Open Models presents and analyses the open business models in software, data, manufacturing, science, education and art. More on www.openmodels.fr

1. Coordinated by Louis-David Benyayer
Business models of the open economy

2. Open Models are changing everything, are you ready?
Software,education,industrial design,data,sciences,art and culture, open mo-
dels are everywhere. The actors who make use of these open approaches often
question the positions defined by traditional actors. Communities frequently
organize themselves to collectively solve issues that centralized organizations
come up against. Tabby, the car available as an open source kit, Protei, the
marine open source drone and OpenStreetMap are just a few examples.
What do these open models teach us? Under which conditions can they develop
their impact? What kind of dialogue and interactions are possible with traditio-
nal actors? Researchers, entrepreneurs, managers in major companies, designers,
experts, writers and philosophers respond to these questions in Open Models,
business models of the open economy.
A book of paper and pixels
Changing one’s model is also changing one’s own persepctive. Place your smart-
phone next to the book, go to OpenModels.fr and flip through the pages as
you read. With videos, interviews, live comments, twitter threads and votes, the
digital side offers you another context, another way of understanding things.
foreword

3. An enthusiastic experience of an open
and collaborative research
In November 2013, about ten open model enthusiasts met up to pool their
understanding on the topic. After a few minutes of talking, they decided to
mobilize a larger panel of expertise and viewpoints and to distribute the conclu-
sions of their thinking more broadly. Six months later, there were 35 articles
published, 8 events organized, 25 videos produced, 14 proposals presented to
the government.
A year later, Open Models is published in French, retracing this open models
journey. 18 months later, the book is translated into English by a team of vo-
lunteers. All of this under cc-by-sa license without orders or financing. It is
published by Without Model, a think tank whose mission is to foster open,
collaborative and responsible models.

4. Michel Bauwens, Bernard Stiegler, Gilles Babinet, Louis-David Benyayer,
Tristan Nitot, Karine Durand-Garçon, Yves Zieba, Benjamin Tincq,
Bastien Guerry, Chloé Bonnet, Célya Gruson-Daniel, Antoine van den Broek,
Jean-Luc Wingert, Julien Simon, Camille Domange, Philippe Silberzahn,
Hélène Pouille, Sophie Gautier, Justyna Swat, Lionel Maurel, Martin Kupp,
Frédéric Charles, Guillaume Crouigneau, Mickaël Desmoulins,
Yannig Raffenel, Julien Thérier, Olivier Faron, Alain Rallet, Léo Benichou,
Mélanie Marcel, Paul Richardet, Laurent Séguin, Maëva Tordo,
Margaux Pelen, Cesar Harada, Christian Quest, Romain Le Merlus,
Simon Chignard, Sylvia Fredriksson, Glenn Rolland, Pierre-Carl Langlais,
Louis Hamelin, Benjamin Jean, Romain Lalanne, Jean-Paul Smets,
Anaelle Trum, Juan Diosdado, Arthur Pelletier, Simone Cicero, Cédric Ménier
Sébastien Broca,Geoffrey Dorne, Kinuko Asano,Thierry Keller
contributors
This book is the result of a collaborative research led by Without Model. 53
experts contributed giving their point of view, writing articles, setting out or
animating events around 6 themes: arts and culture, software, education,
sciences, industrial design and data.
You will discover them throughout this book and the website coming along
with it, they are experts, researchers, philosophers, entrepreneurs, develo-
pers, writers, public actors, activists, corporations managers or designers
and they give you their vision about open models.
• Louis-David Benyayer and Karine Durand-Garçon have taken charge of the
general organization of this research, have made interviews and organized the
events. Antoine van den Broek, Lionel Maurel, Bastien Guerry and Jean-Luc
Wingert have supported them all along this path.

5. • Bastien Guerry has taken charge of the edition of the chapter devoted to
software, Lionel Maurel of the one devoted art and culture, Célya Gruson-
Daniel to sciences, Chloé Bonnet to data, Benjamin Tincq to manufacturing,
Yves Zieba to education.
• Michel Bauwens, Gilles Babinet, Bernard Stiegler, Tristan Nitot, Benjamin
Jean, Camille Domange, Julien Simon, Jean-Paul Smets, Sophie Gautier, Laurent
Séguin, Yves Zieba, Olivier Faron, Yannig Raffenel, Philippe Silberzahn, Pierre-
CarlLanglais,AlainRallet,JulienThérier,MélanieMarcel,LéoBenichou,Martin
Kupp, Romain Lalanne, Guillaume Crouigneau, Frédéric Charles, Christian
Quest, Simon Chignard, Cesar Harada, Benjamin Tincq have given their point
of view during interviews or articles which are presented within this book.
• Romain Le Merlus, Simone Cierco, Glenn Rolland, Sébastien Broca, Maeva
Tordo, Margaux Pelen, Justyna Swat, Mickael Desmoulins have participated to
round-table discussions during events; their interventions are available as videos
on the website.
• Cédric Ménier (along with Juan Diosdado, Anaelle Trum and Arthur Pelletier)
has realized the video movies; Sylvia Fredriksson and Louis Hamelin, the audio in-
terviews. Hélène Pouille has realized the live sketchings during the events. Kinuko
Asano and Geoffrey Dorne have realized the book in its paper and digital versions.
• Thierry Keller and the team from Usbek&Rica have taken charge of the
edition of this work.
The English version of the book has been made possible thanks to:
• Samy Boutayeb, Pierre-Yves Gosset, Jean-Bernard Marcon and Christophe
Masutti who gave precious advices on collaborative translation process.
• Bertrand Her, Anne-Sophie Payen, Wasfi Jaouad, Jean-Bernard Marcon,
Dominique Pasquier, Nicola Savage, Julie Robles, Thérèse, Tuan-Minh Nguyen,
Guillaume Crouigneau, Sébastien Nicolaïdis, Guillaume Barbareau, Huy Canh
Duong, Cédric Belardi, Benjamin Tincq, Céline Conrardy, Yves Zieba, Philippe
Silberzahn, Célya Gruson-Daniel, Matthieu Le Chanjour, Pierre-Carl Langlais,
Jérôme Mizeret who translated articles and interviews.
• Nicola Savage, Antoine Martin-Regniault, George Husni, Caitlyn Hutchison,
Lucy Knight, Andi Argast, Ian Watt and Corine Waroquiers who edited the
English version.

