Erich fromm psychosocial theory
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Biography Basic Assumptions Human Needs Burden of Freedom Character Orientations Personality Disorders Psychotherapy Methods of Investigation Critique of Fromm Concept of Humanity
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Erich fromm psychosocial theory
- 1. PSYCHO-SOCIAL THEORY OF PERSONALITYPSYCHO-SOCIAL THEORY OF PERSONALITY Erich FrommErich Fromm (1900 – 1980)(1900 – 1980) What You PlagiarizeWhat You Plagiarize Will Make You PlayWill Make You Play BiographyBiography Basic AssumptionsBasic Assumptions Human NeedsHuman Needs Burden of FreedomBurden of Freedom Character OrientationsCharacter Orientations Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders PsychotherapyPsychotherapy Methods of InvestigationMethods of Investigation Critique of FrommCritique of Fromm Concept of HumanityConcept of Humanity Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 1
- 2. Erich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis looksErich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis looks atat people from the perspective of psychology,people from the perspective of psychology, history, and anthropology.history, and anthropology. Influenced by Freud and Horney, FrommInfluenced by Freud and Horney, Fromm developed a more culturally oriented theorydeveloped a more culturally oriented theory thanthan Freud and a much broader theory thanFreud and a much broader theory than Horney.Horney. He was born in March 23, 1900, Frankfurt,He was born in March 23, 1900, Frankfurt, Germany, the only child of orthodox JewishGermany, the only child of orthodox Jewish parents.parents. Erich Fromm is well known not only as aErich Fromm is well known not only as a psychoanalyst & social psychologist but also aspsychoanalyst & social psychologist but also as anan important representative of 20th centuryimportant representative of 20th century humanism.humanism. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Biography of Erich FrommBiography of Erich FrommFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 2
- 3. Fromm was influenced by the bible, Freud,Fromm was influenced by the bible, Freud, andand Marx, as well as by socialist ideology.Marx, as well as by socialist ideology. He studied the emotional problems common inHe studied the emotional problems common in free societies.free societies. After receiving his PhD in sociology in 1920s,After receiving his PhD in sociology in 1920s, Fromm began studying psychoanalysis andFromm began studying psychoanalysis and becamebecame an analyst.an analyst. Fromm believed that social and historicalFromm believed that social and historical forcesforces influence human problems.influence human problems. In 1934, Fromm moved to the United StatesIn 1934, Fromm moved to the United States andand began a psychoanalytic practice in New York.began a psychoanalytic practice in New York. He died of a 4th heart attack in SwitzerlandHe died of a 4th heart attack in Switzerland inin 1980;1980; 5 days before his 805 days before his 80thth birthday.birthday.Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Biography of Erich FrommBiography of Erich FrommFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 3
- 4. Personality can only be understoodPersonality can only be understood inin the light of history.the light of history. Humans have been ‘torn away’ fromHumans have been ‘torn away’ from their prehistoric union with nature.their prehistoric union with nature. ‘‘Human Dilemma’ – humans haveHuman Dilemma’ – humans have acquired the ability to reason aboutacquired the ability to reason about their isolated conditions.their isolated conditions. Two fundamental dichotomies -Two fundamental dichotomies - • Life and deathLife and death • Complete self-realization and the factComplete self-realization and the fact that we cannot reach this goal becausethat we cannot reach this goal because ‘‘life is too short’.life is too short’. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Basic AssumptionBasic AssumptionFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 4
- 5. Also known as existential needs.Also known as existential needs. RelatednessRelatedness TranscendenceTranscendence RootednessRootedness Sense of IdentitySense of Identity Frame of OrientationFrame of Orientation RelatednessRelatedness • Drive for union with another person(s)Drive for union with another person(s) • Three basic ways to relate to world:Three basic ways to relate to world: Submission; Power; or Love.Submission; Power; or Love. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Human NeedsHuman NeedsFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 5
