Hybrid power generation system report

Hybrid Power Generation System 2021-22
Department of CSE, MVJCE Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Our daily lives require a great deal of electricity. Electricity can be generated in two
ways: with conventional energy resources or with non-conventional energy resources.
Electrical energy consumption is increasing over the world, so we must generate electricity
to meet it. Electricity is now created using traditional energy sources such as coal, diesel,
and nuclear power, among others. The fundamental disadvantage of these sources is that
they generate waste, such as ash in coal power plants and radioactive waste in nuclear power
plants, and dealing with this trash is extremely expensive. It also harms the environment.
Nuclear waste is also extremely dangerous to humans. The world's traditional energy
resources are rapidly decreasing. It will soon be completely gone from the scene.
1.2 Objective
The suggested system's main goal is to generate electricity using wind and sun
energy. Because conventional energy resources are rapidly decreasing. It will soon vanish
from the face of the world; thus, we must discover a new way to create electricity.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature Survey
Literature Survey 1:
“Smart Houses with the application of Energy Management System & Smart Grid”,
2021
With the usage of smart grid, the study proposes an architectural and operational model of
Energy Management System (EMS) for smart households. It has been tested and simulated, and the
new EMS-based smart house has proven to be cost-effective. It has significantly reduced household
energy use. It ensures a clear benefit to the end user. The EMS-based smart house effect, on the
other hand, may be evaluated with the help of the household, as well as the weather conditions in
the surrounding area. Household energy consumption can be lowered in the future by evaluating
and controlling renewable energy storage systems. It can also be lowered if the EMS control logic
is evaluated.
“Fuzzy controlled Dual input DC/DC Converter for Solar-PV/Wind Hybrid Energy
System”, 2012
To combine the intermittent nature of renewable sources such as solar, wind, and others, this
research offers a multiple input power conditioner topology with a Fuzzy controller. To meet the
load demand, solar PV and wind generators are used as the principal energy sources, with the
multiple input power conditioner providing well-regulated output voltage. The PWM inverter
transfers the regulated energy to the load. The topologies of multiple input power conditioners have
been mathematically modelled. Dynamic simulation was carried out using the proposed model, and
the results of the simulation are provided in this study. The proposed fuzzy controller tunes the
parameters of the dc/dc converter to obtain well-regulated output voltage to the load, according to
the performance evaluation of the proposed converter.

“Designand Analysis of Multiple Input Power Conditioner for SolarPV/Wind Hybrid” 2011
This research offers a multiple input power conditioner topology to accommodate the
intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. To achieve well-regulated
output voltage, the suggested power conditioner creates an interface between solar PV and wind
generators. Through a PWM inverter, the regulated energy can be transmitted to the load. The
integration and voltage regulation of various input power conditioner topologies are the major topics
of the article. In the MATLAB/Simulink platform, a mathematical model and a dynamic simulation
model are created. The simulation study is conducted using real weather data acquired from the
NITC campus monitoring station. The simulation results demonstrate that this design can provide
substantial performance in terms of renewable energy power harvesting system integration and
voltage management.
“Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid solar–wind systemwith LPSP technology by
using genetic algorithm.” 2008
In order to efficiently and economically utilise renewable energy resources such as solar
and wind energy, one optimum match design sizing method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) is
developed in this paper. The GA has the ability to achieve the global optimum with relative
computational simplicity compared to conventional optimization methods. The proposed method
was used to evaluate a hybrid solar–wind system for powering a communications relay station on
a remote island off China's south coast. The concept of loss of power supply probability (LPSP) is
a statistical parameter employed in this study. As a result, in a terrible resource year, the system
will be significantly more likely to lose power than the target number.
“Hybrid solar/wind power system probabilistic modelling for long-term performance
assessment” 2005
The long-term performance of a hybrid solar–wind power system for both stand-alone and
grid-linked applications is assessed using a probabilistic approach based on the convolution
technique in this research. The interaction with the grid is supposed to be bidirectional: the hybrid

solar–wind power system's excess energy is conditionally provided to the grid. The grid, on the
other hand, will draw a shortfall of energy during the low-generating phase to meet local demand.

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
To combine the intermittent nature of renewable sources such as solar, wind, and others, the
existing project provides a multiple input power conditioner topology with Fuzzy controller. To
meet the load demand, solar PV and wind generators are used as the principal energy sources, with
the multiple input power conditioner providing well-regulated output voltage. The PWM inverter
transfers the regulated energy to the load.
PROPOSED SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Hardware
 Arduino Uno
 LCD 16*2 alphanumeric
 Solar Panel 3v
 Battery lead acid 12v
 Voltage Divider Circuit
 Dc Fan 12V
 Led 3.3V
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Arduino IDE
 Embedded C