6. 012
Open models are changing everything, are you ready? — Louis-David Benyayer
030
“We have reached the limits of the Fordist model” — Bernard Stiegler
036
software — presented by Bastien Guerry
with Tristan Nitot, Sophie Gautier, Laurent Séguin, Jean-Paul Smets,
Paul Richardet, Sébastien Broca, Glenn Rolland, Romain Le Merlus
066
Data — presented by Chloé Bonnet
with Romain Lalanne, Simon Chignard, Louis-David Benyayer,
Christian Quest, Guillaume Crouigneau, Frédéric Charles
094
“Earn less economic value to create more social value”
— Michel Bauwens
102
Art & Culture — presented by Lionel Maurel
with Camille Domange, Neil Jomunsi
contents

7. 120
Manufacturing — presented by Benjamin Tincq
with Léo Benichou, Cesar Harada, Martin Kupp, Justyna Swat,
Simone Cicero, Mickaël Desmoulins
148
“Those who do not engage in open and collaborative models
are not in a position to win the digital battle” — Gilles Babinet
154
education — presented by Yves Zieba
with Olivier Faron, Yannig Raffenel, Martin Kupp, Philippe Silberzahn,
Maëva Tordo, Margaux Pelen
178
science — presented by Célya Gruson-Daniel
with Alain Rallet, Mélanie Marcel, Julien Thérier, Pierre-Carl Langlais
203
licenses and business model — Benjamin Jean
208
14 proposals for an open economy

8. presented by
Benjamin Tincq
manufacturing
4

9. Benjamin Tincq
Benjamin Tincq is a specialist in peer-to-peer models and digital transformations.
He is the co-founder of OuiShare, an international collective which is both
a think-tank and a do-tank dedicated to the collaborative economy where
he coordinates strategies, partners and studies. His research work is directed
in particular toward the economic, social and environmental promises
of the new production system linked to distributed manufacturing and open
source hardware. Benjamin is a trained telecommunications engineer,
and worked for five years as an innovation strategy consultant before deciding
to "job out” and co-found the OuiShare project.
122 Open source hardware business models — benjamin tincq
& léo benichou
133 WIKISPEED, the open source car
135 TABBY: cars in kit form
137 Protei: an open source marine drone to clean the oceans
— benjamin tincq
141 “The community is the best tool to develop an open project”
— cesar harada
145 Open & agile manufacturing: opportunities and obstacles — martin kupp

10. Bernard stiegler
“We have reached the limits
of the Fordist model”
Bernard Stiegler is a philosopher and evolution of technical
systems theorist. He discovered open models almost by accident
when he was Director of France’s National Audiovisual
Institute (INA). Initiator and president of the philosophical
think tank Ars industrialis since 2005, Bernard also leads
the Research and Innovation Institute (IRI) which is a part
of the Centre Georges Pompidou.

11. • Open, contributory and collaborative models are more and more
frequent, contribution is spreading to new territories. How do you interpret
this evolution?
• Before answering, there is a prerequisite: one must first understand that all models are
not equivalent. Facebook is contributory but in some regards, it is a worse model than its
non-contributive equivalent, I almost prefer TF1 (French first private TV channel). These
mechanisms of data capture and distortion lead to extreme depersonalization. This pheno-
menon will worsen with the rise of Big Data. It is at the same time exciting, because data will
open up new opportunities, and also very dangerous. This is why I refer to a “pharmakon”.
• What is a “pharmakon”?
• In every technology or system, two opposing forces exist simultaneously. One is good,
positive, emancipatory and the other negative, predatory. We need to analyze the toxicity of
these phenomena because the better they are, the more toxic they are as well. A “pharma-
kon” always requires therapeutic activity. It has to be transformed into a body to be cared
for which, like any medication or absence of such treatment, can kill the patient. Therefore,
we have to be able to do this analysis honestly and sincerely, as a chartered accountant
does with any company’s accounts. The problem is that we do not have the hindsight,
training and know-how to be able to deal with contributory models wisely. Today, we need
a typology of contributory models. I work a lot with communities of hackers and until the
“Snowden crisis”, they did not really see the pharmacological order of the net. Things have
changed over the past years, there is a kind of “blues of the net”.
• How would you define the contributory economy
and how do you differentiate it from the market economy for example?
• The contributory economy is founded on “re-capacitation”: it increases people’s ability
rather than decreasing it. This term re-capacitation is inspired by the capability approach
formulated by Indian economist Amartya Sen. Capability is knowledge – a “savoir-vivre”, a
know-how or a formal knowledge – shared with others and which constitutes a community
of knowledge. Sen showed that consumerism decreases capabilities. A contributory economy
therefore relies on the development of the knowledge of individuals and this knowledge-sha-
ring is facilitated by common ownership which does not prevent its dissemination.

