Basic unit of a society. The need of social strata and classification based on types of marriages, wealth and occupation. Division of Class & Caste + Monotheism versus Polytheism.

1. Date: 20 April 2017
Abhinand GopalFAMILY AS A BASIC UNIT Sociology Unit V

2. AR 6.5 BUILDING ECONOMIES & SOCIOLOGY
COURSE OUTLINE
▸ Family as a basic unit of ‘society’
▸ Differences in lifestyle: geography, religion - caste,
income and their implications in housing unit design
▸ sociological aspects in the history of the evolution of
housing

3. SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF SOCIETY,
SOCIAL GROUPS
& INTERACTION
socius + logos = sociology
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
LATIN GREEK
(companion) + (study)

4. SOCIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF
SOCIAL LIFE, SOCIAL CHANGE &
SOCIAL CAUSES-CONSEQUENCES
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN SOCIETY
American Sociological Association
DEFINE SOCIOLOGY

5. SOCIETY DEFINITIONS
“society is a social organism possessing
a harmony of structure and function”
- August Comte
“society as a reality in its own right”
- Emile Durkheim

7. OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
SOCIOLOGY: THE BASIC SOLE SCIENCE
▸ Economics - economic activities in the human society
▸ Anthropology - the study of all aspects of human life &
culture in primitive human societies.
▸ Psychology - study of an individual’s behaviour in the
society
▸ History - the study past of the mankind
▸ Political Science - study about administration & functioning
of government

8. How did it all start? The transition from the source to the destination?

9. a few billion years ago (say 2000 crore years before)

12. 13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO,
TIME & SPACE
WERE CREATED FROM A POINT
the universe is expanding
BIG BANG THEORY

13. SINGLE LAND ROCK WITH FLOATING TECTONICS BENEATH

17. 65 million years ago, a meteor kills all the Dinosaurs

18. humans ascend the trees to the ground, gain upright posture & learn to rotate the thumb

19. half a million years to change from apes to humans

20. Paleolithic Age 2.6 million years ago 10,000 BC a period of repeated glaciations, use of mostprimitive
tools covering 95% of humans (homo sapiens) history

21. World Map at 10000 years ago, after the melting of glaciers
(start of Mesolithic age to 7000 BC)
characterised by: movement of people from caves to plains, river valleys & coastal regions.

22. TEXT

23. TEXT
caves, nature made first houses of human civilisation

25. HARDNESS OF SURFACES
Early human -
settlements found
in areas with high
seismic activity
forming undulated
rough terrain.

26. What is the modern Humans most important discovery?

27. FIRE FROM STONES AND HARNESSING ENERGY

28. EARLY CAVE PAINTINGS AS ART & ANIMAL FOOD

29. Ritual dances around the Fire

30. TEXT
collective learning as a group of humans and advancements in language, security & resources

31. EARLY MAN TOOLS MADE OUT OF BONES & STONES
HUNTERS & GATHERERS

32. An end to Hunting and gathering. Next what? around 7000 BC

33. Neolithic Age (6800 BC - 2500BC): New Stone Age
characterised with 1. introduction to agriculture practices 2. living in bands 3. domestication of animals

34. Evolution of
domesticated
animals

35. TEXT
agriculture created stable society, promoted
development & introduced classes; the rich &
the poor, the rulers & the salves

36. TEXT
houses made out of wood, hay & straw; imitating the caves

37. TEXT
houses made out of animal bones
& using fire to cook

39. Pottery found in Indus valley, what do you infer?

40. wheels for transportation > pots for storing excess food & long lasting grains > trade & commerce
early Egyptian potter &
introduction of chariots in war

41. Bronze Age (2500 - 1250 BC)
characterised with 1. metallurgy for art & warfare 2. establishment of social hierarchy 3. permanent houses

42. Iron Age (1250 - 1 AD)
characterised by 1. gender & social bias 2. building marvels & technology 3. economic divide, military
regimes & colonisation

43. MASLOW’S THEORY OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow (1943) stated that people are
motivated to achieve certain needs.
When one need is fulfilled, a person
seeks to fulfil the next one & so on

44. development in building activity &
widening of economic gap in society

45. HOMINID SPECIES
TIMELINE OF HUMAN CIVILISATION
▸ Palaeolithic age ‘old stone age’ (4.5 million years to 10000 BC)
▸ Mesolithic Age ‘middle stone age’ (10,000 BC - 6800 BC)
▸ Neolithic Age ‘new stone age’ (6800 BC - 3000 BC)
▸ Bronze Age (3000 BC - 1200 BC)
▸ Iron Age (1200 BC - 1 AD)
▸ Middle Ages (1 AD - 1400 AD)
▸ Renaissance (1400 - 1700 AD)
▸ Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1914 AD)
▸ Modern (from 20th century - 1990s)
▸ Digital Age (1990s to present)

