Soumettre la recherche
Mettre en ligne
FISIOLOGI SENAM Bioenergetics
•
Télécharger en tant que PPT, PDF
•
13 j'aime
•
3,885 vues
Amin Upsi
Suivre
Formation
Technologie
Signaler
Partager
Signaler
Partager
1 sur 71
Télécharger maintenant
Recommandé
Muscles and excercise.pptx
Muscles and excercise.pptx
Anand P P
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviroment
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviroment
Amin Upsi
exercise metabolism
exercise metabolism
omar hammouda
Bioenergetics of Exercise
Bioenergetics of Exercise
Matt Sanders
Introduction to Energy Systems
Introduction to Energy Systems
Joel Irons
Exercise physiology powerpoint
Exercise physiology powerpoint
mrsdavison
Sports physiology
Sports physiology
Vaibhavi Rathod
Sports Physiology
Sports Physiology
MD Specialclass
Recommandé
Muscles and excercise.pptx
Muscles and excercise.pptx
Anand P P
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviroment
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviroment
Amin Upsi
exercise metabolism
exercise metabolism
omar hammouda
Bioenergetics of Exercise
Bioenergetics of Exercise
Matt Sanders
Introduction to Energy Systems
Introduction to Energy Systems
Joel Irons
Exercise physiology powerpoint
Exercise physiology powerpoint
mrsdavison
Sports physiology
Sports physiology
Vaibhavi Rathod
Sports Physiology
Sports Physiology
MD Specialclass
Aerobic system
Aerobic system
Nick Robinson
7 ergogenic aids
7 ergogenic aids
Kerry Harrison
Lt what does it really mean
Lt what does it really mean
acoggan1
maximal Strength training
maximal Strength training
Mahdi Cheraghi
Fuel for exercise
Fuel for exercise
Radhika Chintamani
Basic concepts of training theory: WC HPE 345
Basic concepts of training theory: WC HPE 345
Joel Smith
Cardiovascular response to exercise avik baxsu
Cardiovascular response to exercise avik baxsu
Wbuhs
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
College of Health and Medical Technology
Respiratory response to exercise
Respiratory response to exercise
Pradeep Sarathy
Muscles
Muscles
Nick Johnstone
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance
willeycoyote
Atp-pc system
Atp-pc system
Nick Robinson
Effects on cardiovascular system
Effects on cardiovascular system
stjosephspe
Hormonal responses to exercise
Hormonal responses to exercise
RizwanAli852012
Energy systems main lesson
Energy systems main lesson
lincoln Bryden
Fiber types, energy sources
Fiber types, energy sources
Pradeep Singh Narwat
Over load
Over load
Associate professor
Aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic and anaerobic
amrit kaur
Altitude Training
Altitude Training
Stephen Magness
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
Siham Gritly
Presentation 04 - Bioenergetics And Digestion in Lower Forms
Presentation 04 - Bioenergetics And Digestion in Lower Forms
Ma'am Dawn
Biochemistry Bioenergetics
Biochemistry Bioenergetics
Olena Rodina
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Aerobic system
Aerobic system
Nick Robinson
7 ergogenic aids
7 ergogenic aids
Kerry Harrison
Lt what does it really mean
Lt what does it really mean
acoggan1
maximal Strength training
maximal Strength training
Mahdi Cheraghi
Fuel for exercise
Fuel for exercise
Radhika Chintamani
Basic concepts of training theory: WC HPE 345
Basic concepts of training theory: WC HPE 345
Joel Smith
Cardiovascular response to exercise avik baxsu
Cardiovascular response to exercise avik baxsu
Wbuhs
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
College of Health and Medical Technology
Respiratory response to exercise
Respiratory response to exercise
Pradeep Sarathy
Muscles
Muscles
Nick Johnstone
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance
willeycoyote
Atp-pc system
Atp-pc system
Nick Robinson
Effects on cardiovascular system
Effects on cardiovascular system
