This ppt includes Introduction to Descriptive Research, Meaning of Descriptive Research Design and Methods used in Descriptive Research, Types of Descriptive Research and DIFFERENCE B/W EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH. Subscribe to Vision Academy https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw

3. Basis Exploratory Conclusive
Objectives
To provide insights and
understanding
To test specific hypotheses and
examine relationships.
Characteristics
Information needed is defined only
loosely.
Research process is flexible and
unstructured.
Sample is small and non-
representative.
Analysis of primary data is
qualitative.
Information needed is clearly
defined. Research process is formal
and structured. Sample is large and
representative.
Data analysis is quantitative.
Findings/Results Tentative Conclusive
Outcomes Generally followed by further
exploratory or conclusive research
Finding uses as input into decision
making

8. The design in such studies must be rigid and not
flexible and must focus attention on the
following

15. Types of Descriptive Research
1) Cross-Sectional Designs
The cross-sectional study is the most frequently used
descriptive design in marketing research.
Cross-sectional designs involve the collection of information
from any given sample of population elements only once.
The typical cross-sectional design, that gives a snapshot of the
variables of interest at a single point in time, a longitudinal
study provides a series of pictures that give an in-depth
view of the situation and the changes that take place over
time or example, the question, “How did the American
people rate the performance of Bill Clinton immediately
after his second term?” would be addressed using cross-

16. Types of Descriptive Research
1) Cross-Sectional Designs
They may be either single cross-sectional or multiple cross
sectional.
Single Cross-Sectional Designs - only one sample
of respondents is drawn from the target population, and
information is obtained from this sample only once. These
designs are also called sample survey research designs.
Multiple Cross Sectional Designs - there are two
or more samples of respondents, and information from
each sample is obtained only once. Often, information from
different samples is obtained at different times.

17. Types of Descriptive Research
2) Longitudinal designs
In longitudinal designs, a fixed sample (or samples) of
population elements is measured repeatedly.
A longitudinal design differs from a cross sectional
design in that the sample or samples remain the
same over time.
In other words, the same respondents are studied over
time.

18. Types of Descriptive Research
2) Longitudinal designs
A longitudinal design would be used to address the question, “How
did the American people change their view of Clinton’
performance during his presidency?”
‘Often, the term panel is used interchangeably with the term
longitudinal design.
A panel consists of a sample, of respondents, generally
households hat have agreed to provide information at
specified intervals over an extended period.
Panels are maintained by syndicated firms, and panel members
are compensated for their participation with gifts coupons,

19. Reference
 Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology:
Methods and techniques. New Age International.
 Bodla, B. S. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY. DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE
EDUCATION, GURU JAMBHESHWAR
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
HISAR