Unit 5 the industrial revolution

VOCABULARY
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Industrial Revolution (Revolución
Industrial)
industrialisation (industriaización)
working class (clase trabajadora)
efficient (eficiente)
work-force(fuerza de trabajo)
enclosure (cercamiento)
profitable (rentable)
steam engine (máquina de vapor)
invest (invertir)
network (red)
capitalist (capitalista)
social inequality (desigualdad social)
proletariat (proletariado)
infrastructure (infraestructura)
strike (huelga)
social insurance (seguridad social)
oppressed (oprimir)
commune (comuna)
petition (petición)
Almudena Corrales Marbán

Between 1750 and 1870, two very different revolutions
took place simultaneously in Europe: the French
Revolution (unit 4), which led to political transformation,
and the Industrial Revolution (this unit), which brought
about dramatic economic and technological changes.
These revolutions had an enormous impact on society; in
this period and years after.

INTRODUCTION
• Between 1780 and 1850 there was a major transformation of goods
production systems: the Industrial Revolution. It started in Great
Britain and then it spread to Europe and the United States of America.
• Following the introduction of energy resources, coal and steam,
machines gradually started to replace manual labour.
• Industrial capitalism emerged, based on private ownership of
production systems and free enterprise. This prompted the groth of the
bourgeoisie and the formation of the proletariat, establishing a class
society.
• Towards the end of the 19th century, the industrialised countries
experienced further economic growth. The introduction of energy
sources, electricity and oil led to a second Industrial Revolution.

1. THE CAUSES OF THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industria Revolution originated in Great
Britain in the 1750s and continued into the
19th century expanded through Europe.
During this period technological advances
transformed economy..
Why Great Britain?
A combination of factors made it possible.
1. Population growth
2. Agricultural improvements
3. Increased trade
4. Technological progress
5. Financial support from agriculture
and trade
6. Favourable political and social
structure

1.1. Population growth
During the 18th century, living conditions
improved in Europe due to advances in
nutricion, hygiene and medicine. These
improvements led to population growth.
As a result, the demand for food and other
goods increased, which stimulated
agricultural and industrial production. In
addition, population growth also provided
a larger work-force.

1.2. Agricultural improvements
1. In the 18th century a series of Enclosure Acts
(laws) were passed in Great Britain thtat
enclosed open fields and common lands, which
created larger and more profitable farms.
Sometimes these acts meant that many local
people lost their right to cultivate the land.
2. By the early 19th century, farmers were
beginning to use the Norfolk crop rotation
system. It meant that no land remained fallow
(unused).
3. New machinery was also introduced, along
with new crops and fertiilisers. As result the
population, which now had access to a richer and
more varied diet, continued to grow.

1.3. Increased trade
Great Britain’s dominance of maritime
trade routes led to the rapid expansion
of transatlantic commence. Domestic
trade also increased due to the greater
demand for goods. This expansion of
trade encouraged industrialization
because the profits fom the trade were
used to finance industrial
development.

1.4. Technological progress
The most important technological innovation
during the industrialisation was the
introduction of machinery. Each technical
advance meant an increase in productivity and
reduced costs: the product became cheaper,
demand increased and higher profits resulted.
The early machines were powered by humans
and then later by hydroelectric energy.
However, it was the steam engine, invented by
James Watt in 1769, that became a symbol of
the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine
used coal as fuel, replacing the traditional
energy resources.

THE FACTORIES
In the meantime, manufacturing systems
were moved into a large spaces called
factories, in order to house the
machinery, new energy sources and
workforce under one roof. Work in the
factories was divided up and each
worker carried out only a part of the
production process.
(Remember the film Modern Times by
Charles Chaplin)

1.5. Financial support from
agriculture and trade
In Great Britain, agriculture and commercial
activities provided capital that could be invested
in industry. This investment was essential
because industries required large amounts
of money to pay for factories, machinery, raw
materials, fuel and worker’s wages. (long
term process)

1.6. Favourable political
and social structure
Great Britain’s allowed th bourgeoisie to
participate in the government and political
decision-making. As result, this social group was
able to promote measures that advanced its
economic interests, such as laws to liberalise
industrial production.