stjosephspe
Hormonal responses to exercise
Hormonal responses to exercise
RizwanAli852012
Energy systems main lesson
Energy systems main lesson
lincoln Bryden
Fiber types, energy sources
Fiber types, energy sources
Pradeep Singh Narwat
Over load
Over load
Associate professor
Aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic and anaerobic
amrit kaur
Altitude Training
Altitude Training
Stephen Magness
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
Siham Gritly
Tendances
(20)
Aerobic system
Aerobic system
7 ergogenic aids
7 ergogenic aids
Lt what does it really mean
Lt what does it really mean
maximal Strength training
maximal Strength training
Fuel for exercise
Fuel for exercise
Basic concepts of training theory: WC HPE 345
Basic concepts of training theory: WC HPE 345
Cardiovascular response to exercise avik baxsu
Cardiovascular response to exercise avik baxsu
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Respiratory response to exercise
Respiratory response to exercise
Muscles
Muscles
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance
Atp-pc system
Atp-pc system
Effects on cardiovascular system
Effects on cardiovascular system
Hormonal responses to exercise
Hormonal responses to exercise
Energy systems main lesson
Energy systems main lesson
Fiber types, energy sources
Fiber types, energy sources
Over load
Over load
Aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic and anaerobic
Altitude Training
Altitude Training
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
En vedette
Presentation 04 - Bioenergetics And Digestion in Lower Forms
Presentation 04 - Bioenergetics And Digestion in Lower Forms
Ma'am Dawn
Biochemistry Bioenergetics
Biochemistry Bioenergetics
Olena Rodina
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics
Mohammad Junaid
FISIOLOGI SENAM laboratory testing to improve triathlon performance
FISIOLOGI SENAM laboratory testing to improve triathlon performance
Amin Upsi
B4 lesson part one
B4 lesson part one
samuelaylward
Pemakanan dan metabolisme
Pemakanan dan metabolisme
Mahes Kumaran
Unit 5 notes
Unit 5 notes
andymartin
FISIOLOGI SENAM Temperature regulation
FISIOLOGI SENAM Temperature regulation
Amin Upsi
DNA Repair
DNA Repair
Maria Angelica Zapata Gonzalez
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Kathleen Cercone
Trabajo lengua pueblo Araceli
Trabajo lengua pueblo Araceli
Paco Carmona
Proyecto Grey Bravo, Leslie Diaz.
Proyecto Grey Bravo, Leslie Diaz.
Grey Andrea Bravo Navarro
Slideshare
Slideshare
Sarah R. Johnson
siente la música y baila
siente la música y baila
aana96
Report of x-jatropha
Report of x-jatropha
Syed Arif Ali Shah
The Integra Network and the future of Integra : trends and policies
The Integra Network and the future of Integra : trends and policies
IntegraNetwork
Rutt 1 - Kotti (1)
Rutt 1 - Kotti (1)
Kotteeswaran Kamalakannan
,Etodos
,Etodos
Alex Enrique Alcantara Cabanillas
Интернет портал "Ваше право"
Интернет портал "Ваше право"
ABurdukin
Depression war and cold war by higgs
Depression war and cold war by higgs
TaxScout Inc.
En vedette
(20)
Presentation 04 - Bioenergetics And Digestion in Lower Forms
Presentation 04 - Bioenergetics And Digestion in Lower Forms
Biochemistry Bioenergetics
Biochemistry Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics
FISIOLOGI SENAM laboratory testing to improve triathlon performance
FISIOLOGI SENAM laboratory testing to improve triathlon performance
B4 lesson part one
B4 lesson part one
Pemakanan dan metabolisme
Pemakanan dan metabolisme
Unit 5 notes
Unit 5 notes
FISIOLOGI SENAM Temperature regulation
FISIOLOGI SENAM Temperature regulation
DNA Repair
DNA Repair
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Trabajo lengua pueblo Araceli
Trabajo lengua pueblo Araceli
Proyecto Grey Bravo, Leslie Diaz.
Proyecto Grey Bravo, Leslie Diaz.
