CETPA INFOTECH PVT LTD is one of the IT education and training service provider brands of India that is preferably working in 3 most important domains. It includes IT Training services, software and embedded product development and consulting services. http://www.cetpainfotech.com

1. Embedded System and Its SCOPE
by
CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD.

2. What is a system?
A system is a way of working, organizing
or doing one or many tasks according to
a fixed plan, program or set of rules.
A system is also an arrangement in which
all its units assemble and work together
according to the plan or program.

3. SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH
• It is a time display SYSTEM
• Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial,
Chassis and Strap
• Rules
1. All needles move clockwise only
2. A thin needle rotates every second
3. A long needle rotates every minute
4. A short needle rotates every hour
5. All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

4. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An embedded system consists of hardware and software. When
chips are built into systems and software is loaded on that for a
particular functionality, it becomes an embedded system.
SOFTWARE PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h>
#use delay (clock=20000000)
#byte PORTB=6
main()
{
set_tris_b(0);
portb=255; //decimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0x55; //hexadecim
al
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0b10101010; //binary
delay_ms(500);
}

5. COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports,
etc.
• It has main Application Software
Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
• It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application
software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application
program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

6. EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE

7. EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
An embedded system is software designed to
keep in view three constraints:
– Available system memory
– Available processor speed
– The need to limit the power dissipation
When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for
events, run, stop and wakeup.

8. What makes embedded systems different?
• Real-time operation
• size
• cost
• time
• reliability
• safety
• energy
• security

9. CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1. Small Scale Embedded System
2. Medium Scale Embedded System
3. Sophisticated Embedded System

10. SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.
• Little hardware and software complexity.
• They May even be battery operated.
• Usually ―C‖ is used for developing these system.
• The need to limit power dissipation when system is running
continuously.
Programming tools:
Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler

11. MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced
Instructions Set Computers (RISC).
• Both hardware and software complexity.
Programming tools:
RTOS, Source code Engineering Tool,
Simulator, Debugger and Integrated
Development Environment (IDE).

12. SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• Enormous hardware and software complexity
• Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor and
programming logic arrays.
• Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware
units.
Programming Tools:
For these systems may not be readily available at a
reasonable cost or may not be available at all. A compiler or
retargetable compiler might have to br developed for this.

13. PROCESSOR
• A Processor is the heart of the Embedded
System.
• For an embedded system designer knowledge of
microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.
Two Essential Units: Operations
Control Unit (CU), Fetch
Execution Unit (EU) Execute

14. VARIOUS PROCESSOR
1. General Purpose processor (GPP)
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Embedded Processor
Digital signal Processor
2. Application Specific System Processor
(ASSP)
3. Multi Processor System using GPPs

15. MICROPROCESSOR
• A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductor
device also which is a computer on chip, but not a
complete computer.
• Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, a
stack pointer, some working register, a clock
timing circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip.
• To make complete micro computer, one must add
memory usually ROM and RAM, memory
decoder, an oscillator and a number of serial and
parallel ports.

16. VARIOUS MICROPROCESSORS
Intel Zilog
4004, 4040
8080, 8085 Z80, Z180, eZ80
8086, 8088, Z8, eZ8
80186, 80188 and others
80286, 80386
x86-64
Motorola
6800
6809
68000
G3, G4, G5

17. MICROCONTROLLER
• A microcontroller is a functional computer
system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor,
memory, and programmable input/output
peripherals.
• Microcontrollers include an integrated
CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM,
program memory, or both) and peripherals
capable of input and output.

18. VARIOUS MICROCONTROLLERS
INTEL
8031,8032,8051,8052,8751,8752
PIC
8-bit PIC16, PIC18,
16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24,
PIC16C7x
Motorola
MC68HC11

19. MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
It includes functional blocks of
The functional blocks are ALU, microprocessors & in addition has
registers, timing & control units timer, parallel i/o, RAM, EPROM,
ADC & DAC
Bit handling instruction is less, One Many type of bit handling
or two type only instruction
Rapid movements of code and Rapid movements of code and
data between external memory & MP data within MC
They are used for designing
It is used for designing general
application specific dedicated
purpose digital computers system
systems

20. EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
• Special microprocessors & microcontrollers
often called, Embedded processors.
• An embedded processor is used when fast
processing fast context-switching & atomic ALU
operations are needed.
Examples : ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

21. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
• DSP as a GPP is a single chip VLSI unit.
• It includes the computational capabilities of
microprocessor and multiply & accumulate units (MAC).
• DSP has large number of applications such as image
processing, audio, video & telecommunication
processing systems.
• It is used when signal processing functions are to be
processed fast.
Examples : TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx

22. APPLICATION SPECIFIC SYSTEM
PROCESSOR (ASSP)
• ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides
a faster solution.
• An ASSP is used as an additional processing
unit for running the application in place of using
embedded software.
Examples : IIM7100, W3100A

23. MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM USING GPPs
• Multiple processors are used when a
single processor does not meet the
needs of different task.
• The operations of all the processors
are synchronized to obtain an
optimum performance.

24. OTHER HARDWARE
• Power Source
• Clock Oscillator
• Real Time Clock (RTC)
• Reset Circuit, Power-up Reset and watchdog timer Reset
• Memory
• I/O Ports, I/O Buses
• Interrupt Handler
• DAC and ADC
• LCD and LED Display
• Keypad/Keyboard

25. SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE SIMULATOR
C Masm
C++
Dot Net
COMPILER
RIDE
KEIL

26. Example of Embedded System

27. Example of Embedded System

28. APPLICATIONS
•Household appliances:
Microwave ovens, Television, DVD
Players & Recorders
•Audio players
•Integrated systems in aircrafts and
missiles
•Cellular telephones
•Electric and Electronic Motor controllers
•Engine controllers in automobiles
•Calculators
• Medical equipments
•Videogames
•Digital musical instruments, etc.

29. Example of Embedded System
Traffic Signal

30. Example of Embedded System
MP3 PLAYER

31. Example of Embedded System
CAR

32. Example of Embedded System

33. Example of Embedded System

34. Industrial Use of Embedded System

35. 3.5 million jobs by 2015, but talent missing
• According to an ISA-Ernst & Young report of 2011, this industry
was about $6.5 billion in 2009 and is expected to log a compound
annual growth rate of 17.3 per cent to reach $10.6 billion in 2012.
• The report also suggests that the industry promises 3.5 million jobs
by 2015. But unfortunately, the industry is grappling with the
problem of talent shortage.
• Embedded software segment now offers more high-value activities
relating to middleware, driver design and associated applications.
The main reason for increased adoption of embedded software is
its use by electronics companies for increased device functionality,
reduced time-to-market and reduction in costs.

36. Raw talent: key challenge for companies
• Several engineering universities in the country are far
from understanding the requirements of the industry
and train the students accordingly.
• This has resulted into two extremes, where on one
hand the industry needs talent and on the other hand
there is an abundance of engineers who have not
been trained in necessary skills.
• Industry veterans term these engineers as ‗raw talent‘
and training to make them productive is a key
challenge for them.

37. • Companies face a tough time trying to recruit the right set of
people. There are certain portions in the entire embedded
ecosystem where generic electronics knowledge will help.
Hardware design is one example. But then there are certain
other segments, which require a good experience in device
driver, software amplification, etc. The industry is missing this
talent big time.

38. Roles available
• Embedded engineers write the software that controls the VLSI chips.
Embedded software can be any code which interacts with the hardware
layer, ranging from the hardware abstraction layer, device drivers,
kernel programming to application programming.
• To take up embedded software development as career, you need
to have a working knowledge of C, C++ and Java, with some
exposure to application software development. If you have
already done some programming for an embedded system, you
can expand your horizons by broadening your skill sets

39. • Embedded software is being developed using a variety of
embedded and real-time operating systems, such as embedded
NT, Windows CE and RTLinux. In addition, a variety of
development tools and IDEs for C, C++ and Java are available.
You need to learn application development in these various
environments.
• To be a successful programmer, you need a good
understanding of design alternatives—how to choose a
processor, an operating system, a programming language so
that you can develop cost-effective, reliable embedded software
with minimal development time. As many of the systems
become network enabled, a working knowledge of network
programming is also important. Also, you need to be aware of
the diversity of application areas and the specific requirements
of each.