- 6. Transcendence/ CreativityTranscendence/ Creativity • Urge to rise above a passive andUrge to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into theaccidental existence and into the realm of purposefulness &realm of purposefulness & freedom’.freedom’. • Humans also use MalignantHumans also use Malignant Aggression for reasons other thanAggression for reasons other than survival.survival. RootednessRootedness • Need to establish roots or toNeed to establish roots or to feel atfeel at home again in the world.home again in the world. • Can seek through Fixation.Can seek through Fixation. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Human NeedsHuman NeedsFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 6
- 7. Sense of IdentitySense of Identity • Capacity for humans to beCapacity for humans to be aware of themselves as aaware of themselves as a separate entity.separate entity. Frame of OrientationFrame of Orientation • Philosophy, a consistent wayPhilosophy, a consistent way of thinking.of thinking. • Refers to Goals orRefers to Goals or destinations.destinations. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Human NeedsHuman NeedsFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 7
- 8. These needs have evolved from humans’ existence as a separateThese needs have evolved from humans’ existence as a separate species. Aimed at moving them toward a reunification with thespecies. Aimed at moving them toward a reunification with the natural world. Lack of satisfaction of any of these needs isnatural world. Lack of satisfaction of any of these needs is unbearable and may result in insanity.unbearable and may result in insanity. NegativeNegative ComponentsComponents PositivePositive ComponentsComponents RelatednessRelatedness Submission /Submission / dominationdomination LoveLove TranscendenceTranscendence DestructivenessDestructiveness CreativenessCreativeness RootednessRootedness FixationFixation WholenessWholeness Sense ofSense of IdentityIdentity GroupGroup conformityconformity IndividualityIndividuality Frame ofFrame of OrientationOrientation Irrational goalsIrrational goals Rational goalsRational goals Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality Con..Con.. Summary of Human NeedsSummary of Human Needs 8
- 9. People Attempt to Escape from Freedom in a Variety of WaysPeople Attempt to Escape from Freedom in a Variety of Ways -- Mechanisms of EscapeMechanisms of Escape 1.1. AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism The tendency to give up the independence of one’s ownThe tendency to give up the independence of one’s own individual self and to fuse one’s self with someone orindividual self and to fuse one’s self with someone or something outside oneself in order to acquire thesomething outside oneself in order to acquire the strengthstrength which the individual is lacking.which the individual is lacking. Can take two forms –Can take two forms – • Masochism (join oneself to something more powerful)Masochism (join oneself to something more powerful) -Feelings of inferiority and inadequacy-Feelings of inferiority and inadequacy -Compliant to others-Compliant to others • SadismSadism -Strive for power over others-Strive for power over others -Gain power over the weak by making them dependent on-Gain power over the weak by making them dependent on meme -Exploiting others for my benefit or pleasure-Exploiting others for my benefit or pleasure -Making others suffer physically or psychologically-Making others suffer physically or psychologically Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Burden of FreedomBurden of FreedomFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 9
- 10. Mechanisms of EscapeMechanisms of Escape 2.2. Destructiveness (MalignantDestructiveness (Malignant Aggression)Aggression) Does not depend on a continuousDoes not depend on a continuous relationship with another but seeks torelationship with another but seeks to eliminate people or things from our lives.eliminate people or things from our lives. (If it/they do not exist, I can’t be hurt)(If it/they do not exist, I can’t be hurt) Nastiness of life attributed to this -Nastiness of life attributed to this - If blocked will be turned on self (If I doIf blocked will be turned on self (If I do not exist, I can’t be hurt)not exist, I can’t be hurt) Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Burden of FreedomBurden of FreedomFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 10
- 11. Mechanisms of EscapeMechanisms of Escape 3.3. Automation ConformityAutomation Conformity • We give up our individuality to become whateverWe give up our individuality to become whatever otherother people desire us to be.people desire us to be. • Temporarily find security but at the price of theTemporarily find security but at the price of the self.self. -The more we conform the more powerless we feel,The more we conform the more powerless we feel, thethe more powerless we feel the more we must conform.more powerless we feel the more we must conform. • Most socially significant.Most socially significant. Positive FreedomPositive Freedom Solution to the human dilemma.Solution to the human dilemma. Spontaneous and full expression of both rationalSpontaneous and full expression of both rational andand emotional potentialities.emotional potentialities. Achieved when a person becomes reunified withAchieved when a person becomes reunified with othersothers and with the world.and with the world. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Burden of FreedomBurden of FreedomFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 11