Slideshare
Slideshare
siente la música y baila
siente la música y baila
Report of x-jatropha
Report of x-jatropha
The Integra Network and the future of Integra : trends and policies
The Integra Network and the future of Integra : trends and policies
Rutt 1 - Kotti (1)
Rutt 1 - Kotti (1)
,Etodos
,Etodos
Интернет портал "Ваше право"
Интернет портал "Ваше право"
Depression war and cold war by higgs
Depression war and cold war by higgs
Similaire à FISIOLOGI SENAM Bioenergetics
bioenergetics_0.ppt
bioenergetics_0.ppt
El Saadany Mohamad
bioenergetics and metabolism.ppt
bioenergetics and metabolism.ppt
WardahKhan30
Lesson 4 outline
Lesson 4 outline
Anne Ardusias
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 23 Metabolism Introduction
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 23 Metabolism Introduction
Shaina Mavreen Villaroza
Biotechnology Enzyme engineering lecture.pptx
Biotechnology Enzyme engineering lecture.pptx
amandiminali13
B2-3.2 factors affecting enzyme action
B2-3.2 factors affecting enzyme action
Miss Lavin
Metabolism
Metabolism
Nursing Path
Session no. 3.2. energy transformation cellular respiration
Session no. 3.2. energy transformation cellular respiration
anonymous143
7. Introduction to Metabolism (Prescott) .ppt
7. Introduction to Metabolism (Prescott) .ppt
Christine Elnas
Module 1 Metabolism.pptx
Module 1 Metabolism.pptx
DennisCas1
catalyses and the use of energy by cells
catalyses and the use of energy by cells
Kifayat Ullah
3-+Nucleic+Acids,+Proteins+and+Enzymes.ppt
3-+Nucleic+Acids,+Proteins+and+Enzymes.ppt
alreemalsawafi2006
Ch03 lecture nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes
Ch03 lecture nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes
Tia Hohler
Human Energy
Human Energy
Maham Taj
PROTEINS HUMAN NUT
PROTEINS HUMAN NUT
Earlene McNair
2.5 enzymes
2.5 enzymes
Bob Smullen
Chapter 7.pptx
Chapter 7.pptx
AngelicaLayus1
Metabolism & Cellular Respiration
Metabolism & Cellular Respiration
Timothy Welsh
MACROMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULES
SELETELO STUURMAN
section 1, chapter 4
section 1, chapter 4
Michael Walls
Similaire à FISIOLOGI SENAM Bioenergetics
(20)
bioenergetics_0.ppt
bioenergetics_0.ppt
bioenergetics and metabolism.ppt
bioenergetics and metabolism.ppt
Lesson 4 outline
Lesson 4 outline
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 23 Metabolism Introduction
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 23 Metabolism Introduction
Biotechnology Enzyme engineering lecture.pptx
Biotechnology Enzyme engineering lecture.pptx
B2-3.2 factors affecting enzyme action
B2-3.2 factors affecting enzyme action
Metabolism
Metabolism
Session no. 3.2. energy transformation cellular respiration
Session no. 3.2. energy transformation cellular respiration
7. Introduction to Metabolism (Prescott) .ppt
7. Introduction to Metabolism (Prescott) .ppt
Module 1 Metabolism.pptx
Module 1 Metabolism.pptx
catalyses and the use of energy by cells
catalyses and the use of energy by cells
3-+Nucleic+Acids,+Proteins+and+Enzymes.ppt
3-+Nucleic+Acids,+Proteins+and+Enzymes.ppt
Ch03 lecture nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes
Ch03 lecture nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes
Human Energy
Human Energy
PROTEINS HUMAN NUT
PROTEINS HUMAN NUT
2.5 enzymes
2.5 enzymes
Chapter 7.pptx
Chapter 7.pptx
Metabolism & Cellular Respiration
Metabolism & Cellular Respiration
MACROMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULES
section 1, chapter 4
section 1, chapter 4
Plus de Amin Upsi
TITAS Bangunan sultan abdul samad kuala lumpur
TITAS Bangunan sultan abdul samad kuala lumpur
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Komunikasi dalam kumpulan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Komunikasi dalam kumpulan
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan interper...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan interper...
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan komuni...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan komuni...
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Tingkah laku non verbal dalam komunikasi inte...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Tingkah laku non verbal dalam komunikasi inte...
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran pengurusan konflik
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran pengurusan konflik
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran mendengar dalam komunikasi interper...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran mendengar dalam komunikasi interper...