CHAPTER 5
HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM
A hybrid energy system is one that uses two different energy sources to provide electricity
to a load. In other words, a hybrid energy system is a "energy system that is built or intended to
extract electricity by combining two energy sources." Hybrid energy systems are more reliable,
efficient, emit less pollutants, and are less expensive.
Solar and wind power are employed to generate electricity in this suggested system. Solar
and wind have a number of advantages over other non-conventional energy sources. Both energy
sources are more readily available in all places. It requires a lesser cost. This system does not require
a special location to be installed.
A. Solar Energy
The energy received by the sun's rays is known as solar energy. Solar energy is constantly
and abundantly available on the earth. Solar energy is abundant and free. It does not emit any gases,
hence it is pollution-free. It is reasonably priced. It has a low cost of upkeep. The only issue with a
solar system is that it cannot produce energy in inclement weather. However, it is more efficient
than other energy sources. It simply necessitates a one-time investment. It has a long lifespan and
produces less pollution.
B. Wind Energy
Wind energy is the energy derived from the wind. We utilise a wind mill to remove the
material. Renewable energy sources are used. Wind energy requires less money to generate
electricity. The cost of maintenance for a wind energy system is also lower. Wind energy is available
virtually all of the time. It emits fewer pollutants. The system's initial cost is also lower. The amount
of power generated by wind is determined by the speed at which the wind blows.
The unavailability of power at all times is one of the biggest downsides of employing
independent renewable energy resources. We employ a combination of solar and wind energy to
overcome this. So that if one source of power fails, the generation will be taken care of by another.
We can use both in this proposed system.

CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
6.1 Arduino UNO
Arduino is an open-source platform that may be used to create electronic creations. Arduino
is made up of a hardware programmable circuit board (also known as a microcontroller) and
software, known as an IDE (Integrated Development Environment), that runs on your computer and
is used to create and upload computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino Uno is an ATmega328-based microcontroller board. There are 14 digital
input/output pins (six of which can be used as PWM outputs), six analogue inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button on the board.
It comes with everything you'll need to support the microcontroller; simply plug it into a computer
through USB or use an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to power it.
Figure 6.1 Arduino Uno

SUMMARY
 Microcontroller – ATmega328
 Operating Voltage – 5V
 Input Voltage – 7-12 (Recommended)
 Input Voltage (limits) – 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins – 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins – 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin - 40 mA DC
 Current for 3.3V Pin – 50 mA
 Flash Memory – 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM KB (ATmega 328)
 EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega 328)
 Clock Speed 16 MHz
PO W E R
The Arduino Uno can beuelled either by USB or an external power supply. The power source
is automatically selected. An AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or a battery can provide external (non-
USB) power. A 2.1mm centre-positive plug can be plugged into the board's power jack to connect
the adapter. Battery leads can be put into the POWER connector's Gnd and Vin pin headers.
The board can be powered from a 6 to 20-volt external supply. If less than 7V is given, the
5V pin may supply fewer than five volts, making the board unstable. The voltage regulator may
overheat and destroy the board if more than 12V is used. 7 to 12 is the optimum range.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN: When using an external power source, the Arduino board's input voltage (as opposed to 5
volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). This pin can be used to supply
voltage or to access voltage if it is supplied via the power jack.
5V. This pin receives a controlled 5V from the board's regulator. The board can be powered by
the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin on the board (7-12V).
Using the 5V or 3.3V pins to supply power bypasses the regulator and may cause damage to your
board.

3V3. The on-board regulator generates a 3.3-volt supply. The maximum current draw is 50
milliamperes.
GND. Ground pins.
IOREF. The voltage reference with which the microcontroller runs is provided by this pin on the
Arduino board. The IOREF pin voltage can be read by a correctly constructed shield, which can
then select the right power supply or enable voltage translators on the outputs to function with
5V or 3.3V.
MEMO RY
The ATmega328 has 32 KB of memory (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). There's
also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM on board (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).
6.2 RELAY
A relay is a switch that is controlled by electricity. An electromagnet is employed in many
relays to mechanically operate a switching mechanism, but alternative operating principles are also
used. Relays are employed when a low-power signal is required to control a circuit (with perfect
electrical isolation between the control and controlled circuits), or when multiple circuits must be
controlled by a single signal.
A relay is a switch that is controlled by electricity. A magnetic field is created by current
flowing through the coil of the relay, which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.
Relays have two switch positions and typically feature double throw (changeover) switch contacts,
as indicated in the diagram, because the coil current can be on or off.

Figure 6.2 Relay
The relay's switch connections are usually labelled COM, NC and NO:
 COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
6.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
This is the first Parallel Port interfacing example. Let's start with something easy. Because
this example does not make use of the Bi-directional functionality featured on newer ports, it
should operate with the vast majority, if not all, Parallel Ports. The usage of the Status Port as an
input for a 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Module to the Parallel Port, however, is not shown. These
LCD Modules are fairly ubiquitous these days, and they're incredibly easy to deal with because
they include all of the circuitry needed to run them on board.
Figure 6.3 Liquid Crystal Display

Figure 6.4 LCD Pin Diagram
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
"Enable" is the name of the line in EN. This control line informs the LCD that data is being
sent to it. To send data to the LCD, make sure this line is low (0) before setting the other two control
lines and/or putting data on the data bus. Bring EN high (1) and wait for the least length of time
necessary by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), then bring it low (0) again when
the other lines are entirely ready.
The RS line stands for "Register Select." The data is to be considered as a command or
special instruction when RS is low (0). (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). The data being
sent when RS is high (1) is text data that should be displayed on the screen. Set RS high, for example,
to display the letter "T" on the screen.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUIT
Figure 6.5 Voltage Divider Circuit