- 12. Fromm outlines two kinds of unproductive families-Fromm outlines two kinds of unproductive families- Symbiotic Families:Symbiotic Families: Symbiosis is the relationship twoSymbiosis is the relationship two organisms have who cannot live without each other.organisms have who cannot live without each other. In a symbiotic family, some members of the familyIn a symbiotic family, some members of the family are ‘swallowed up’ by other members, so that they doare ‘swallowed up’ by other members, so that they do not fully develop personalities of their own.not fully develop personalities of their own. Withdrawing Families:Withdrawing Families: Parents sometimes useParents sometimes use withdrawal of affection as punishment. Children inwithdrawal of affection as punishment. Children in these cultures become rather strongly driven tothese cultures become rather strongly driven to succeed in whatever their culture defines as success.succeed in whatever their culture defines as success. Fromm suggests it is a family where parents take theFromm suggests it is a family where parents take the responsibility to teach their children reason in anresponsibility to teach their children reason in an atmosphere of love. Growing up in this sort of family,atmosphere of love. Growing up in this sort of family, children learn to acknowledge their freedom and to takechildren learn to acknowledge their freedom and to take responsibility for themselves, and ultimately for society asresponsibility for themselves, and ultimately for society as a whole.a whole. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Burden of FreedomBurden of FreedomFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 12
- 13. Proposed bothProposed both productiveproductive andand nonproductivenonproductive personality types (character orientations)personality types (character orientations) Productive:Productive: healthy personality typehealthy personality type Ideal state of human developmentIdeal state of human development Nonproductive:Nonproductive: unhealthyunhealthy Most personalities are a combinationMost personalities are a combination ofof them with one dominantthem with one dominant Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 13
- 14. Productive PersonalityProductive Personality TypesTypes BiophilousBiophilous In love with life and are attractedIn love with life and are attracted toto growth, creation, and constructiongrowth, creation, and construction Try to influence others by love,Try to influence others by love, reason, and examplereason, and example -- Are concerned with the growthAre concerned with the growth andand development of self and othersdevelopment of self and others Extreme of this would be a saintExtreme of this would be a saint Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 14
- 15. Productive PersonalityProductive Personality TypesTypes BeingBeing Define self by what you are not byDefine self by what you are not by what you havewhat you have Self worth comes from within notSelf worth comes from within not from comparing self to othersfrom comparing self to others Cooperate, love, and liveCooperate, love, and live productivelyproductively with otherswith others Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 15
- 16. Non-productive PersonalityNon-productive Personality TypesTypes Receptive typeReceptive type Can only relate to the world from thingsCan only relate to the world from things outside of themselvesoutside of themselves Expect to get whatever they want fromExpect to get whatever they want from othersothers Receivers not giversReceivers not givers Negative qualities –Negative qualities – • Passivity, submissiveness, and lack ofPassivity, submissiveness, and lack of selfself controlcontrol Positive qualities –Positive qualities – • Loyalty, acceptance, and trustLoyalty, acceptance, and trust Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 16
- 17. Non-productive PersonalityNon-productive Personality TypesTypes Exploitative typeExploitative type Relate to the world outside of themselvesRelate to the world outside of themselves Aggressively take what they want from othersAggressively take what they want from others What is taken is of greater value than whatWhat is taken is of greater value than what isis given freely to themgiven freely to them Negative qualities -Negative qualities - • Egocentric, conceited, arrogant, and seducingEgocentric, conceited, arrogant, and seducing Positive qualities –Positive qualities – • Impulsive, proud, charming, and self-confidentImpulsive, proud, charming, and self-confident Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 17