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Membina hubungan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Membina hubungan
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Hubungan kait antara komunikasi verbal dan no...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Hubungan kait antara komunikasi verbal dan no...
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Bahasa sebagai alat perundingan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Bahasa sebagai alat perundingan
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL persepsi individu dalam komunikasi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL persepsi individu dalam komunikasi
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi dan konsep diri
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi dan konsep diri
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL pemikiran kritikal dan komunikasi interpersonal
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL pemikiran kritikal dan komunikasi interpersonal
Amin Upsi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi interpersonal
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi interpersonal
Amin Upsi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tingkah laku prososial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tingkah laku prososial
Amin Upsi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL pengaruh soaial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL pengaruh soaial
Amin Upsi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tarikan interpersonal dan hubungan
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tarikan interpersonal dan hubungan
Amin Upsi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL prejudis dan diskriminasi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL prejudis dan diskriminasi
Amin Upsi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL membina kendiri
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL membina kendiri
Amin Upsi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL sikap ; bagaimana menilai persekitaran sosial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL sikap ; bagaimana menilai persekitaran sosial
Amin Upsi
Plus de Amin Upsi
(20)
TITAS Bangunan sultan abdul samad kuala lumpur
TITAS Bangunan sultan abdul samad kuala lumpur
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Komunikasi dalam kumpulan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Komunikasi dalam kumpulan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan interper...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan interper...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan komuni...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Dinamika sosio budaya dalam hubungan komuni...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Tingkah laku non verbal dalam komunikasi inte...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Tingkah laku non verbal dalam komunikasi inte...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran pengurusan konflik
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran pengurusan konflik
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran mendengar dalam komunikasi interper...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Kemahiran mendengar dalam komunikasi interper...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Membina hubungan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Membina hubungan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Hubungan kait antara komunikasi verbal dan no...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Hubungan kait antara komunikasi verbal dan no...
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Bahasa sebagai alat perundingan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL Bahasa sebagai alat perundingan
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL persepsi individu dalam komunikasi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL persepsi individu dalam komunikasi
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi dan konsep diri
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi dan konsep diri
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL pemikiran kritikal dan komunikasi interpersonal
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL pemikiran kritikal dan komunikasi interpersonal
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi interpersonal
KOMUNIKASI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL komunikasi interpersonal
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tingkah laku prososial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tingkah laku prososial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL pengaruh soaial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL pengaruh soaial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tarikan interpersonal dan hubungan
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL tarikan interpersonal dan hubungan
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL prejudis dan diskriminasi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL prejudis dan diskriminasi
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL membina kendiri
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL membina kendiri
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL sikap ; bagaimana menilai persekitaran sosial
PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL sikap ; bagaimana menilai persekitaran sosial
Dernier
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
Denish Jangid
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
Celine George
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
VikramadityaRaj
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
NitinDeodare
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
Sanjay Shekar
Word Stress rules esl .pptx
Word Stress rules esl .pptx
Nicholas Montgomery
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
Dabee Kamal
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
CapitolTechU
Financial Accounting IFRS, 3rd Edition-dikompresi.pdf
Financial Accounting IFRS, 3rd Edition-dikompresi.pdf
MinawBelay
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
QucHHunhnh
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
Pragya - UEM Kolkata Quiz Club
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
Celine George
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Rased Khan
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya - UEM Kolkata Quiz Club
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
17thcssbs2
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
bu07226
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
jmorse8
Dernier
(20)
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
Word Stress rules esl .pptx
Word Stress rules esl .pptx
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
Financial Accounting IFRS, 3rd Edition-dikompresi.pdf
Financial Accounting IFRS, 3rd Edition-dikompresi.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
FISIOLOGI SENAM Bioenergetics
1.
Scott K. Powers
• Edward T. HowleyScott K. Powers • Edward T. Howley Theory and Application to Fitness and PerformanceTheory and Application to Fitness and Performance SEVENTH EDITION Chapter Presentation prepared by: Brian B. Parr, Ph.D. University of South Carolina Aiken Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display outside of classroom use. Bioenergetics
2.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Objectives 1. Discuss the functions of the cell membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria. 2. Define the following terms: (1) endergonic reactions, (2) exergonic reactions, (3) coupled reactions, and (4) bioenergetics. 3. Describe the role of enzymes as catalysts in cellular chemical reactions. 4. List and discuss the nutrients that are used as fuels during exercise. 5. Identify the high-energy phosphates.
