Miyuki iiyama-charcoal-tree-based-bioenergy-icraf-may2015
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Indigenous forests are being degraded due to a lack of alternative livelihoods, forcing people to fell trees for low-return charcoal production. Complex regulations and a lack of coordination among government ministries have made conservation difficult. The document presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the charcoal value chain within a landscape context, including production, transport, use and the various actors and factors involved at each stage. It aims to develop a landscape approach for sustainable charcoal management through multi-stakeholder coordination, improved policies, regeneration of woodlands and alternative livelihoods.
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Miyuki iiyama-charcoal-tree-based-bioenergy-icraf-may2015
- 1. Livelihoods, charcoal, ecosystem… • Indigenous forests of precious hardwood species, breeding sites for wild animals • Lack of alterna9ve livelihoods, need for pasture, promp9ng tree felling for charcoal for small return • Difficulty of controlling produc9on and trades and to conserve with complex directories and lack of clear responsibili9es among ministries in charge
- 2. Drivers of degradation across landscape Activities, actors, formal/informal multi- sectoral regulatory frameworks across different stages of value chain/landscape Rural forests, woodlands, range- lands, farmlands Production & processing Transport End-use Value chain Road networks Urban markets, settlements Retail by city traders Consumption by urban households Carbonization by farmers / charcoal burners Wood harvest by farmers Collection by middlemen Wholesale by dealers Energy Sector Local Authority, Police Forestry Sector Agricul. Sector Land, tree tenure Growing demand for charcoal along urbanization Extensive tree exploitation Poverty, income needs Unclear regulatory frameworks, room for corruption, bribes Damaged ecosystem services, loss of resilience Perceived free resources Lifestyle change Trade-offs Unaffordability of alternative energy Lack of incentives to adopt sustainable technologies Squeezed margins for charcoal producers Longer supply distance, higher footprints Charcoal Economics in Landscape Context – Conceptual Framework
- 3. goal – sustainable charcoal • Compara9ve studies between African countries, and even Asia/La9n America… Rwanda Case Price (RWF) /32kg Price (USD)/kg Producer margin Nyungwe 4,000 RWF 0.18 $/kg Butare city 5,500-‐6,000RW F 0.24-‐0.26 $/kg 66-‐72% Kigali city 7,500 RWF 0.33 $/kg 53% Kenya Case Price (KSH) /35.7kg Price (USD)/kg Producer margin Farm gate price KFS -‐ 438 Ksh (Mara -‐ 100ksh) 0.14 $/kg (0.03$) Nairobi price 1,949ksh 0.61 $/kg 22% (5%) (casu (Keny Rwanda • Only Forestry Dep – Ministry of Natural Resources is a responsible authority. • A land owner to clear a plot over 0.25 ha, transporters obtain permits from District Gov which controls all the revenue, while Na9onal Government does not interfere. • Charcoal is a rela9vely profitable business while the same Eucalyptus can serve mul9-‐ purposes – firewood, 9mber, bean stakes. • In sum, the impacts of centralized policies, decentralized implementa9on, higher margins for landowner/producers, mul9-‐ purpose trees compa9ble with local crop-‐ livestock systems, are key
- 4. Expected outcomes across landscape Landscape approach for sustainable charcoal Rural forests, woodlands, range- lands, farmlands Production & processing Transport End-use Value chain Road networks Urban markets, settlements Multi-stakeholder management structure to handle externalities Tree planting, regeneration Sustained income Clear regulatory frameworks, little room for corruption, bribes Enhanced ecosystem services, Improved resilience Right valuation of resources Synergies Retail by city traders Carbonization by farmers / charcoal burners Wood harvest by farmers Collection by middlemen Wholesale by dealers Inter-sectoral coordination to get the policy environment right Consumption by urban households Affordability of efficient devices Lifestyle change Shorter supply distance, lower footprints Moderate demand for charcoal along urbanization Adoption of sustainable technologies Higher margins for charcoal producers Charcoal Economics in Landscape Context – Conceptual Framework