46. SOCIOLOGY
the study of human social life
SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL LIFE
SOCIAL CHANGESOCIAL
INEQUALITY
Society
Culture
Groups
Demography
Family
Religion
Health
Politics
Race & Ethnicity
Caste Divide
Gender
Collective Behaviour
Social Movements
Social Trends

47. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
WE ALL PLAY CERTAIN ROLES IN OUR SOCIETY
Our position in a social institution is described as a status. It is
dependent upon the societal structure, rules, norms & values.
They are the structures & mechanisms of social order. Cooperation of
a set of individuals within a given human collectivity
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions:
1. Satisfy the basic needs
2. Establish social behaviour patterns
3. Provide roles for individuals
4. Define social values
5. Support other institutions

48. MICRO UNIT OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM
Common Features of a family:
1. Form of marriage established & maintained
2. Economic system of duties & obligations
3. Mating & Reproduction
4. A common household/ habitation to live
“a family is a social and economic unit consisting minimally of one or
more parents & their children”
- Ember & Ember

49. FAMILY
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
▸ Socialisation
▸ Reproduction
▸ Placement in society
NON-ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
▸ Economy
▸ Religion
▸ Education
▸ Physical Protection
▸ Culture & Recreation
▸ Political Control
▸ Health

50. TYPES OF FAMILY
Based on structure & size:
1. Nuclear 2. Joint 3. Extended
Based on marriage:
1. Polygamy 2. Monogamy
Based on rules of marriage:
1. Exogamous 2. Endogamous
Based on nature of authority:
1. Patriarchal 2. Matriarchal

51. Living examples of matrilineal societies in India
Eg: Kerala, Meghalaya & a few NE States

52. Polygamy

53. Polyandry

54. GREEK HOUSES EVOLVED AROUND THE COURTYARD
Gynaeceum: place for women recreation
Andron,
place of
male
members of
the family
Positioned on
lower floor
Kitchen
with
vents

55. Rawla, women quarters, Amber fort, Jaipur
Mardana, men quarters, Mehrangarh Fort

58. Badgir, windtowers used in Persia

59. CASTE
each of the hereditary classes of a society, distinguished by relative
degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status.

60. TEXT
Low in number, higher wealth
Higher in number, less wealth

64. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
RELIGION
religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms.

67. TEXT

68. No one

70. SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC & BIOLOGICAL CAUSES
DEVIANCE
▸ moving away from the accepted
norm, tend to be isolated & private
▸ ‘crime’ is major impediment in the
social order, where judgemental
rules are laid down by social
institutions to prevent crime
▸ tends to violate social norms
▸ formal deviance: rape, theft, murder
etc.
▸ informal deviance: breaking laws
that have not been codified into law

71. What is the prime aim of social institutions?

76. Population City Size
Density
(per sq. km)
1. Tokyo 3.4 crore 8,547 sq kms 4,300
4. Delhi +
NCR
2.3 crore 1,943 sq kms 11,500
13. Mumbai 1.7 Crore 550 sq kms 30,900
16. Dhaka 1.5 Crore 360 sq kms 44,000
Taken from: DEMOGRAPHIA WORLD URBAN AREAS 2012 Edition
Population v/s density v/s city size

78. Indira Amma Slum, RasoolpuraBegumpet Airport

79. FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN SOCIETY & ARCHITECTURE
▸ natural factors - geography, geology, climate
▸ civilisation factors - religion, social structure, technology
& history of the group, economy
geography: availability
of water, fertile soil &
natural barriers
geology: building
materials &
construction
climate: building design &
orientation, presence of
fenestrations (doors,
windows)

80. Evolution of housing based on variation of geography, availability of
materials and functional need
Venustus, Firmitas & Utilitas: Vitruvius concepts, varying the above
factors with social interactionsBeauty, Structure & Function

81. Single Cell to Multi Cellular transition

82. INFERENCES
▸ http://sheltertwc.weebly.com
▸ http://www.ushistory.org/
▸ wiki.commons
▸ https://learn.saylor.org
▸ enotes.com
▸ slideshare.net
▸ http://www.asanet.org
▸ wikipedia .org

83. INFERENCES
▸ http://www.moyak.com/papers/history-housing.html
▸ https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/
Introduction
▸ http://www.slideshare.net/its_just_bm/relevance-of-
sociology-to-architecture
▸ http://www.enotes.com/research-starters/architectural-
sociology
▸ http://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/footnotes/
dec02/fn17.html