3.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Objectives 6. Discuss the biochemical pathways involved in anaerobic ATP production. 7. Discuss the aerobic production of ATP. 8. Describe the general scheme used to regulate metabolic pathways involved in bioenergetics. 9. Discuss the interaction between aerobic and anaerobic ATP production during exercise. 10. Identify the enzymes that are considered rate limiting in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
4.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Outline Cell Structure Biological Energy Transformation Cellular Chemical Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Enzymes Fuels for Exercise Carbohydrates Fats Proteins High-Energy Phosphates Bioenergetics Anaerobic ATP Production Aerobic ATP production Aerobic ATP Tally Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation Control of Bioenergetics Control of ATP-PC System Control of Glycolysis Control of Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
5.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Introduction • Metabolism – Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body – Anabolic reactions Synthesis of molecules – Catabolic reactions Breakdown of molecules • Bioenergetics – Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into energy
6.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cell Structure Cell Structure • Cell membrane – Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment • Nucleus – Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis Molecular biology • Cytoplasm – Fluid portion of cell – Contains organelles Mitochondria
7.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cell Structure A Typical Cell and Its Major Organelles Figure 3.1
8.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. In Summary Metabolism is defined as the total of all cellular reactions that occur in the body; this includes both the synthesis of molecules and the breakdown of molecules. Cell structure includes the following three major parts: (1) cell membrane, (2) nucleus, and (3) cytoplasm (called sarcoplasm in muscle). The cell membrane provides a protective barrier between the interior of the cell and the extracellular fluid. Genes (located within the nucleus) regulate protein synthesis within the cell. The cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the cell and contains numerous organelles Cell Structure
9.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A Closer Look 3.1 Molecular Biology and Exercise Science • Study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes – Relationship between genes and cellular characteristics they control • Genes code for specific cellular proteins – Process of protein synthesis • Exercise training results in modifications in protein synthesis – Strength training results in increased synthesis of muscle contractile protein • Molecular biology provides “tools” for understanding the cellular response to exercise Cell Structure
10.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Steps Leading to Protein Synthesis Figure 3.2 1. DNA contains information to produce proteins. 2. Transcription produces mRNA. 3. mRNA leaves nucleus and binds to ribosome. 4. Amino acids are carried to the ribosome by tRNA. 5. In translation, mRNA is used to determine the arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Biological Energy Transformation
11.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biological Energy Transformation Cellular Chemical Reactions • Endergonic reactions – Require energy to be added – Endothermic • Exergonic reactions – Release energy – Exothermic • Coupled reactions – Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction
12.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Breakdown of Glucose: An Exergonic Reaction Figure 3.3 Biological Energy Transformation
13.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biological Energy Transformation Figure 3.4 The energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction Coupled Reactions
14.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Oxidation – Removing an electron • Reduction – Addition of an electron • Oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions • Often involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and therefore is oxidized • Importance of NAD and FAD Biological Energy Transformation
15.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Involving NAD and NADH Biological Energy Transformation Figure 3.5
16.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Enzymes • Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions – Lower the energy of activation • Factors that regulate enzyme activity – Temperature – pH • Interact with specific substrates – Lock and key model Biological Energy Transformation
17.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Enzymes Catalyze Reactions Biological Energy Transformation Figure 3.6 Enzymes lower the energy of activation
18.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action Figure 3.7 a) Substrate (sucrose) approaches the active site on the enzyme. b) Substrate fits into the active site, forming enzyme- substrate complex. c) The enzyme releases the products (glucose and fructose). Biological Energy Transformation
19.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Applications 3.1 Diagnostic Value of Measuring Enzyme Activity in the Blood Biological Energy Transformation • Damaged cells release enzymes into the blood – Enzyme levels in blood indicate disease or tissue damage • Diagnostic application – Elevated lactate dehydogenase or creatine kinase in the blood may indicate a myocardial infarction