2. KEY ELEMENTS OF
INDUSTRIALISATION
During the Industrial Revolution, three areas made an especial
contribution to economic growth:
1. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
2. IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
3. THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION

2.1. Textile industry
In Great Britain, the first sector to use
machines was the cotton industry. In the
18th century, Great Britain imported large
quantities of cotton cloth from India. In an
attempt to stimulate its domestic cotton
industry, Britain decided to ban imports of
finished cotton cloth products from India.
As a result, and in order to manage the
increase in domestic production, new
inventions appeared, notably the flying
shuttle (1733) and the spinning jenny. These
new machines enable large amounts of fabric
to be made in less time and for less money
(competitive prices)

2.2. Iron and steel production
One factor that contributed to the
development of industry in Great Britain was
the nation’s large supply of coal and iron
ore. For centuries, the British had converted
their iron ores to iron and steel by heating the
raw material with charcoal.
However, it was the use of coke (a solid fuel
made by heating coal) in the blast furnaces
that led to a major developmen in the
production of iron as a raw material. The
development of Bessemer’s converter
allowed factories to produce much larger
quatities of steel.

2.3. The transport revolution
The early part of the Industrial Revolution
saw improvements made to roads and canals.
However, it was the use of steam engine on
trains and ships that really changed
transport.
The first passanger railway line was built
in England and joined the cities of
Manchester and Liverpool (1830). Over the
next few decades lines were built throughout
continental Europe. Train security and
reduced the cost of transporting goods.
The first steamboats began operating in the
US in 1807, and in 1847 ships could cross
the Atlantic in 15 days. (Barcos
transatlánticos)

THE RAILWAY
(El ferrocarril)
Railways were built throught Europe at first and
later spread throught the world. It was the steam
locomotive that really revolutionised
communications. The locomotive was a moving
steam engine and it pulles carriages for passangers
or goods. The pressure of the steam moved a piston
hosed inside a cylinder.
This revolutionary mean of
transport, one of the
symbols of the
industrialisation, was also
the protagonist of the first
film, projected by the
Lumière brothers.

3. INDUSTRIALISATION IN
EUROPE
During the 19th century, the Industrial
Revolution spread from Great Britain to
other countries, including Germany,
Belgium and France. This expansion took
place becuse these countries had:
• ABUNDANT RESERVES OF IRON AND
COAL
• GROWING POPULATION THAT
DEMANDED MORE GOODS
• WELL-DEVELOPED RAILWAY NETWORKS
TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT

3.1 Industrialisation in Spain
Industrialisation took place later in Spain and happened more slowly than in
other countries. This was due to the following factors:
1. Spanish coal depositis were generally of poor quality
2. Spain was less technologically advanced than other countries.
(Landowners insisted on buying more land with the intention of making a
living out of renting it to free peasants, instead of investing their capital on
machines and factories)
3. Great Britain and France invested in the Spanish railways and the
mining insdustry, for example in Río Tinto in Huelva. These investments
benefited Great Britain and France, but did little to promote insdustrial
development in Spain.

4. A CLASS-BASED SOCIETY
At the end of the 18th century, a
new type of social organisation was
emerging in Europe, which replced
the traditional estates system of the
Ancein Régime. In this new class-
based society, poeple’s social
status depended on their work
and their personal wealth, and
not on they family background.
• Society was divided into three groups:
upper class, the middle class and the
working class.
• People’s social class was determined by
their profession and wealth.
• Society was open, so people’s social class
could change if their personal situation
changed.
• In theory, all citizens were now equal
under the law, without special privileges.
• In practice, there were great economic
inequalities.

MIDDLE- CLASS NEIGHBOURHOODS
Middle-class neighbourhoods were
extensions of the historic city centre,
built far away from the noise and
pollution of the factories. They were
well planned with straight, wide
avenues, gas street lights, shops,
theatres and tram-lines. Homes were
usually large, well built and
comfortable, sometimes with
several floors.
WORKING-CLASS NEIGHBOURHOODS
Working-class neighbourhoods were
built in marginal areas on the outskirts of
the city, often near factories. The streets
were narrow and not well planeed,
and there was usually no lighting or
other public services. The houses in
these areas were usually small, poorly
built and uncomfortable.

5. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
The Industrial Revolution brought about two new
ideologies: capitalism as an economic system and
liberalism as a political doctrine. Economic liberalism is
the theory that free trade and non-government
intervention are key to successful economic growth.

5.1. Liberalism and capitalism
The father of economic liberalism was Adam
Smith. In his work, The Wealth of Nations
(1776), he established the principles of
economic liberalism:
1. Self-interest and the desire for maximun
benefits would drive the economy.
2. The market would self-regulate and prices
would be determined by supply and
demand levels.
3. Governments would not intervene in the
economy.
4. Private property would be an inviolable
right.

