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1. DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND RISK
MANAGEMENT;BARASA ODULA ELAIS(LLB,MSC,SMC,PHD-ON GOING
 I n , I n d i a l o s s o f l i f e , p r o p e r t y , s o c i a , e c o n o m i c d i s r u p t i o n s
b y i n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c i e s a n d s e v e r i t y o f n a t u r a l
d i s a s t e r s h a s i n c r e a s e d a w a r e n e s s o n m a n a g e m e n t a t a l l
l e v e l s .
 t e r r o r i s t a t t a c k , s p r e a d o f a n t h r a x f e a r i n i t s a f t e r m a t h
h a s s h i f t e d a t t e n t i o n t o w a r d s p o t e n t i a l d a n g e r o f
b i o l o g i c a l O R m a n m a d e d i s a s t e r s .
 m a n a g e m e n t i s a n i m p o r t a n t i s s u e d r a w s a t t e n t i o n o f
v a r i o u s s t a k e h o l d e r , c o m m u n i t y t o i n t r o s p e c t h o w
p r e p a r e d t o t a c k l e d i s a s t e r s .
 E f f o r t s , c h a l l e n g e s , i s s u e s o f d i s a s t e r m a n a g e m e n t a n d
e m e r g i n g s t r a t e g i e s i n m a n a g i n g f u t u r e d i s a s t e r s - b o t h
n a t u r a l a n d m a n m a d e .

2. INTRODUCTION
 Disasters, whether natural phenomenon or human activities, are real constraints
to development, a threat to environment.
 undermines developmental efforts, causes loss of life, scarce resources, reduction
of productivity, environmental degradation thus retarding growth.
 India is disaster prone country ;vulnerable to natural hazards; earthquake,
drought, cyclones, hailstorm flood, landslide, forest fire etc.
 With diverse geographical environment, population distribution, level of economic
development
 Occurrence of multifaceted disasters ;floods (cause largest property damage),
droughts (affecting most of people), earthquake (claiming cost lives) and cyclones
(frequent disasters) have Increased manifold.
 manmade disasters; road/train accidents, terrorism, chemical, biological, nuclear
threats add to Country's chronic troubles.

3. CONT…
 burgeoning population, destruction of coping mechanisms, lack of awareness at grassroots,
level has made speedy, sustainable and effective redressed Difficult.
 fall out of disaster has enhanced percentage of those subsisting below poverty line and
disadvantaged, rendered more disadvantageous than ever before.
 Too much attention has been paid to relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction after a disaster.
 country needs to focus on prevention and risk reduction strategies to combat disasters.
 Government needs to incorporate disaster management as one of essential components in
development initiatives through five year plans and other special developmental schemes.

4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Over years, numerous strategies have evolved in to cope with natural disasters; State providing
relief, when distress conditions are acute. However, response of depended upon character of
region and sensitivity of rulers.
 During British period, response achieved greater systematization of relief effort. initial effort at
disaster management dates back to 1880 when Famine Code erne bodying principle and
procedure of relief was formulated.
 emphasis on preparatory measures prior to crisis situation ,it represents improvement state's
response and institutionalization of relief administration as a part of on-going activity.
 post independent era, management became well established as a post-disaster activity.
 An integrated Mechanism exists within government framework, agencies too supplement
efforts of government in emergency situations .
 Academic, Scientific Technical, Research and Training, Institutions are working too . However,
focus gradually shifting from relief approach to disaster mitigation and preparedness.

5. A)FOR MANAGING NATURAL DISASTERS
I) APPROACH
 contingency plans existing at national, state, and district levels for responding to natural calamities.
 Contingency Action Plan , facilitates launching of relief ,rescue operations, identifies initiatives taken
by various Ministries/Departments , sets down procedures and determines focal point in
administrative machinery.
 Relief manual/Codes exists with every State that lay down procedures ,powers for emergency
management and provision of relief ,allocation of resources on regular basis, facilitates quick
response to natural calamities.
 Obtain information from noble officers on measures relating to above.
 Central Agencies/Departments, monitors developments taking place ,provides necessary feedback to
the government.
 At State level, responsibility of handling disasters rests with Revenue Department or Relief
Department.
 Important policy decisions taken by State Cabinet headed by Chief Minister.
 A state level coordination committee constituted which is headed by Chief Secretary; Each
coordinates disaster relief.

