1. Biotechnology Application of scientific and engineering principles for the processing of materials in industrial process to provide goods and services.

2. Genetic Engineering - makes it possible, through an integrated application of knowledge and techniques of biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and chemical engineering, to draw benefit at the technological level from the properties and capacities of microorganisms and cell culture . Biotechnology

3. Biotechnology Application potential - agriculture, antibiotics, vitamins, vaccines, dairy industries, fermented products like alcoholic & nonalcoholic beverages, production of biogas, sewage treatment plants, bio-fertilizers, tissue culture, genetic engineering, etc.

7. Agriculture -plants transformed-insect,disease, and herbicide resistant. -animals treated engineered hormones-produce more milk, leaner meat.

8. Agriculture -food processors affected by genetic engineering. -shelf-life, storage, food-handling;extended and simplified. -help resist spoilage.

10. Chemical components 1. A pentose sugar. 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous bases

11. Nitrogenous bases Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

12. Nucleoside and Nucleotide

13. Phosphodiester linkage

15. 1. Double Helix

16. 2. Antiparallel strands 3. Major & Minor grooves

19. Base pairing

20. Base pairing Complementary nature of strands OH P

23. RNA

24. r ibo n ucleic a cid 4 bases A = U = C = G = 3 major types of RNA messenger RNA (mRNA); template for protein synthesis transfer RNA (tRNA); adaptor molecules that decode the genetic code ribosomal RNA (rRNA); catalyzing the synthesis of proteins C 5 H 10 O 5 A denine U racil C ytosine G uanine Pyrimidine (C 4 N 2 H 4 ) Purine (C 5 N 4 H 4 ) Nucleoside Nucleotide base + sugar (ribose) base + sugar + phosphate RNA RNA structure Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA)

25. Base interactions in RNA Base pairing: U/A/(T) (2 hydrogen bonds) G/C (3 hydrogen bonds) RNA base composition: A + G = U + C / Chargaff’s rule does not apply (RNA usually prevails as single strand) RNA structure: - usually single stranded - many self-complementary regions  RNA commonly exhibits an intricate secondary structure (relatively short, double helical segments alternated with single stranded regions) - complex tertiary interactions fold the RNA in its final three dimensional form - the folded RNA molecule is stabilized by interactions (e.g. hydrogen bonds and base stacking)

29. tRNA / sRNA

30. tRNA / sRNA

33. THE END By: Kay & Jessica