5.2. Banking and Finance
Industrial expansion led to the
appearance of new modern credit
facilities, such as the state bank. People
were encourage by the availability of
bank loans to invest in machineries.
As the Industrial Revolution grew, new
businesses had been owned by a sole
propietor. But industrialization led to
the formation of corporations, created
in order to raise capital for expansion.

5.2. Expansion of capitalism
In the early 19th century, industrialisation
spread to France and Belgium. This was mainly
due to the large reserves of iron and coal
which enabled the development of the steel
industry. It was also largely due to government
encouragement.
Between 1850 and 1870, Russia, Germany, the
USA and Japan also became industrialised.
In these countries, a few powerful companies in
each sector were created. The state and the
banks were involved in this process.
In Southern Europe, industrialised regions
and areas that remained rural coexisted.
Eastern Europe did not industrialised until
well into the 20th century.

6. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
In the new industrial society, a number of thinkers
emerged who denounced the injustices created by
capitalism. They proposed new models of social
organization.

6.1. The first workers’
associations
During the first two decades of the 19th
century, workers expressed their
opposition to the mechanisation of
production systems by destroying
machinery and setting fire to factories
(Luddism). They blamed mechanisation for
the low salaries and unemployment.
Meanwhile, some groups of workers
began to be class concious. They created
worker’s associations (mutual aid
societies), which originated in Britain in the
late 18th century, to provide mutual aid in
case of illness or unemployemnet.

6.2. UNIONISM
At first, the workers’ associations were
outlawed by the Liberal government. But
in 1825 the laws prohibiting them
were overeturned in Britain and the
first unions were established. In 1834
the Great Trade union was founded,
formed by workers of various trades.
The purpose of the unions was to
improve working conditions. Their initial
demands included the defence of the
right to form unions, the reduction of
the working hours , wage
improvements, and child labour
regulation.

6.3. MARXISM AND SOCIALISM
In the mid 19th century, Karl Marx introduced
the world to a radical form of socialism called
Marxism. Marx and Friedrich Engels outlined
their ideas in a pamphlet called the Communist
Manifesto.
Marx argued that the Industrial Revolution
had enriched the wealthy (the bourgeoisie)
and impoverished the working class (the
proletariat). The two writers predicted that in
the future the proletariat would overthrow the
upper classes in a worker’s revolution which
would destroy capitalism and create a classless
society.
In the late 19th Marxists created social labours
parties. These were introduced in the national
parliaments to promote:
• Better working conditions
• Female suffrage
• Progressive income tax
• Eight- hour working day

6.4. ANARCHISM
Anarchist thinkers (Proudhon, Bakunin or
Kropotkin) called for freedom of the
individual. They also advocated the
elimination of private property, the
defence of communal property and
classless society or state.
One sector advocated violent direct action
against the social foundations of capitalism
(the army, the state, the Church, the
bourgeoisie). Another sector supported the
creation of revolutionary unions (anarcho-
syndicalism), in order to improve workers’
conditions and foster social revolution.
Bakunin
Kropotkin

6.5. The international workers
Marxists and anarchists advocated the need to unite
the working class around the world in order to fight
capitalism.
In 1864 the International Worker’s Association
was created (the First International) which
united Marxists, anarchists and trade unionists.
The Association was disolved in 1876 due to the
differences that arose between Marxists and
anarchists.
In 1889, socialist leaders founded the Second
International or International Socialist in Paris. Its
purpose was to coordinate the programmes and
actions of the various socialists parties.
The Second International created some of the
symbols of the labour movement, such as the
workers’ anthem and May Day (Workers’ Day)

7. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
In the late 19th century new energy sources and industries prompted a Second
Industrial Revolution. This new wave of industrialisation spread to GERMANY,
THE USA AND JAPAN.
Electricity and oil were the new energy
sources. They invention of the dynamo
in 1869 was the first electrical
generator to deliver power for
industrial purposes. The dynamo was
the foundation for the future electrical
power conversion devices.
EDISON, New
Yersey 1901

Oil was first extracted in the USA in the
19th century. It was used as fuel for the
internal combustion engine, which led to
the invention of the car. This had a huge
impact on society even nowadays.
Henry Ford invented the family car and
it use spread rapidly. Diesel engines
were incorporated into ships, increasing
their capacity and speed
The new metals of this Second Industrial Revolution
were stainless steel and aluminium.
The chemical industry advanced in Germany and
new fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and other chemical
products were made.
Mass production of steel and reinforced concrete
enable the construction of the first skycrapers
First extractions of oil
Henry Ford. El Ford T

Unit 5 the industrial revolution

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