20.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Examples of the Diagnostic Value of Enzymes in Blood Biological Energy Transformation
21.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biological Energy Transformation Classification of Enzymes • Oxidoreductases – Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions • Transferases – Transfer elements of one molecule to another • Hydrolases – Cleave bonds by adding water • Lyases – Groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or added to a double bond • Isomerases – Rearrangement of the structure of molecules • Ligases – Catalyze bond formation between substrate molecules
22.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Example of the Major Classes of Enzymes Biological Energy Transformation
23.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors That Alter Enzyme Activity • Temperature – Small rise in body temperature increases enzyme activity – Exercise results in increased body temperature • pH – Changes in pH reduces enzyme activity – Lactic acid produced during exercise Biological Energy Transformation
24.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Effect of Body Temperature on Enzyme Activity Biological Energy Transformation Figure 3.8
25.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Biological Energy Transformation Figure 3.9
26.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Carbohydrates • Glucose – Blood sugar • Glycogen – Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle Synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase – Glycogenolysis Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Fuels for Exercise
27.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Fats • Fatty acids – Primary type of fat used by the muscle – Triglycerides Storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue Breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids • Phospholipids – Not used as an energy source • Steroids – Derived from cholesterol – Needed to synthesize sex hormones Fuels for Exercise
28.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Fuels for Exercise Protein • Composed of amino acids • Some can be converted to glucose in the liver – Gluconeogenesis • Others can be converted to metabolic intermediates – Contribute as a fuel in muscle • Overall, protein is not a primary energy source during exercise
29.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. In Summary The body uses carbohydrate, fat, and protein nutrients consumed daily to provide the necessary energy to maintain cellular activities both at rest and during exercise. During exercise, the primary nutrients used for energy are fats and carbohydrates, with protein contributing a relatively small amount of the total energy used. Glucose is stored in animal cells as a polysaccharide called glycogen. Fatty acids are the primary form of fat used as an energy source in cells. Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in muscle and fat cells. Fuels for Exercise
30.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – Consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates • Synthesis • Breakdown ADP + Pi → ATP ADP + Pi + EnergyATP ATPase High-Energy Phosphates High-Energy Phosphates
31.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Structure of ATP High-Energy Phosphates Figure 3.10
32.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Model of ATP as the Universal Energy Donor Figure 3.11 High-Energy Phosphates
33.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bioenergetics • Formation of ATP – Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown – Degradation of glucose and glycogen Glycolysis – Oxidative formation of ATP • Anaerobic pathways – Do not involve O2 – PC breakdown and glycolysis • Aerobic pathways – Require O2 – Oxidative phosphorylation Bioenergetics
34.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ATP + CPC + ADP Creatine kinase Anaerobic ATP Production • ATP-PC system – Immediate source of ATP • Glycolysis – Glucose → 2 pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid – Energy investment phase Requires 2 ATP – Energy generation phase Produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate Bioenergetics
35.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Winning Edge 3.1 Does Creatine Supplementation Improve Exercise Performance? • Depletion of PC may limit short-term, high-intensity exercise • Creatine monohydrate supplementation – Increased muscle PC stores – Some studies show improved performance in short- term, high-intensity exercise Inconsistent results may be due to water retention and weight gain – Increased strength and fat-free mass with resistance training • Creatine supplementation does not appear to pose health risks Bioenergetics
36.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A Closer Look 3.2 Lactic Acid or Lactate? • Terms lactic acid and lactate used interchangeably – Lactate is the conjugate base of lactic acid • Lactic acid is produced in glycolysis – Rapidly disassociates to lactate and H+ Figure 3.12 The ionization of lactic acid forms the conjugate base called lactate Bioenergetics
37.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Two Phases of Glycolysis Figure 3.13 Bioenergetics
38.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Interaction Between Blood Glucose and Muscle Glycogen in Glycolysis Figure 3.14 Bioenergetics
39.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bioenergetics Figure 3.15 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
40.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Glycolysis: Energy Generation Phase Bioenergetics Figure 3.15
