The hospital and its functions sneha patel

1. The Hospital and its organization
MS. SNEHA PATEL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACEUTICS
MALIBA PHARMACY COLLEGE, BARDOLI-
394350
GUJARAT (INDIA)

2. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Outline
● Definition of Hospital
● Classification of hospital
● Organization(administration) of Hospital
● Functions of hospital
 Associated medical service
 Supportive paramedical service and staff
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3. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Learning outcome
 After learning this unit, students will be able to understand
 Definition of hospital
 Various types of hospital
 Organization pattern of hospital
 Functions of hospital
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4. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Definition of Hospital
 Hospital is a complex organization and an institute which provides
health to peoples through complicated but specialized scientific
equipments and a team of trained medical staff educated in the
problems of modern medical science
 Thus the hospital is a specialized body where the patient care is the
focus point and about which all activities of the hospital revolve.
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5. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Definition of Hospital
 WHO Expert Committee, 1963:
 ‘A hospital is a residential establishment which provides short-term
and long-term medical care consisting of observational, diagnostic,
therapeutic and rehabilitative services for persons suffering or
suspected to be suffering from a disease or injury and for parturients.
It may or may not also provide services for ambulatory patients on an
out-patient basis’.
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6. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Functions of Hospital
 To uplift quality and general standards of medical practice
 To provide facilities & guidance , by which persons can work in
groups, with the intention of betterment of hospital department, patient
& community
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7. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Functions of Hospital (Cont...)
 To reduce disease occurrence by early diagnosis and treatment
 To estimate needs for facilities, supplies & equipments, and their
utilization for evaluation, control & maintenance
 To estimate departmental necessities
 To provide a common link between general public & policy makers
 To suggest policies & procedures to maintain adequate & competent
staff
 To develop & maintain an effective system of clinical & administrative
records & reports 7

8. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Functions of Hospital (Cont...)
 To harness growth of medical science, by proper training of doctors &
nurses in large training hospitals
 To create & develop financial plan for the operation of hospital
 To provide facilities for continuing education of all the people
 To participate & implement safety programmes of hospital
 To initiate, utilize & participate in research projects, aimed at
improvement of patient care, and other hospital services.
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9. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Classification of Hospital
 Hospital is broadly Classified into Five categories
A. Clinical basis of classification
B. Ownership and control basis of classififcation
C. System of medicine basis of classifiaction
D. Miscellaneous basis of classification
E. Based on cost of the hospital
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10. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
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Classification of
Hospital
On Clinical
Basis
On ownership
and control
basis
On system of
medicine basis
On
miscellaneous
basis
•Maternity
Hospital
•Surgery
hospital
•Medicine
•Government
Hospital
•Non-
Government
Hospital
•Homoeopathy
•Ayurvedic
•Unani
•Naturopathy
•On basis of
bed capacity
•i.e 50 bed
hosp
•100 bed
hosp.

11. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
A. Clinical basis of classification
 “Clinical” means treatment of disease in humans.
1. Maternity Hospital
 Which is specialized to provide obstetrics (i.e dealing with child birth)
and gynaecological (i.e related to female reproductive system)
services along with antenatal (during pregnancy) and neonatal (new
born child) care.
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12. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
2. Surgery (surgical hospitals)
 Which is specialized to perform surgical operations
 They have operated theatres and surgeons
 Different types of surgical hospitals are there.
 Gynaecological related to female reproductive system, usually
attached with maternity hospital.
 Orthopaedic: surgery related to bone fractures.
 Otolaryngological: related to ear, nose and throat surgery.
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13. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
2. Surgery (surgical hospitals) (Cont...)
 Cardiothoracic: surgery related to heart and lungs. (open heart
surgery, coronary bypass surgery, angiography and angioplasty are
common type of surgery in this hospital.
 General surgery: surgery of any kind.
 Neurological: having facilities for surgery of brain and spinal cord.
 Kidney Hospital: kidney transplantation and blood or peritened
dialysis services.
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14. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
3. Medicine:
 These are general purpose hospitals.
 There can be different types of hospital providing specialized care for
a particular type of diseases.
i. General hospital where family physician treats or advises the patients.
ii. Paediatrics hospital where special care for children is taken.
iii. Communicable diseases hospital: Hospital that should have adequate
space to prevent spread of the infectious disease.
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15. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
iv. Mental hospital or psychiatric disease hospital: Hospital
which has facilities to house, treat and rehabilitate
patients with mental illness.
v. Drug-addiction rehabilitation hospital which attempts to
make the patients deaddicted from narcotics.
vi. Dental Hospital whrere care and treatment is done for
disease of teeth
vii. Cancer Hospital whrere cancer related treatments and
surgical treatment is quite often.
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16. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
 Apart from above mentioned types of hospital, there may be different
hospital of different speciality like
 Skin and venereal disease hospital
 Kidney hospital
 Eye hospital
 Family-planning hospital
 Cosmetic surgery hospital
 Diabetets and obecity hospital
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17. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
B. Ownership and control basis of
classification
1. GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL
I. Public health service centres or civil hospitals
 i.e. all India institute of medical science, new Delhi, Post-graduate
institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh,
Pondicherry.
 All these hospitals are associated with teaching institutions like
medical college.
II. Military hospitals
 for Army, Air force or Navy personnel's. 17

18. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
B. Non government Hospitals:
I. Private run hospital for profit:
 i.e. Apollo hospital, sterling hospital,
 Escort hospital
II. Charitable trust hospitals
 E.g. Ramakrishna Hospital at Kolkata
 Christian Missionary hospital at Vellore,
 Muljibhai hospital at Nadiad
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19. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
C) System of medicine basis of
classifiaction
 Homoeopathy hospital
 Ayurvedic hospital
 Unani hospital
 Naturopathy hospital
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20. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
d) Miscellaneous basis of classification
1. These type of hospital may be classified as accredited or non-
accredited hospital based on whether they have accreditation from
competent authority or not..
2. Another method of classification of hospital is based on bed capacity
 LARGE HOSPITALS: Beds : 1000 and above
 MEDIUM HOSPITALS: Beds : 500-1000
 SMALL HOSPITALS: Beds : 100-500
 VERY SMALL HOSPITALS: Beds : less than 100
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21. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
E) Based on cost of the hospital
1. ELITE HOSPITALS:
 consist of high technology & medical science advancements
 comprise deluxe rooms, with TV, telephones & refrigerator
 room rate : rs. 500-1,200/ day - also known as “5-star hospitals”
 Example : Apollo hospital
2. BUDGET HOSPITALS:
 meant for moderate-low budget people
 (example: charitable & civil hospitals )
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22. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Organization (Administration) of a
hospital
 ORGANIZATION is defined as “A dynamic process, in which various
managerial activities bring & bind people together, for the achievement
of common goals & objectives”
 Most important body of a hospital is the governing body/ board of
directors/ board of trustees
 GOVERNING BODY Consists of various eminent personalities in the
field of : Medical Education, Research, Administration, Politics
(Optional)
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23. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Organization (Administration) of a hospital (Cont...)
 Function of governing body is to frame all major policies, plans &
programmes of hospital.
 GOVERNING BODY appoints a hospital administrator to get various
functions performed like clinical services, nursing, pharmacy services,
etc.
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24. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
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Corporation/government
Governing Council/board of trustees
Superintendent/Diretor
Associate director
or Head clinical
services
Associate director
or head
specialized
cervice
Associate Director or
head Pharmacy
services
Associate director or
Head Administrative
Services
-Medicine
-surgery
-radiology
-pathology
-Clinical
laboratory
Blood bank
Research lab
Nursing services
Dietory services
Physiotherapy
Medico-social
services
Central sterile
services
Manufacturing unit
Drug purchase and
distribution
Drug information and
services
Therapeutics
monitoring servces
Medical record
Grants and
contracts
Credit services
Telephone
services
House keeping
Laundary etc.
Administrative organization pattern in a Hospital
Superintendent/Diretor

25. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
The Administrative Staff
 The main function of administrator is
 To enforce the policies framed and laid down by the board of
trustees or the governing body for the day to day working of
hospital.
 He must play an active role in community public relation as well
as liaison between medical staff and board of trustees or
governing body.
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26. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Medical staff
 Medical staffs are responsible for providing medical care to the
patients as per the ethical conduct and professional practices.
 In big hospital, staff may be divide into
 The residential medical staff
 The associate medical staff
 Consulting medical staff
 The honorary medical staff
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27. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
I. The Residential Medical Staff
● Available on 24 hour service basis and available round the clock to
attend the patients.
II. The Associate Medical Staff
● They are the practioners appointed and assigned to various services
in the same manner as members of the active medical staff.
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Medical staff (Cont...)

28. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
III. Consulting Medical Staff
● Consists of medical practitioners of recognized professional ability and
are not members of other preceding categories of medical staff
IV. The honorary medical staff
● Part-time consulting medical staff
● Personnel of this group may be retired physicians or those
practitioners who have their own clinic but provide honorary services to
the hospital.
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Medical staff (Cont...)

29. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
● The above medical staff may be further divided into different clinical
divisions based on the degree of specialization.
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Surgery Division
•General surgery
•Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Orthopedic surgery
•Ophthalmology
•Otolaryngology
•Dental and Oral Surgery
•Nephrology
•Neurologic surgery
• Cardiothoracic surgery
• Plastic surgery
•Anaesthetics
Medical division
•Internal Medicine
• Cardiology
•Gastroenterology
• Nephrology
•Pulmonary diseases
•Psychiatry and Neurology
•infectious diseases
•Allergy
•Endocrinology
•Immunology
•Paediatrics

30. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by
Hospital Organization
A. NURSING SERVICES: -
 LARGEST part of a hospital –
 Functions all 24 hours –
 Nurses assigned specific number of beds have to give
personal attention to patients
 Nurses are trained for, etc. Prenatal Care, Observation, Patient
Comfort During Labour
 NURSING DIRECTOR is the in-charge of nursing services.
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31. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization
B. DIETARY SERVICES
 This services functions under Nutrition department.
 This services effectively apply the principles of science of nutrition
to the preparation of palatable and appopriate food.
 The dietician is responsible for recording dietary histories of
patient, persons food allergy, interviewing patients and
ascertaining their habbits., counselling patients about modified
patterns of diet.
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32. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization
C. Pathology and Clinical biochemistry services
 Tests for various sample of blood, urine, sputum and faeces
 Abnormalities in biochemical parameters like sugar, urea etc are
carried out as per instructions of physician and surgeons.
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33. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization
D. OUT-PATIENT SERVICES:
 Focus on comfort for out-patients, as the
approach for major/minor illnesses
 These services make a hospital an ideal
community institution
 Hospital is duty-bound to provide diagnostic,
preventive & curative measures to the out-
patients.
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34. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization(Cont...)
E. RADIOLOGICAL SERVICES:
 Performed under direction of a competent
radiologist
 Chief radiologist assisted by various
technicians
 Services include utilization of equipments
like: a. Sonography b. X-ray c. ECG d. CT-
SCAN, etc.
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35. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization(Cont...)
F. CENTRAL SUPPLY SERVICES: -
 Refers to medical & surgical supply services -
meant for diagnosis, treatment, prevention,
education & research –
 Involves their collection, processing, storage &
issuance against proper indent form
 Qualified & skilled staff personnel are
responsible for its maintenance…………………
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36. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization(Cont...)
G. HOSPITAL PHARMACY SERVICES:
 Controls pharmacy operation in any hospital
 Fills prescription & no. of necessities from wards
 Functions begin from drug procurement to distribution
to inpatients and outpatients.
 Responsible for : a. Proper drug delivery d.
Manufacture b. Information system e. Sterilization c.
Drug storage f. Advising patient on drug use
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37. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization(Cont...)
H. MEDICAL RECORD SERVICES:
 Valuable materials, as they help medical & para-
medical staff for evaluation
 Also used for education, research & training
 Consists of : Patient history,Physical examination
details,Lab- test reports,Physican’s advice, etc.
 It is mandatory to store medical records properly to
facilitate easy access on requirement.
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38. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization(Cont...)
I. STORE SERVICES:
 Receive, store & issue materials against requisition
forms of various departments & wards
 Hospital consists of: a. Medical store b. Store for
general items c. Surgical stores, etc
 Maintain a buffer stock of certain materials, including
life-saving drugs.
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39. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Services performed by Hospital
Organization(Cont...)
J. MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES:
● Aimed at overall benefit & patient care
● Include:
○ Dietary services
○ Ambulatory services
○ Laundry services
○ Transport services
○ Mortuary services
○ Library services
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40. Ms Sneha Patel, MPC
Reference
● Merchant.S.H; Qadry.S.J; “A Textbook Of Hospital Pharmacy”;
Revised By Goyal.K.R & Parikh.K.R
● Nand Prathibha; Khar.K.R; “A Textbook Of Hospital & Clinical
Pharmacy” ; Birla Publications; Page: 3-7
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