =
Weight(b) /
Volume (b)
Relative fat =
495/density - 450
Fat mass =
(weight x relative
fat) / 100
FFM = weight –
fat mass
15
EXAMPLE
16
17
 Residual volume
 Density of water
 Amount of gas trapped in
the gastrointestinal system
 Dry body weight
 Body weight fully
submerged in water
 Time consuming
 Not feasible to test large
number of people
 Requires measurement of
residual lung volume (if
unknown, can be estimated)
 Difficult to perform on the
aquaphobic
Variables that need to be
considered
Drawbacks
DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY
 The DEXA method measures body fat, muscle and total
body bone mineral (TBBM) using two X-ray energies.
18
AIR DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 Method was adapted by Helium displacement plethysmography.
 Computerized pressure sensors determine the amount of air displaced
by the person
 Body volume is calculated by subtracting the air volume with the
person inside the chamber from the volume of the empty chamber (air
in the lungs is taken into consideration)
 Body density and percent body fat are then calculated
 BOD –POD device used
19
Body volume =
initial volume –
reduced chamber
volume with the
subject inside
Body density =
body mass
(measured in air) /
body volume
(measured in
BOD POD)
20
SKINFOLD MEASUREMENT
 The rationale for using
skinfolds to estimate body fat
comes from the
interrelationships between-
adipose tissue directly
beneath the skin, internal fat
and whole body density.
 Anatomic sites- Triceps,
Subscapular, Suprailiac,
Abdominal and Upper thigh
sites.
21
GIRTH MEASUREMENT
 Along with prediction
of body fat, it analyzes
patterns of body fat
distribution.
22
HOW TO CALCULATE
Measure girth of
upper arm,
abdomen and
right forearm
Determine
constants from
chart
Percentage fat =
A+B – C – 10.2
Fat mass = body
wt x (% fat / 100)
FFM = body wt.
– fat mass 23
CONSTANTS CHART
24
BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS (BIA)
 A small alternating current flowing between two electrodes
passes more rapidly through hydrated fat-free body tissues and
extracellular water than through fat or bone tissues because of
the greater electrolyte content (lower electrical resistance) of
the fat-free component.
 The body’s water content conducts the flow of electrical
charges, so when current flows through the fluid, sensitive
instrumentation can detect the waters’ impedance
25
Factors that affect the
accuracy:
1) Hypohydration
2) Hyperhydration
3) Skin temperature
26
ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT
 The method converts electrical energy through a probe into
high-frequency (pulsed) sound waves that penetrate the skin
surface into the underlying tissues.
 The sound waves pass through adipose tissue to penetrate
the muscle layer.
 They then reflect from the fat–muscle interface (after reflection
from a bony surface) to produce an echo, which returns to a
receiver within the probe.
 The time required for sound wave transmission through the
tissues and back to the transducer converts to a distance
score that indicates fat or muscle thickness
27
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
 Magnetic resonance imaging provides tomographic images
with high soft tissue contrast, which enables quantification of
fat and muscle compartmental volumes.
 Especially Dixon methods, that produce co-registered water
and fat images, facilitate the separation of both adipose and
lean tissue compartments.
 Scanning the whole body with sufficient spatial resolution is
achievable in 6–8 minutes on modern scanner systems, using
specialized body composition protocols available today
28
DETERMINING GOAL BODY WEIGHT
Fat mass =
body weight
x % body fat
FFM = body
wt. – fat
mass
Goal body
wt = FFM /
(1.00 –
desired %fat)
Goal fat loss
= Current
body wt. –
goal body wt.
29
REFERENCE
 William D.Mcardle(2010), Exercise Physiology; Chapter-28, Body
composition assessment
30
THANK YOU
31

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Body composition

  • 2. WHAT IS BODY COMPOSITION  Body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone, water and muscle in human body.  Body composition is a method of describing what the body is made of.  Body composition analysis can accurately show changes in fat mass, muscle mass, and body fat percentage.  It also influence health outcomes, and its measurement is increasingly valuable in clinical practice. 2
  • 4. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)  Body mass index (BMI), derived from body mass and stature, to assess “normalcy” for body weight BMI = Body mass (kg) / stature (m 2 )  It has curvilinear relationship with the all-cause mortality ratio. 4
  • 5. BMI LIMITATIONS  The BMI tables, fails to consider the body’s proportional composition or the all important component of body fat distribution, referred to as fat patterning.  In addition, factors other than excess body fat—bone, muscle mass, and even increased plasma volume induced by exercise training—affect the numerator of the BMI equation.  A high BMI could lead to an incorrect interpretation of overfatness in lean individuals with excessive muscle mass because of genetic makeup or exercise training. 5
  • 6. MODELS OF BODY COMPOSITION 6
  • 8.  Fat-Free Body Mass : Represents the body mass devoid of all extractable fat (FFM= Body mass- fat mass)  Example : Body mass = 75.1 kg ; Body fat = 23.6% Fat mass = Body mass * % body fat FFM = Body mass - fat mass  Lean Body Mass : It consists of the small percentage of non-sex-specific essential fat equivalent to approximately 3% of body mass.  Reference woman- Whole body density of 1.040g/cm3 represents a body fat percentage of 27% , in which approximately 12% is the essential body fat.  Reference man- Whole body density of 1.070g/cm3 represents a body fat percentage of 15%,in which approximately 3% is the essential body fat. 8