12. “I am not against the notion
of ownership, but ownership must not
prevent enhancing the collective
value of knowledge.”
I am not against the notion of ownership, but ownership must not prevent enhancing the
collective value of knowledge. Unlike capacitation, consumer society relies on universa-
lization – even design is universally available nowadays. The contributory economy is an
economy based on parity, peer-to-peer. In this economy, we often talk about emerging initia-
tives or bottom-up. But bottom-up doesn’t exist on its own, somewhere there is a top-down,
that is, an organization which unites and promotes bottom-up dynamics. When we believe
that only bottom-up exists, it is because a hidden top-down is governing what emerges. The
real peer is the one able to explain the top-down within the bottom-up.
• Why is the role played by peers more important today
than 20 years ago or than it will be in 20 years?
• Because it’s the beginning of a new era of automation, different in its essence from
the previous one. It’s the continuation of what started two hundred years ago, but auto-
mation is currently going through a change of regime. In many sectors, a workforce is
no longer necessary, or will be redundant in the short term. Amazon recently announced
that they are working on the elimination of all jobs and their replacement by machines.
Currently, all conditions are present for automation to pass the next stage. It is only
the costs to develop these new robots which is slowing this inevitable evolution. We
can assume that when companies as large as Amazon are making such announce-
ments, then the whole industrial ecosystem will commit to produce enough economies of
scale to make robots more cost-effective than humans. When this happens, the Fordist
model will be dead. Because with the depletion of employment, purchasing power can
only drop. When we reach this point, we will be in a major, violent and systemic crisis.
If we do not change the rules now, we will have enormous difficulties in dealing with
the situation.

13. • These models are developing, but we often have the feeling
they struggle to endure and develop. For what reasons?
• It is true that contributory models’ insecurity and high failure rate does raise questions.
The explanation lies in the ecosystem, the macro economy. At a micro scale (individuals
and organizations) initiatives emerge and spread. It shows that without a macro policy,
they cannot fully flourish. When I talk about macro economy, I refer to labor law, taxation,
minimum social benefits, and regional infrastructures. All these elements are not condu-
cive to the contributory economy. As long as we do not cause them evolve, there is no
chance for contributory models to develop. Otherwise it will be a particular kind of contri-
butory model that will prevail, Facebook is an example. So it is the whole contemporary
economic and political project which must be reviewed.
• Debates on a minimum “basic” income are interesting in this regard…
• I prefer to talk about contributory income. For me, contributory income must be based
on minimum subsistence income, but it should not stop there. Contributory income should
be designed to favor individuals’ commitment to contributory projects. We have to encou-
rage contributions in order to create businesses that I call social ones – they can be profit-
making but don’t necessarily have to be.
• Beyond systems and macro-economy, what tools are available
to develop contributory logics?
• We have to develop a contributory culture and educational system, ensuring that indi-
viduals somehow commit to contributory projects, and we are seeing more and more of
them. By developing this culture, we will favor individual ability to detect the part of
toxicity in this pharmakon that constitutes the contributory economy. On another level,
“Opening research to other people
who produce it today will allow us to better
understand and keep up with events.”

14. designers have a major role to play. They are to become the developers and guides of these
future contributory systems. A fablab is not only working because there is a space and
some machines, it works because there is a social architecture of contribution. It is the
function of a designer. Research will itself improve if and when it becomes more contri-
butory. The speed of development has increased and the level of complexity has increased
so much that we need to cooperate to gain better understanding and analysis. Opening
research to other people who produce it today will allow us to better understand and keep
up with events, to be more connected with what is happening on the ground.
• You often talk about a “libidinal economy” to refer to contributory models.
What is Freud doing here?
• Yes, I have a Freudian vision of the economy. The Libido is explained as the social link,
the ability to divert our drives towards what Freud describes as a social investment of
desire. Drive operates positively when we manage to postpone our satisfaction. Postpo-
ning the reaction is about causing action. Libidinal economy is about idealization (in a
Freudian sense) and sublimation of drives. We can say that free software thrives on this
redirection, this notion of going beyond.
— Translation by Anne-Sophie Payen
with the help of Antoine Martin-Regniault

15. for more informations
www.openmodels.fr