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1.  RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification.
 An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that:
– uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a
reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track..
– Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact
between reader/scanner and the tagged item.
– Attempts to provide unique identification and backend
integration that allows for wide range of applications

2.  Mario W. Cardullo claims to have received the first U.S.
patent for an active RFID tag with rewritable memory on
January 23, 1973.
 That same year, Charles Walton, a California
entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive transponder
used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an
embedded transponder communicated a signal to a reader
near the door

3.  A transponder is a wireless
communications, monitoring, or control device that
picks up and automatically responds to an incoming
signal. Transponders can be either passive or active.
 A passive transponder allows a computer or robot to
identify an object. Magnetic labels, such as those on
credit cards and store items, are common examples.
 Simple active transponders are employed in
location, identification, and navigation systems for
commercial and private aircraft.

4.  A Radio-Frequency IDentification system has three
pArts:
 A scanning antenna
 A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data
 A transponder - the RFID tag - that has been
programmed with information.
 RFID tag may be of one of two types:
 Active RFID tags
 Passive RFID tags

5. STEP 1 IC or microprocessor
Transceiver RFID
Tag Reader Tag
antenna
antenna

6.  STEP 2
Transceiver
RFID
Tag Reader
Tag
antenna
antenna

7.  No on-board power source (for example, a battery)
 Uses the power emitted from the reader to energize itself and
transmit its stored data to the reader.
 Reader always communicates first, followed by the tag.

8. ACTIVE RFID TAGS
 Has on-board power source (for example, a battery;
other sources of power, such as solar, are also possible).
 Own on-board power supply to transmit its data to a
reader.
 No need for reader's emitted power for data
transmission.

9. RFID system components

10. A paper label
with RFID inside
an antenna,
printed, etched
or stamped ...
… and a chip … on a substrate
attached to it e.g. a plastic
foil ...

11. oSome RFID tags

12.  Read-only tags
 Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing
 Can never be changed
 No additional data can be assigned to the tag
 Write once, read many (WORM) tags
 Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing
 Tag is locked once data is written
 Similar to a compact disc or DVD
 Read/Write
 Tag data can be changed over time
 Part or all of the data section can be locked

13.  Reader functions:
 Remotely power tags
 Establish a bidirectional data link
 Inventory tags, filter results
 Communicate with networked server(s)
 Can read 100-300 tags per second
 Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as
 Entrance/exit
 Point of sale
 Readers can also be mobile/hand-held.

14.  RFID tags do not require line-of-sight. They can be read
through cardboard, plastic, wood and even the human body.
 RFID tags are less susceptible to damage. An RFID tag is
securely placed within an object or embedded in
plastic, enabling the system to be used in a variety of harsh
environments, such as areas of high temperature or moisture.
 RFID Eliminates human errors, reduces labor and provides
quick access to a wealth of information.
 The data of a read-write (RW) RFID tag can be rewritten a
large number of times.

15.  Add an RFID tag to all items in the
grocery.
 As the cart leaves the store, it passes
through an RFID transceiver.
 The cart is rung up in seconds.

16.  No line of sight required for reading
 Multiple items can be read with a single scan
 Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)
 Individual items identified and not just the category
 Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime
 Active tags can be read from great distances
 Can be combined with barcode technology

17.  RFID systems are typically more expensive than alternatives
such as barcode systems.
 Tag collision and reader collision are common problems with
RFID. Tag collision occurs when numerous tags are present
in a confined area.
 RFID technology gives rise to numerous security concerns.
Since the system is not limited to line-of-sight, external (and
malicious) high-intensity directional antennas could be used
to scan sensitive tags.