- 18. Non-productive PersonalityNon-productive Personality TypesTypes Hoarding typeHoarding type Security in hoarding and saving what theySecurity in hoarding and saving what they havehave already obtainedalready obtained Compulsive orderliness about theirCompulsive orderliness about their possessions,possessions, thoughts and feelingsthoughts and feelings Build walls around themselves and let littleBuild walls around themselves and let little outout Negative traits –Negative traits – • Rigidity, sterility, obstinacy, compulsivity, lackRigidity, sterility, obstinacy, compulsivity, lack ofof creativitycreativity Positive traits –Positive traits – • Orderliness, cleanliness, punctualityOrderliness, cleanliness, punctuality Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 18
- 19. Non-productive Personality TypesNon-productive Personality Types Marketing typeMarketing type Our personality becomes a commodity to by soldOur personality becomes a commodity to by sold Superficial qualities such as smiling, beingSuperficial qualities such as smiling, being agreeable,agreeable, laughing at the boss’s jokes are more importantlaughing at the boss’s jokes are more important thanthan inner characteristics and abilitiesinner characteristics and abilities Are without a past or future, and have noAre without a past or future, and have no permanentpermanent principles or valuesprinciples or values Somewhat connected to automation conformitySomewhat connected to automation conformity Negative traits –Negative traits – • Aimless, opportunistic, inconsistent, and wastefulAimless, opportunistic, inconsistent, and wasteful Positive traits –Positive traits – • Changeability, open-mindedness, adaptability, andChangeability, open-mindedness, adaptability, and generositygenerosity Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 19
- 20. Non-productive Personality TypesNon-productive Personality Types Having typeHaving type Personal meaning comes from possessionsPersonal meaning comes from possessions ““Keeping up with the Jones’s”Keeping up with the Jones’s” ““ The one who dies with the most toysThe one who dies with the most toys wins!”wins!” Any society with a majority of these typeAny society with a majority of these type people is a sick societypeople is a sick society Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 20
- 21. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. OrientationOrientation SocietySociety FamilyFamily Escape fromEscape from FreedomFreedom ReceptiveReceptive PeasantPeasant societysociety SymbioticSymbiotic (passive)(passive) AuthoritarianAuthoritarian (masochistic)(masochistic) ExploitativeExploitative AristocraticAristocratic societysociety Symbiotic (active)Symbiotic (active) AuthoritarianAuthoritarian (sadistic)(sadistic) HoardingHoarding BourgeoisBourgeois societysociety WithdrawingWithdrawing (puritanical)(puritanical) Perfectionist toPerfectionist to destructivedestructive MarketingMarketing ModernModern societysociety WithdrawingWithdrawing (infantile)(infantile) AutomatonAutomaton conformistconformist ProductiveProductive HumanisticHumanistic communitariancommunitarian socialismsocialism Loving andLoving and reasoningreasoning Freedom andFreedom and responsibilityresponsibility acknowledged andacknowledged and acceptedaccepted 21
- 22. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Character Orientations/ Personality TypesCharacter Orientations/ Personality Types Fromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. BiophilousBiophilous NecrophilousNecrophilousHaving ModeHaving Mode ReceptiveReceptive ExploitativeExploitative HoardingHoarding MarketingMarketingBeing ModeBeing Mode ProductiveProductive 22
- 23. People who are incapablePeople who are incapable ofof love and uniting withlove and uniting with others.others. 1.1. NecrophiliaNecrophilia 2.2. Malignant NarcissismMalignant Narcissism 3.3. Incestuous SymbiosisIncestuous Symbiosis Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Personality DisordersPersonality DisordersFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 23
- 24. NecrophiliaNecrophilia Any attraction to deathAny attraction to death Hates humanityHates humanity Destructive behaviour is aDestructive behaviour is a manifestation of their basicmanifestation of their basic charactercharacter Dwell in the past and are cold andDwell in the past and are cold and aloofaloof Devoted to law and orderDevoted to law and order Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Personality DisordersPersonality DisordersFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 24
- 25. Malignant NarcissismMalignant Narcissism Impedes the perceptionImpedes the perception of reality so that everythingof reality so that everything belonging to a narcissisticbelonging to a narcissistic person is valued and everythingperson is valued and everything belonging to another is devalued.belonging to another is devalued. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Personality DisordersPersonality DisordersFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 25
