EVOLUTION OF CITY BUILDING

1. MONAD
UNIVERSITY
PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY (MP-111)
Module 1: Evolution of City Building
Presented By:
VIPIN KUMAR

2. EVOLUTION OF CITY
 Most of the people in history led a nomadic life—hunting animals and
gathering edible plants for food.
The first pre-condition for urban development is a favourable ecology
climate change at the end of the Ice Age led to the receding of glaciers, people
congregated in warm regions with fertile soil.
 It was during this period that human beings learnt the art of cultivating crops
and also domesticating animals for their own benefit, whereas hunting and
gathering demanded continual movement, raising food required people to remain
at one place.

3. EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENTS
 During the time of Indus valley civilisation, towns like Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro were in existed.
 The following period has witnessed evolution of towns.
 It continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of
Europeans in India in the eighteenth century.
 On the basis of their evolution in different periods, Indian towns
may be classified as Ancient Towns, Medieval Towns, Modern
Towns
After independence, a large number of towns have been
developed as administrative headquarters, e.g. Chandigarh,
Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Dispur, etc. and industrial centres such
as Durgapur, Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni.

4. HUNTER-GATHERER
 A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society
in which most or all food is obtained by foraging
(collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals).
 Hunter-gatherer societies stand in contrast to
agricultural societies, which rely mainly on
domesticated species.
 They developed tools to help them survive and
were dependent on the abundance of food in the area
No permanent settlements
Human society was largely dominated by the
environment and natural forces

5. FARMER AND FORMATION
OF ORGANIZED SOCIETY
 Farmer organization is a group of farmers with
special interests and concerns with developed
structure, formal membership, status and functions for
its members and with a set of byelaws and rule
 A joint cooperative farming society comes into
existence when the members pool their land and other
productive assets and carry on all the pre-sowing the
pooling and post harvesting functions besides the
cultivation of the pooled land on cooperative basis.
 They developed tools to help them survive and
were dependent on the abundance of food in the area

6. ORIGINS OF CITY

7. ORIGINS OF CITY

8. ORIGINS OF CITY

9. ORIGINS OF CITY

10. EVOLUTION
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT

11. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

12. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

13. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

14. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

15. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

16. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

17. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

18. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

19. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

20. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

21. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

22. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

23. BASIC ELEMENT OF THE CITY
KEVIN LYNCH
Urbanist theorist
Lynch's conclusion was that people formed
mental maps of their surroundings consisting
of five basic elements.
5 ELEMENT OF THE CITY

24. BASIC ELEMENT OF THE CITY
1. PATH
•These are the streets, sidewalks, trails, canals,
railroads, and other channels in which people travel;
• They arrange space and movement between space.
2. NODES
• Large areas you can enter, serve as the foci
of the city, neighborhood, district, etc.;
• Offers the person in them multiple
perspectives of the other core elements.
• “Tambayan”
• Third Place

25. BASIC ELEMENT OF THE CITY
3. LANDMARKS
• Points of reference person cannot enter into;
• These are buildings, signs, stores, mountains, public art;
• Mobile Points (such as Sun) can be used as well.
4. EDGES
• Boundaries;
• They can be either Real or Perceived;
• These are walls, buildings, and shorelines,
curbstone, streets, overpasses, etc.

26. BASIC ELEMENT OF THE CITY
5. DISTRICTS
• Medium to large areas that are two dimensional;
• An individual enters into and out of these areas;
• Have common identifying characteristics.