40. • As a hardware/board designer, you could work on reference
board design, new board design, and board design derivatives
and modifications on existing boards. Reference boards are
used to validate the capabilities of designed silicon chips.
• The embedded hardware designer is responsible for hardware
design schematic , PCB layout, BOM creation, hardware
board debugging and testing, and system integration testing.
Desired skills are hardware design using 8-/16-/32-bit
microcontrollers, microprocessor-based systems, design of
medium-frequency boards, hardware design of analogue ,
mixed signal and digital, and understanding/ implementation
of the EMI and EMC concepts to hardware design.

41. Desired qualifications and skill set
• The minimum requirement is a bachelor‘s/ master‘s degree in
engineering with specialisation in electronics and electrical or
computer science. But it is preferable for a candidate to have some
hardware integration experience, good software coding skills and
the ability to deal with and develop algorithms to solve problems.
• Today, universities are offering special streams like software design
and engineering, microelectronics and automotive embedded
system. It is a great idea to undergo such a course as it will provide
the requisite industry knowledge in the field you want to pursue a
career.

42. VERY IMPORTANT
One important thing to remember though,
is that you should not think about yourself
as only a software guy or a hardware guy.
Rather, see yourself as more of a systems
person. You should be versatile enough to
be able to take risks and challenges when
troubleshooting a problem at the board
moving between hardware and software
areas.

43. Career growth over time
• As you gain experience and knowledge, you will be required
to work more independently making decisions, developing
designs and solving problems. With further experience, you
may become a technical specialist or supervisor in a team of
engineers or technicians. Eventually, you may become an
engineering manager or move into other managerial or
completely technical domain.
• As a fresher you might typecast yourself into a certain role.
Later on, this boundary has to blur totally. You have to start
understanding both hardware and software, device drivers,
register mapping and application software development.

44. • Also, as embedded system is part of many applications, you
have to figure out the domain knowledge. For example, if you
are working on embedded systems for telecom applications,
you should be able to find out the user experience and with
better creativity decide which layout or colour will look better.
You start becoming a system architect finally.
• Automotive, telecom and security are the industries where a
lot of embedded work is going on. Industrial and medical
applications, which were lagging behind, are also making
significant improvements. As a professional, you can switch
from one vertical to another as you gain knowledge of how an
embedded system works. One added advantage here will be
knowing the particular vertical requirements and applying the
related skill set.

45. Compensation
• Salaries are based on individual skill set and
qualifications. An engineer starting his career with
a bachelor‘s degree can expect anything between
Rs. 400,000 and Rs. 700,000 per annum. Many
companies give higher salaries to engineers with
M.Tech or Ph.D based on continual performance,
knowledge and competence. Unlike many other
industries, the embedded industry has seen quite
a steep salary growth across levels and it still
continues.

46. Some good institutions to study
CETPA INFOTECH (Two times awarded as the Best
IT and Embedded Training Company),IITs, NITs,
BITs, Punjab Engineering College, IT BHU, Thapar
and Delhi Technical University are some of the
names to reckon with for studying embedded
systems. Several engineering colleges now offer
M.Tech as well as certificate courses in embedded
systems design. Especially in Bengaluru, private
institutions are offering short term courses, which are
more focused.

47. Why CETPA ?
Two Times Award Winning Company in IT and Embedded System

48. Company Registration……

49. Awards

50. CETPA in News

51. CETPA in News

52. Looking ahead
• Much of the growth in embedded computer systems will be propelled
by more sophisticated, cloud connected embedded systems, which
will have faster chips, better connectivity and more advanced
operating systems and analytical software.
• An ever-increasing number of appliances will be monitored or
controlled remotely. Further developments in microelectronics will
lead to an era of invisible computing, wherein the computer does the
job we need but without an ubiquitous presence.
• As electronics becomes more and more pervasive in our lives with
the mobile phones, intelligent home appliances and vehicles, and
more recently the insulin pumps that reside inside the body, a career
in embedded systems seems only to be getting better with time, for
these are no longer talking of ‗cutting edge‘ but technology at the
‗bleeding edge!‘

53. Future of Embedded Technology

54. Companies
• SAMSUNG
• ST ELECTRONICS
• NOKIA
• APPLE
• MOTOROLA
• DRDO
• AND MANY MORE……………..

55. QUESTIONS PLEASE