6. II) ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
 At Central level, Ministry of Agriculture ;Government primarily for management of
natural disasters.
 Other supporting Govt line ministries/ departments/organizations are:
 Indian Meteorological Department, Central Water Commission, Defense, Health &
Family Welfare, Power,
 Telecommunication, Food & Civil Supplies, Rural Development, Urban Development,
 Petroleum and Chemicals, Surface Transport, Railways, Home Affairs, Animal
Husbandry Finance, Science & Technology,
 Information & Broadcasting, Women & Child Development, Tribal Development,
Planning Commission etc.
 At District level, Collector co-ordinates relief and rehabilitation activities in
accordance with provisions of Relief Manuals. "In case of a disaster entire machinery
take immediate action.

7. B)MANAGING MANMADE/TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS
i) Nuclear Disaster
 primary responsibility to prevent and manage emergency situations due to nuclear accident
rests with Department of Atomic Energy . A Crisis Management Group has been functioning
since 1987, which gets activated immediately in' the event of any radiological
Disaster Management - Approach and Emerging Strategies in India
 nuclear emergency in public domain. It coordinates with the National Crisis Management
Committee at all levels, provide assistance in radiation measurement, protection and medical
assistance to affected people.
 Elaborate and comprehensive. safety system is in place for operation of Nuclear Facilities.
AERB supervise these facilities and has powers to license and even shoot down in case of
violation of guidelines.
 No habitation is permitted in Exclusion Zone (1.6 km. area surrounding nuclear power station).
Beyond this zone is Public Domain and an area of 16 km radius is called Off-site Emergency
Planning Zone.
 Ernerqency Response Plans are in place within nuclear facilities to handle local emergencies.

8. CONT…
 Emergency Response Plans also exists for Plant specific emergency. Site emergency and
Offsite emergency.
 AERB does not permit. any nuclear station to be commissioned unless and until such
emergency plans are in place well before commission date.
 NPCIL periodically tests out these plans through exercise, drills and takes corrective
measures.
 Emergency control rooms are maintained at two different locations manned and operated
24/7 throughout year. Offsite emergency exercises are conducted
 Officials transportation of nuclear materials mandatory design specifications for packaging
systems ,procedure for handling and transport are in place so that there is no release of
radioactive material.
 However, in emergency situations, control room secretariat gets an alert, which activates
chemical reactants.
 In case of other types of emergencies a booklet giving essential guidelines circulated to
State Govts./Uts,regulatory and safety systems ensure that equipment are designed to
operate safely.

9. ii) Chemical Disaster
 A Central Crisis Group constituted with a view to provide information on prevention,
preparedness and mitigation of chemical accidents.
 state and local crisis groups provide information on possible chemical accidents at a site ,to
public and assist Industries to take appropriate steps to inform people.
 A Crisis Alert System , setting up central control room, networking with state/control rooms
 undertaking measures to create awareness among public to prevent
 A National Inventory of Chemicals established. Guidelines for establishment of hazardous'
industries
 safe road transport of hazardous chemicals prepared and published.
 established an information network on toxic chemicals, a National Register for potentially
toxic chemicals is set up .
 to prevent chemical accidents Institutes are conducting training programmes for
various categories of personnel.

10. iii) Biological Disasters
 use of various micro-organisms as biological weapons or tools of bio-terrorism is
recognized as a reality
 threat of biological disasters spread of Anthrax fear in USA and all over world followed by
terrorist attacks on USA.
 Appropriate state of ·preparedness in civilian segments required.
 Laboratory of high standard, highly committed trained professionals
 availability of diagnostic reagents, enhancement skills in identification and specific control
measures of health professionals at various levels,
 A National programme for Surveillance of Communicable Diseases launched to strengthen
Health machinery for early detection of epidemics.
 constitution of crisis management structure, system of surveillance, system of
epidemiological investigation, and training to health professionals being taken up.

11. iv)Air accidents
 Civil Aviation agency deals with emergency situations which arise due to
air accidents and hijacking.
 Civil Aviation Act, 2000;prevention and management of such situations.
Issues of Disaster Management
 implemented pre-disaster mitigation programmes and sectoral
development to reduce impact of disasters ,social-economic
vulnerabilities.
 yet trend of loss is not indicating any sign of improvement.

12. Emerging issues are:
a) subject of disaster management not mentioned in any of three lists i.e.
union, state and concurrent lists placed in 7th Schedule of Indian
Constitution.
b) Union government should deal with this subject. However, by practice it is
a state subject,in view of dichotomy, this issue needs to be debated at an
appropriate forum.
c) constitutional review Committee has recommended disaster management
to be included in Concurrent list of Constitution.
d) though disaster management activities are state subject, there is no
specific legislation to provide an appropriate legal framework at national
and state levels.
e) absence of an integrated policy, at all levels, has led to overlooking some of
vital aspects of disaster management and overall national competence and
self-reliance vis-a-vis international initiatives.

