CELL IS BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE...

1. SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND EXTENSION
TOPIC : CELL AND CELL ORGANELLES

2. Name - Snehal Babasaheb Daund
Roll No - 11
Class - T. Y. Bsc. BEd
Programme Name - BSC BED ( integrated)
Subject - E-Learning and Educational Development
Subject Teacher - Mr. Mahesh Mali Sir
INTRODUCTION

3. WHAT IS A CELL?
 Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
 Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
 The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell
organelle is called Cell Biology.

4. DISCOVERY OF CELL
 Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke observed a piece of
bottle cork under a compound microscope and noticed minuscule structures
that reminded him of small rooms. Consequently, he named these “rooms” as
cells.
ROBERT HOOKE Cork Cell

5. COMPONENTS
OF
CELL

6. CELL WALL
 - Cell wall is an elastic and strong coat around cell membrane.
 - It is mainly composed of carbohydrates like cellulose and pectin.
 - It is found around cells of algae, fungi and plants.
 - Animal cells lack cell wall.

7. CELL MEMBRANE
 - The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic
membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
 - It also surrounds the inner gel-like material called protoplasm. It controls the entry
and the exit of substance according to the requirements of the cell.

8. CYTOPLASM
 - The cytoplasm comprises cytosol – the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell
membrane and the organelles the cell’s internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells
are contained within the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is made up of carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
minerals vitamins and about 80% water and usually colourless.
 - In plants, movements of the cytoplasm around vacuoles are known as cytoplasmic
streaming.

9. CELL
ORGANELLES

10. NUCLEUS
 The nucleus is the most important part of the cell as it
controls the functions and activities of the cell.
 It is ties in the centre of the cell but it also occupy
peripheral positions.
 The nucleus is bound by a nuclear membrane. The
protoplasm present in the nucleus is called
nucleoplasm.
FUNCTION OF NUCLEUS
 1. It controlls all metabolic activities of the cell and also
the cell division.
 2. It is involved in the transmission of hereditary
characters from parents to offsprings.

11. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ( ER)
 The organelle which conducts various substances inside
the cell is called endoplasmic reticulum.
 E.R. has a net like structure consisting of interconnected
miniature tubes and sheets filled with fluid.
 E.R. is connected to nucleus from innerside to plasma
membrane from outer side.
 Rough ER has ribosome grannules on its outer surface.
FUNCTIONS OF ER
 1. It is the framework that supports cell.
 2. Conduction of proteins.
 3. Toxins that have entered the body through food, air
and water are made water soluble by ER and then
flushed out of the body.

12. GOLGI COMPLEX
 The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex is an
organelle found in the cells.
 It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi.
 The Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they
are sent to their destination; it is important in the processing of
proteins for secretion.
FUNCTIONS OF GOLGI COMPLEX
 1. Golgi complex is the secretory organ of the cell.
 2. It modifies, sorts and packs materials synthesized in the cell
(enzymes, mucus, proteins, pigments etc.) and dispatches them to
various targets like plasma membrane, lysosome etc.
 3. It produces vacuoles and secretory vesicles.
 4. It helps in the formation of cell wall,
 plasma membrane and lysosomes.

13. LYSOSOMES
 Due to various metabolic activities in the cell, organic waste is
generated.
 Lysosomes digest the waste.
 Lysosomes are simple, single membrane bound sacs, filled with
digestive enzymes.
FUNCTIONS OF LYSOSOMES
 1. Immune system - It destroys viruses and bacteria that attack
the cell.
 2. Demolition squads - It is destroys worn out cellular organelles
and organic debris. (Autolysis)
 3. Suicide Bags - When a cell becomes old or is damaged,
lysosomes burst and enzymes digest their own cells.
 4. During starvation, lysosomes digest stored proteins, fats.

14. MITOCHONDRIA
 Each cell requires energy and this energy is produced in the
mitochondria.
 Under the electron microscope, a mitochondrion is seen as a
double membrane structure.
 The outer membrane is porous and the inner membrane is
deeply folded. These folds are called ‘cristae’.
 Plant cells have less mitochondria than animal cells.
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
 1. To produce energy-rich compound- ATP.
 2. Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates,lipids etc. by using
the energy in ATP. Mitochondria

15. VACUOLES
 Vacuoles are the storage sacs for solid or liquid contents.
 They don’t have any typical shape or size.
 The structure of the vacuole changes according to the need
of the cell.
 Vacuole is bound by single membrane.
FUNCTIONS OF VACUOLES
 1. To maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell.
 2. To store metabolic byproducts and end products.
(Glycogen, proteins, water etc).
 3. In animal cell, they store waste products and food, while in
amoeba it stores food before digestion.
 4. In plant cell, vacuoles are full of cell sap and provide
turgidity, rigidity to them.

16. CHLOROPLAST
 Chloroplasts are important for the photosynthesis process
that takes place in the leaves.
 Chlorophyll in chloroplast traps solar energy and converts
it to chemical energy.
 Stroma in the chloroplast contains enzymes, DNA,
ribosomes and carbohydrates that are necessary for
photosynthesis.
FUNCTIONS OF CHLOROPLAST
 1. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
(food).
 2. Chromoplasts give different colours to flowers and
fruits.
 3. Leucoplasts are involved in the synthesis and storage
of food like starch, oils and proteins

17. PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

18. COMPARISON BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL

19. REFERENCES
 https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/cells/structure.html
 https://byjus.com/biology/cells/
 https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology
 https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8
 https://youtu.be/tXS3rTZ9CgM