- 26. Incestuous SymbiosisIncestuous Symbiosis Extreme dependence on the mother or motherExtreme dependence on the mother or mother surrogate.surrogate. Inseparable and often intertwinedInseparable and often intertwined with a host person or thing losing theirwith a host person or thing losing their individualindividual identities. Can be with a person, ideology,identities. Can be with a person, ideology, job,job, nation, etc.nation, etc. Feel extremely anxious or frightful if theFeel extremely anxious or frightful if the symbiotic relationship is challenged.symbiotic relationship is challenged. Distorts an individuals reasoning powers,Distorts an individuals reasoning powers, destroys the capacity for authentic love, anddestroys the capacity for authentic love, and prevents people from achieving independenceprevents people from achieving independence andand integrity.integrity. Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Personality DisordersPersonality DisordersFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. 26
- 27. ComparisonComparison Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Personality DisordersPersonality DisordersFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com Con..Con.. Syndrome of DecaySyndrome of Decay Syndrome ofSyndrome of GrowthGrowth NecrophiliaNecrophilia BiophiliaBiophilia NarcissismNarcissism LoveLove IncestuousIncestuous SymbiosisSymbiosis Positive FreedomPositive Freedom 27
- 28. Concerned with interpersonal aspects ofConcerned with interpersonal aspects of therapeutic encountertherapeutic encounter Aim of therapy is self-knowledge for theAim of therapy is self-knowledge for the patientpatient The therapist tries to help the patientThe therapist tries to help the patient through shared communication in whichthrough shared communication in which thethe therapist is simply a human beingtherapist is simply a human being Goal of Fromm’s psychotherapy -Goal of Fromm’s psychotherapy - • Work toward satisfaction of the basicWork toward satisfaction of the basic human needs of relatedness,human needs of relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, a sense oftranscendence, rootedness, a sense of identity, and a frame of orientationidentity, and a frame of orientation Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 PsychotherapyPsychotherapyFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 28
- 29. Social Character in a Mexican VillageSocial Character in a Mexican Village Study of social character in anStudy of social character in an isolatedisolated farming village in Mexicofarming village in Mexico Found evidence of all characterFound evidence of all character orientations except the marketing oneorientations except the marketing one A Psycho-historical Study of HitlerA Psycho-historical Study of Hitler Applied the techniques ofApplied the techniques of psychohistorypsychohistory to study Hitler, the conspicuousto study Hitler, the conspicuous exampleexample of someone with the syndrome ofof someone with the syndrome of decaydecay Fromm traces and describes Hitler’sFromm traces and describes Hitler’s necrophilia, malignant narcissism, andnecrophilia, malignant narcissism, and incestuous symbiosisincestuous symbiosis Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Methods of InvestigationMethods of InvestigationFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 29
- 30. Fromm’s Theory Is –Fromm’s Theory Is – High on OrganizingHigh on Organizing KnowledgeKnowledge Low on Guiding Action,Low on Guiding Action, Internal Consistency, andInternal Consistency, and ParsimonyParsimony Very Low on GeneratingVery Low on Generating Research and FalsifiabilityResearch and Falsifiability Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Critique of FrommCritique of FrommFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 30
- 31. Equal Weight Given toEqual Weight Given to Unconscious and Conscious,Unconscious and Conscious, Free Choice andFree Choice and Determinism,Determinism, and Pessimism and Optimismand Pessimism and Optimism Uniqueness Emphasized overUniqueness Emphasized over SimilaritiesSimilarities Teleology over CausalityTeleology over Causality Social Influences overSocial Influences over BiologyBiology Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018 Concept of HumanityConcept of HumanityFromm’sTheoryofPersonalityFromm’sTheoryofPersonality SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 31
- 32. QuestionsQuestions AnswersAnswers Saturday, February 3, 2018Saturday, February 3, 2018SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, JagannathSMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.comUniversity, smskabir218@gmail.com 32
- 33. Saturday, February 3, 2018 SMS Kabir, Dept. of Psychology, Jagannath University, smskabir218@gmail.com 33
Notes de l'éditeur
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.