13. CONT…
f)existing codes/regulations not enforced strictly and adoption of various standards and
guidelines are not made mandatory.
g)Increasing frequency and severity of catastrophes are key issues for development and
poverty reduction. It has also weakened natural resource base and its capacity to
support people.
h)disruptions caused by disasters resulted in decline in government incomes from taxes,
production and exports while attention of government diverted form welfare/
developmental efforts towards post disaster relief and rehabilitation efforts.
i)Most disaster related problems are unsolved development problems.
j)By approaching disaster management as an isolated event, linkage between disaster,
poverty, environment and development has often been overlooked.

14. Disaster Management - Approach and Emerging Strategies in India
 a comprehensive risk management strategy needs to be evolved that may include risk
identification, risk reduction, risk transfer finance and disaster insurance.
 In today's world no country is in a position to meet staggering costs of damages to property
and infrastructure caused by disasters. This necessitated importance of prevention and
mitigation to save expenditure.
 Among various options, Disaster Insurance has been mandatory in vulnerable areas.
 Insurance Policies resulted in providing a comprehensive coverage for disaster related
losses.
 In fact, these policies been successful in preventing people from settling in vulnerable areas.
Therefore, a need to examine how disaster insurance can be institutionalized in India.

15. Efforts Made
 developed disaster resistant construction technologies,
 elaborate cyclone detection/tracking system, flood forecasting!
 warning systems covering major rivers ,drought monitoring
arrangements and appropriate cropping systems.
 management programmes in place are:
i) Integrated Wasteland Development Programme, ii) Drought Prone
Area Prograrnme
iii) Desert Development Prograrnme, iv) Flood Control Programme,
v) National Afforestation & vi) National Agricultural Insurance Scheme.

16. CONT…
 1990-2000 a perceptible shift in disaster management efforts , with a shifting
emphasis from response and relief to prevention and mitigation.
 developing countries, competition between primary needs of growing population
and necessity to pursue economic progress.
 Disasters accelerated psychological and health consequences i.e. declined
standard of living , health problems, malnutrition, increasing gap between rich
and poor, unemployment, migration etc.
 Psychological consequences of disasters are poorly understood. They are often
unrecognized and uncared for.

17. CHALLENGES
 lack of infrastructure and mental health preparedness.
 a wide gap between availability of technology and its use at grassroots level.
 With shift to modern technology people are gradually drifting away from traditional
practices for countering disasters.
 strengthen Research/Development capability and research outputs from
scientific/academic institutions be utilized for benefit of all and vulnerable section of
society.
 increased poverty and disadvantaged lot are rendered more disadvantageous than ever
before.
 communities periodically exposed to same hazard and striking areas where they are not
expected.
 population growth, destruction of coping mechanism of community obstacles to speedy
recovery difficult .
 Protection of human rights of deprived section of society not caught sufficient attention of
human rights activists.
 Population explosion,rapid urbanization, migration or rural-urban areas,
 lack of planning in human settlement, ill planned developmental projects,
 Illiteracy,lack of public awareness have increased vulnerabilities of certain areas. No efforts
have been made to reduce vulnerability.

18. major challenges are as follows:
 Integration of disaster mitigation and preparedness in development
programmes.
 Multi-sectoral/ Inter-departmental co-ordination and multi-hazard
approach of disaster management planning.
 Long-terms development plan for hazard prone areas.
 Regional and international co-operation.
 Capacity building needs to be customized to suit local conditions and
need of community.

19. CONT…
 Community participation at every level to decision-making to implementation of
programme/project.
 Social preparation through public awareness and community capacity building to cope with
hazards.
 Reducing dependence on government and building a culture of self-help.
 Encouraging use of traditional knowledge available in our country and networking of
knowledge based organizations.
 Benchmarking with other DM efforts and learning from disasters.

20. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLES
GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
a) Reduce, or avoid, losses from hazards;
b) Assure prompt assistance to victims;
c) Achieve rapid and effective recovery.
 Mitigation -Minimizing effects of disaster; Examples, building codes and
zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
 Preparedness-Planning how to respond; Examples, preparedness plans;
emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
 Response-Efforts to minimize hazards created by a
disaster;Examples,search and rescue; emergency relief .
 Recovery-Returning community to normal; Examples temporary housing;
grants; medical care.

21. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Developmental considerations contribute to all aspects of disaster management cycle.
 main goals of management, its strongest links with development, is promotion of sustainable
livelihoods, protection, recovery during disasters and emergencies. Where this goal is achieved,
people have a greater capacity to deal with disasters and recovery is rapid and long lasting.
 In a development oriented disaster management approach, objectives to reduce hazards,
prevent disasters, and prepare for emergencies.
 Therefore, developmental considerations are strongly represented in mitigation and
preparedness phases of disaster management cycle.
 Inappropriate development processes can lead to increased vulnerability to disasters and loss
of preparedness for emergency situations

22. MITIGATION; activities actually eliminate or reduce probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce
effects of unavoidable disasters.
 measures include building codes; vulnerability analyses updates; zoning, land use
management; building use regulations, safety codes; preventive health care; and public
education.
Mitigation will depend incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional
development planning.
 Its effectiveness will also depend on availability of information on hazards, emergency risks,
and countermeasures to be taken.
 mitigation phase, includes shaping of public policies and plans that either modify causes of
disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure.

23. PREPAREDNESS
 to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond emergency situation
through programs that strengthen technical, managerial capacity of
governments, organizations, and communities.
 measures are logistical readiness to deal with; enhanced response
mechanisms, procedures, rehearsals, developing long-term ,short-term
strategies, public education and building early warning systems.
 strategic reserves of food, equipment, water, medicines and other essentials are
maintained in cases of national or local catastrophes.
 governments, organizations, individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize
disaster damage, enhance disaster response operations.
 Measures include;
a) preparedness plans, emergency exercises/training; warning systems;
emergency communications systems; evacuations plans, training;
b) resource inventories; emergency personnel/contact lists; mutual aid
agreements; public information/education.
 effectiveness depends availability of information , emergency risks, counter
measures taken, degree which government agencies, non-governmental
organizations ,general public are able to make use of information.

24. HUMANITARIAN ACTION
 humanitarian agencies deal with immediate response,recovery,respond effectively,
 agencies must have experienced leaders, trained personnel, adequate transport, logistic support,
appropriate communications, and guidelines for working in emergencies.
 If necessary preparations have not been made, humanitarian agencies will not be able to meet
immediate needs of people.
RESPONSE:
 aims to provide immediate assistance, maintain life, improve health and support morale of affected
population.
 assistance range from providing limited aid, transport, temporary shelter, food, establishing semi-
permanent settlement in camps and other locations.
 Humanitarian organizations are often strongly present in this phase of disaster management cycle.

25. RECOVERY
 emergency brought under control, affected population is capable of undertaking a growing
number of activities aimed at restoring their lives and infrastructure that supports them.
 opportunities during recovery period to enhance prevention and increase preparedness, thus
reducing vulnerability. Ideally, there should be a smooth transition from recovery to on-going
development.
 Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better.
Recovery measures, both short and long term, include returning vital life-support systems to
minimum operating standards;
temporary housing;publicinformation;health and safety education; reconstruction; counseling
programs; and economic impact studies.
 Information resources and services include data collection related to rebuilding, and
documentation of lessons learned.

26. WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE?
MITIGATION: involves implementing measures for preventing future threat of disaster/or
minimizing damaging effects of unavoidable threat.
 It requires hazard risk analysis, strategies to reduce likelihood that hazards will become
disasters; flood-proofing homes or flood/fire insurance, following safety standards of
building materials and appliances.
 This phase/management cycles, includes shaping public policies, plans that either
modify causes of disasters or mitigate effects on people, property, and infrastructure.

27. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS: preparedness efforts include plans or preparations made in advance of
an emergency that help individuals and communities get ready to either respond or to recover.
 It aims to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness, respond to any emergency situation through
programs that strengthen technical , managerial capacity of governments, organizations, and
communities.
 measures can logistical readiness to deal with disasters and enhanced response mechanisms,
procedures, rehearsals, developing long-term and short-term strategies, public education and
building early warning systems.
 preparations include ;stocking of reserve food, water, gathering, screening of willing community
volunteers, or citizens education & evacuation plan, holding disaster drills, installing smoke
detectors, mutual aid agreements, development of hospital disaster plans, emergency medical
service plans, etc.

28. DISASTER RESPONSE: actions taken in midst of or immediately following an emergency,
including efforts to save lives , prevent further property damage.
 Ideally, involves putting already established disaster preparedness plans into motion.
 It’s what public typically thinks of when imagining a disaster; Flashing lights,
evacuation, search, rescue, and sheltering victims.
 Healthcare and psychosocial intervention response starts here.
 focus in response phase is on meeting basic needs of victims until sustainable
community has been achieved. This phase may still continue even when recovery
phase can already be started.