41.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Transport hydrogens and associated electrons – To mitochondria for ATP generation (aerobic) – To convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid (anaerobic) • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) • Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) NAD + 2H+ → NADH + H+ FAD + 2H+ → FADH2 Hydrogen and Electron Carrier Molecules Bioenergetics
42.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A Closer Look 3.3 NADH is “Shuttled” into Mitochondria • NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to NAD – By converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid – By “shuttling” H+ into the mitochondria • A specific transport system shuttles H+ across the mitochondrial membrane – Located in the mitochondrial membrane Bioenergetics
43.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Lactic Acid Figure 3.16 The addition of two H+ to pyruvic acid forms NAD and lactic acid Bioenergetics
44.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The immediate source of energy for muscular contraction is the high-energy phosphate ATP. ATP is degraded via the enzyme ATPase as follows: Formation of ATP without the use of O2 is termed anaerobic metabolism. In contrast, the production of ATP using O2 as the final electron acceptor is referred to as aerobic metabolism. In Summary ADP + Pi + EnergyATP ATPase Bioenergetics
45.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exercising skeletal muscles produce lactic acid. However, once produced in the body, lactic acid is rapidly converted to its conjugate base, lactate. Muscle cells can produce ATP by any one or a combination of three metabolic pathways: (1) ATP-PC system, (2) glycolysis, (3) oxidative ATP production. The ATP-PC system and glycolysis are two anaerobic metabolic pathways that are capable of producing ATP without O2. In Summary Bioenergetics
46.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bioenergetics Aerobic ATP Production • Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) – Pyruvic acid (3 C) is converted to acetyl-CoA (2 C) CO2 is given off – Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6 C) – Citrate is metabolized to oxaloacetate Two CO2 molecules given off – Produces three molecules of NADH and one FADH – Also forms one molecule of GTP Produces one ATP
47.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Three Stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation Figure 3.17 Bioenergetics
48.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Krebs Cycle Figure 3.18 Bioenergetics
49.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bioenergetics Fats and Proteins in Aerobic Metabolism • Fats – Triglycerides → glycerol and fatty acids – Fatty acids → acetyl-CoA Beta-oxidation – Glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise • Protein – Broken down into amino acids – Converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates
50.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bioenergetics Figure 3.19 Relationship Between the Metabolism of Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats
51.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aerobic ATP Production • Electron transport chain – Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria – Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes) to produce ATP Each NADH produces 2.5 ATP Each FADH produces 1.5 ATP – Called the chemiosmotic hypothesis – H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water Bioenergetics
52.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bioenergetics The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of ATP Formation • Electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane – Results in H+ gradient across membrane • Energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane
53.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 3.20 The Electron Transport Chain Bioenergetics
54.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A Closer Look 3.4 Beta Oxidation is the Process of Converting Fatty Acids to Acetyl-CoA • Breakdown of triglycerides releases fatty acids • Fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA to be used as a fuel – Activated fatty acid (fatty acyl-CoA) into mitochondrion – Fatty acid “chopped” into 2 carbon fragments forming acetyl-CoA • Acetyl-CoA enters Krebs cycle and is used for energy Bioenergetics
55.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Beta Oxidation Figure 3.21 Bioenergetics
56.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Oxidative phosphorylation or aerobic ATP production occurs in the mitochondria as a result of a complex interaction between the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The primary role of the Krebs cycle is to complete the oxidation of substrates and form NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain. The end result of the electron transport chain is the formation of ATP and water. Water is formed by oxygen-accepting electrons; hence, the reason we breathe oxygen is to use it as the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism. In Summary Bioenergetics
57.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A Closer Look 3.5 A New Look at the ATP Balance Sheet • Historically, 1 glucose produced 38 ATP • Recent research indicates that 1 glucose produces 32 ATP – Energy provided by NADH and FADH also used to transport ATP out of mitochondria. – 3 H+ must pass through H+ channels to produce 1 ATP – Another H+ needed to move the ATP across the mitochondrial membrane Aerobic ATP Tally