- View of Human Nature The Adlerian concept of social interest is the individual’s feeling of being part of a whole, spanning the past, present, and the future. Adler believed that people were mainly motivated toward this feeling of belonging. He did not believe that social interest was innate but rather a result of social training. Adler expressed that people strove to become successful and overcome the areas that they perceived as inferior. He referred to this process of personal growth as striving for perfection. Those who did not overcome feelings of inferiority developed an inferiority complex. Those who overcompensated for feelings of inferiority developed a superiority complex. Adler believed that a person’s conscious behavior, not their unconscious, was the mainstay of personality development. Because of this concept, Adlerian theory emphasizes personal responsibility for how the individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life’s events or situations. Maladjustment is defined in Adlerian theory as choosing behavior resulting in a lack of social interest or personal growth. Adler believed that misbehavior would take place when the person had become discouraged or when positive attempts at good behavior had failed to get the needed results. Encouragement to good behavior was often the recommended antidote to misbehavior. Another concept is that of teleology, which simply put means that a person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences. Adlerian espoused the belief that the birth of each child changed the family substantially. He thought that the birth order of the children in the family influenced many aspects of their personality development. Briefly, characteristics of these birth positions are - Oldest children are usually high achievers, parent pleasers, conforming, and are well behaved. Second born children are more outgoing, less anxious, and less constrained by rules than first born. They usually excel as what the first born does not. Middle children have a feeling of being squeezed in and are concerned with perceived unfair treatment. These children learn to excel in family politics and negotiation. However, they can become very manipulative. This position also tends to develop areas of success that are not enjoyed by their siblings. The youngest child is the most apt at pleasing or entertaining the family. While they run the risk of being spoiled, they are also the most apt at getting what they want through their social skills and ability to please. They are often high achievers, because of the role models of their older siblings. Only children or children born seven or more years apart from siblings are more like first born children. Children with no siblings often take on the characteristics of their parents’ birth order, as the parents are the only role models. While these children may mature early and be high achievers, they may lack socialization skills, expect pampering, and be selfish. Adler saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He believed that children’s interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five. The family interactions taught the children to perceive events and situations through certain subjective evaluations of themselves and the environment. These perceptions that guided the children’s behavior were called fictions. Basic mistakes could be made based on these fictions. Adlerians believe that some of those mistakes are (Mozak, 1984) - Overgeneralizing in which the individual believes that everything is the same or alike. False or impossible goals of security which leads the individual to try to please everyone in seeking security and avoiding danger. Misperception of life and life’s demands which leads the individual to expect more accommodation than is reasonable and to interpret their failure to get accommodation as never getting any breaks. Minimization or denial of one’s worth results in the individual believing that they cannot be successful in life. Faulty values results in a “me first” mentality with little or no regard for others. Adler believed that life took courage or a willingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. He believed that a person with a healthy life style contributed to society, had meaningful work, and had intimate relationships. He espoused cooperation between the genders as opposed to competition. He believed that well adjusted people lived in an interdependent relationship with others in a cooperative spirit.