29. DISASTER RECOVERY: involves restoring, rebuilding, reshaping impacted area.
 It starts after damages been assessed ,adequate response effort is achieved and on-going. It
involves actions to return affected community to its pre-disaster state or better.
 emergency brought under control, affected population is capable of undertaking a growing
number of activities aimed at restoring their lives and infrastructure that supports them.
 These measures, both short and long term, aim to return vital life-support systems to minimum
operating standards;
 temporary housing, public information, health, safety education; continued health monitor,
care, reconstruction of vital facilities; counseling programs; grants, and economic impact
studies.
TAKE NOTE
 In reality, there is no clear distinct point at which these 4 phases change through out
cycle,opportunities during recovery period to improve prevention and increase preparedness,
thus reducing vulnerability.
 Recovery can start when response phase is still on-going.

30. PRINCIPAL STRATEGIES
EMERGING STRATEGIES
 a conceptual shift in disasters on how to dealt, initiatives to improved management ,preventive
approaches, through administrative reforms and participatory methods.
 growing awareness at all levels.
 Structural and non-structural measures to reduce disaster impact on people and infrastructure.
 Disaster Management not conceptually linked with developmental planning . There is no long-term
Disaster Management - Approach and Emerging Strategies
 identify works of capital nature to prevent recurrence of specific calamities, to be financed under
planned funds.
 a study to make appropriate recommendations regarding identification of capital works and evolve
mechanisms for its operationalization within state plans.
 relief manual/codes exist at state level, no comprehensive disaster management plans exist at
national and state levels.
 1999,a review of existing arrangements for preparedness, mitigation of natural, manmade disasters
,recommend measures , strengthening organizational structure and comprehensive model for
managing at all levels.

31.  It has identified 30 odd disasters for planning ,laid emphasis on multi-
disciplinary,multi-sectoral,multi-hazard approaches to disaster
management planning'.
major recommendations of the HPC are:
 Schedule 7 of Constitution; Suitable legislation at national and state levels.
 Integration of development plans with mitigation,10 % of plan funds be
earmarked ,appropriated for schemes, specifically for prevention and
preparedness.
 Preparation for GIS/digital maps of all states/ districts/urban centres with
spatial/non-spatial data be made available at appropriate resolutions.

32.  Setting up of a network of Emergency Operation Centres in at all levels prone or
vulnerable to disasters.
Community participation in all disaster management efforts and involvement.
Setting up Committee at highest level of government .
A separate department of disaster management and mitigation be established in
order to strengthen Institutional mechanism at all levels.
Both governments give attention to strengthening existing institutional mechanism by
capacity building, modernization, staffing, and funding.
Reconstitution Relief Committee to Disaster Management Committee for
strengthening support system .
expenditure on restoration of infrastructure and capital assets,
State government at all levels with specific norms developed in consultation with
appropriate authorities.

33. CONT..
 Committee Relief Fund kept out of Public counts of state ,invested in a manner approved by
Finance Ministry, raised people's contribution locally institutionalized.
 Disaster Management Committee evolve norms for its expenditure.
 aftermath of Gujarat earthquake, National Committee on Disaster Management was
constituted to suggest necessary institutional and legislative measures needed for an effective
and long-term strategy to deal with major natural calamities in future.
 Considerable emphasis laid on research and development activities ;capacity building of all
stakeholders . Valuable inputs in technical, social, economic as well as management fields are
being looked into.

34. WHAT TO TAKE NOTE FOR LEARNING PROGRESS FOR KENYA
 Though community as an effective institution is yet to take shape in our country with low literacy
levels and widespread poverty, considerable efforts are being made to form and strengthen CBOs
at grassroots levels.
 Initiatives are also being taken to involve Institutions for community participation in decision-
making and community driven developmental process.
 NGOs can provide a suitable alternative as they have an edge over governmental agencies for
invoking community involvement.
 capacity building of NGO's and co-ordination among them at various levels be established to
promote cooperation among NGOs during emergency situations, increase people's capacity to
cope with disasters.
 planning for disaster prevention and mitigation as well as documentation of traditional knowledge
to cope with disasters.

35. CONCLUSION
 Not possible to prevent occurrence of disasters but measures directed reducing
their impacts. Due to increasing complexity of disasters, preparedness, prevention
and mitigation interventions have been recognized as economical while providing
longer lasting solutions .
 Reviewing whole scenario, elicited management as important-administrative issue
that cannot to addressed by one agency technology or institution alone.
 It calls convergence of technogies and institutions with goal of fulfilling various
dimensions, timeliness, accuracy, scope, coverage, formats, standards to match
user needs and finally assimilation of information for decision-making.
 concept of sustainable development, disaster and environment management always
dominates programmes and policies of nations. linkage is very significant because
of their interdependence on each other.
For example economic development may not be sustainable under conditions of
vulnerability to natural disasters.
 Recognizing hazard mitigation pays high social and economic dividends ,a country