58.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Metabolic Process High-Energy Products ATP from Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP Subtotal Glycolysis 2 ATP 2 NADH — 5 2 (if anaerobic) 7 (if aerobic) Pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA 2 NADH 5 12 Krebs cycle 2 GTP 6 NADH 2 FADH — 15 3 14 29 32 Grand Total 32 Aerobic ATP Tally Per Glucose Molecule Aerobic ATP Tally
59.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32 moles ATP/mole glucose x 7.3 kcal/mole ATP 686 kcal/mole glucose x 100 = 34% Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation • One mole of ATP has energy yield of 7.3 kcal • 32 moles of ATP are formed from one mole of glucose • Potential energy released from one mole of glucose is 686 kcal/mole • Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 34% – 66% of energy released as heat
60.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose results in the production of 32 ATP molecules, whereas the aerobic yield for glycogen breakdown is 33 ATP. The overall efficiency of aerobic of aerobic respiration is approximately 34%, with the remaining 66% of energy being released as heat. In Summary Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation
61.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Control of Bioenergetics • Rate-limiting enzymes – An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway • Modulators of rate-limiting enzymes – Levels of ATP and ADP+Pi High levels of ATP inhibit ATP production Low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi stimulate ATP production – Calcium may stimulate aerobic ATP production Control of Bioenergetics
62.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 3.22 Example of a Rate-Limiting Enzyme Control of Bioenergetics
63.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors Known to Affect Rate-Limiting Enzymes Pathway Rate-Limiting Enzyme Stimulators Inhibitors ATP-PC system Creatine kinase ADP ATP Glycolysis Phosphofructokinase AMP, ADP, Pi, ↑pH ATP, CP, citrate, ↓pH Krebs cycle Isocitrate dehydrogenase ADP, Ca ++ , NAD ATP, NADH Electron transport chain Cytochrome Oxidase ADP, Pi ATP Control of Bioenergetics
64.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Metabolism is regulated by enzymatic activity. An enzyme that regulates a metabolic pathway is termed a “rate-limiting” enzyme. The rate-limiting enzyme for glycolysis is phosphofructokinase, while the rate-limiting enzymes for the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase, respectively. In general, cellular levels of ATP and ADP+Pi regulate the rate of metabolic pathways involved in the production of ATP. High levels of ATP inhibit further ATP production, while low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi stimulate ATP production. Evidence also exists that calcium may stimulate aerobic energy metabolism. In Summary Control of Bioenergetics
65.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production • Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between aerobic and anaerobic pathways • Effect of duration and intensity – Short-term, high-intensity activities Greater contribution of anaerobic energy systems – Long-term, low to moderate-intensity exercise Majority of ATP produced from aerobic sources Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
66.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production Figure 3.23 The Winning Edge 3.2 Contribution of Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production During Sporting Events
67.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction of anaerobic and aerobic pathways. In general, the shorter the activity (high intensity), the greater the contribution of anaerobic energy production. In contrast, long-term activities (low to moderate intensity) utilize ATP produced from aerobic sources. In Summary Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
68.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Study Questions 1. List and briefly discuss the functions of the three major components of cell structure. 2. Briefly explain the concept of coupled reactions. 3. Define the following terms: (1) bioenergetics, (2) endergonic reactions, and (3) exergonic reactions. 4. Discuss the role of enzymes as catalysts. What is meant by the expression “energy of activation”? 5. Where do glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the cell? 6. Define the terms glycogen, glycogenolysis, and glycolysis.
69.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Study Questions 7. What are the high-energy phosphates? Explain the statement that “ATP is the universal energy donor.” 8. Define the terms aerobic and anaerobic. 9. Briefly discuss the function of glycolysis in bioenergetics. What role does NAD play in glycolysis? 10. Discuss the operation of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain in the aerobic production of ATP. What is the function of NAD and FAD in these pathways?
70.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Study Questions 11. What is the efficiency of the aerobic degradation of glucose? 12. What is the role of oxygen in aerobic metabolism? 13. What are the rate-limiting enzymes for the following metabolic pathways: ATP-PC system, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain? 14. Briefly discuss the interaction of anaerobic versus aerobic ATP production during exercise. 15. Discuss the chemiosmotic theory of ATP production.
71.
Chapter 3 Copyright ©2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Study Questions 16. List and define the six classes of enzymes identified by the International Union of Biochemistry. 17. Briefly discuss the impact of changes in both temperature and pH on enzyme function. 18. Discuss the relationship between lactic acid and lactate.
Télécharger maintenant