  • 9.  Total body fat = Essential Fat + Storage fat  Essential fat – fat in heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and lipid-rich tissues of the central nervous system and bone marrow. Normal physiologic functioning requires this fat.  Storage fat – accumulates in adipose tissue  A similar proportional distribution of storage fat exists in men and women (12% of body mass in men, 15% in women), but the total percentage of essential fat in women that includes the sex-specific fat averages four times the value in men.  The additional essential fat most likely serves biologically important functions for child bearing and other hormone- related functions. 9
  • 10. MINIMAL LEANNESS STANDARD  Lower limit exists  In men, the lower body fat limit is calculated as, Storage fat – Body mass  As in the reference man, the lean body mass (61.7kgs) consists 2.1kgs(3%) of essential body fat. Encroachment into this reserve may impair optimal health and capacity for vigorous exercise.  Same as in reference woman, the lower limit includes approximately 12% essential fat. 10
  • 11. TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS BODY COMPOSITION 11
  • 12. 12 DEXA Air displacement plythesmography Hydrostatic underweighing Skin fold thickness SIRI EQUATION: % body fat = (495 / body density) – 450 BIA
  • 13. HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING  It is also referred to as "underwater weighing", "hydrostatic body composition analysis", and "hydrodensitometry" is a technique for measuring the density of a living person's body.  The procedure is based on Archimedes principle, which states that: The buoyant force which water exerts on an immersed object is equal to the weight of water that the object displaces.  Once body density has been calculated from the data obtained by hydrostatic/underwater weighing, body composition can be estimated. 13
  • 14. 14
  • 15. HOW TO CALCULATE Volume = weight – underwater weight Density (body) = Weight(b) / Volume (b) Relative fat = 495/density - 450 Fat mass = (weight x relative fat) / 100 FFM = weight – fat mass 15
  • 17. 17  Residual volume  Density of water  Amount of gas trapped in the gastrointestinal system  Dry body weight  Body weight fully submerged in water  Time consuming  Not feasible to test large number of people  Requires measurement of residual lung volume (if unknown, can be estimated)  Difficult to perform on the aquaphobic Variables that need to be considered Drawbacks
  • 18. DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY  The DEXA method measures body fat, muscle and total body bone mineral (TBBM) using two X-ray energies. 18
  • 19. AIR DISPLACEMENT METHOD  Method was adapted by Helium displacement plethysmography.  Computerized pressure sensors determine the amount of air displaced by the person  Body volume is calculated by subtracting the air volume with the person inside the chamber from the volume of the empty chamber (air in the lungs is taken into consideration)  Body density and percent body fat are then calculated  BOD –POD device used 19
  • 20. Body volume = initial volume – reduced chamber volume with the subject inside Body density = body mass (measured in air) / body volume (measured in BOD POD) 20
  • 21. SKINFOLD MEASUREMENT  The rationale for using skinfolds to estimate body fat comes from the interrelationships between- adipose tissue directly beneath the skin, internal fat and whole body density.  Anatomic sites- Triceps, Subscapular, Suprailiac, Abdominal and Upper thigh sites. 21
  • 22. GIRTH MEASUREMENT  Along with prediction of body fat, it analyzes patterns of body fat distribution. 22
  • 23. HOW TO CALCULATE Measure girth of upper arm, abdomen and right forearm Determine constants from chart Percentage fat = A+B – C – 10.2 Fat mass = body wt x (% fat / 100) FFM = body wt. – fat mass 23
  • 25. BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS (BIA)  A small alternating current flowing between two electrodes passes more rapidly through hydrated fat-free body tissues and extracellular water than through fat or bone tissues because of the greater electrolyte content (lower electrical resistance) of the fat-free component.  The body’s water content conducts the flow of electrical charges, so when current flows through the fluid, sensitive instrumentation can detect the waters’ impedance 25
  • 26. Factors that affect the accuracy: 1) Hypohydration 2) Hyperhydration 3) Skin temperature 26
  • 27. ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT  The method converts electrical energy through a probe into high-frequency (pulsed) sound waves that penetrate the skin surface into the underlying tissues.  The sound waves pass through adipose tissue to penetrate the muscle layer.  They then reflect from the fat–muscle interface (after reflection from a bony surface) to produce an echo, which returns to a receiver within the probe.  The time required for sound wave transmission through the tissues and back to the transducer converts to a distance score that indicates fat or muscle thickness 27
  • 28. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)  Magnetic resonance imaging provides tomographic images with high soft tissue contrast, which enables quantification of fat and muscle compartmental volumes.  Especially Dixon methods, that produce co-registered water and fat images, facilitate the separation of both adipose and lean tissue compartments.  Scanning the whole body with sufficient spatial resolution is achievable in 6–8 minutes on modern scanner systems, using specialized body composition protocols available today 28
  • 29. DETERMINING GOAL BODY WEIGHT Fat mass = body weight x % body fat FFM = body wt. – fat mass Goal body wt = FFM / (1.00 – desired %fat) Goal fat loss = Current body wt. – goal body wt. 29
  • 30. REFERENCE  William D.Mcardle(2010), Exercise Physiology; Chapter-28, Body composition assessment 30