One of the most frequent and useful circuits used by engineers is the two-resistor voltage
divider. The major goal of this circuit is to use the ratio of the two resistors to scale down the input
voltage to a smaller amount. Given the input (or source) voltage and resistor values, this calculator
can help compute the divider circuit's output voltage. Because resistor tolerance and load resistance
(where the output voltage is linked) are considerations, the output voltage in actual circuits may
change.
DC MOTOR
Any rotary electrical motor that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical
energy is referred to as a DC motor. The most common varieties rely on magnetic fields to produce
forces. Almost all DC motors contain an internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic,
that changes the direction of current in a section of the motor on a regular basis.
Because they could be supplied by existing direct-current lighting power distribution networks, DC
motors were the first type of motor to become widely employed. The speed of a DC motor can be
varied across a large range by varying the supply voltage or adjusting the current intensity in the
field windings. Tools, toys, and appliances all employ small DC motors. The universal motor is a
lightweight brushed motor that can run on direct current and is used in portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are being employed in electric vehicle propulsion, elevator and hoist
drives, and steel rolling mill drives. With the introduction of power electronics, it is now possible
to replace DC motors with AC motors in a variety of applications.
DC FAN
Figure 6.6 Dc Fan

To create a lovely breeze, connect a 5V Brushless DC Fan to your Arduino. You'll need to
give it its own voltage rail and control it using an NPN transistor if you want to move a considerable
volume of air (and prevent creating electrical noise that will interfere with your other electronics).
BATTERY (12V)
A battery is a device that stores and converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Electrons pass from one substance (electrode) to another through an external circuit in a battery's
chemical processes. Electron flow produces an electric current that can be used to do work.
Very big batteries, like regular rechargeable batteries, may store electricity until it is needed.
Lithium ion, lead acid, lithium iron, and other battery technologies can be used in these systems.
Storage of thermal energy Electricity can be utilised to generate thermal energy that can then be
stored until needed.
Figure 6.7 Battery

CHAPTER 7
IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 7.1 Implementation
Code:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
const int rs = 13, en = 12, D4 = 11, D5 = 10, D6 = 9, D7 = 8;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, D4, D5, D6, D7);
const int solarpin = A0;
const int windpin = A1;
//const int mains = A2;
const int relay = 2;

const int relay1 = 3;
float solarvalue;
float windvalue;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(relay,OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay1,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("HYBRID");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("POWER GENERATION");
delay(1000);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
solar_check();
wind_check();
}
void solar_check(){
solarvalue=analogRead(solarpin);
//solarvalue=solar/10;

lcd.clear();
lcd.print("SolarVoltage:");
lcd.print(solarvalue/100);
lcd.print("V");
Serial.print("SolarVoltage:");
Serial.println(solarvalue);
delay(1000);
if(solarvalue>400)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("SOLAR AVAILABLE");
digitalWrite(relay,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
delay(1000);
}
else{
digitalWrite(relay,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
}
void wind_check(){
windvalue=analogRead(windpin);
lcd.clear();

lcd.print("WindVoltage:");
lcd.print(windvalue/100);
Serial.print("WindVoltage:");
Serial.println(windvalue);
delay(1000);
if(windvalue>70)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("WIND AVAILABLE");
digitalWrite(relay,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
delay(1000);
}
else{
digitalWrite(relay,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
}
Power Calculations:
Following are the power calculations of the Solar and the wind energy components used in
the project.
Solar Energy:
The solar energy panel is of the capacity 3V and the current flowing through it is 1.2A. So,
the total power generated from the Solar panel is calculated as below.

Power = Volt * Current
3.6W = 3v * 1.2A
Wind Energy:
The DC motor is of the capacity 12V and the current flowing through it is 1.2A. So, the total
power generated from the DC motor is calculated as below.
Power = Volt * Current
14.4W = 12 * 1.2A
The Wattage requirement of the 12v DC fan is 1.4W and for 3.2v LED it is 0.2W to 0.5W.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
This project examines the various hybrid power system technologies. These methods are
quite valuable for future students and researchers who want to investigate hybrid power system
analysis utilising various simulation tools. Hybrid power systems that rely solely on intermittent
renewable energy sources will produce a swing output voltage, causing damage to machinery that
require a constant supply. Hybrid power systems are the most advantageous power systems for
ensuring continuous power supply reliability.
REFERENCES
[1] Yang, Hongxing, et al. "Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid solar–wind system with
LPSP technology by using genetic algorithm." Solar energy82.4 (2008): 354-367.
[2] Shiyas, P. R., S. Kumaravel, and S. Ashok. "Fuzzy controlled dual input DC/DC converter for
solar-PV/wind hybrid energy system." Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS),
2012 IEEE Students' Conference on. IEEE, 2012.
[3] Kumaravel, S., and S. Ashok. "Design and analysis of multiple input power conditioner for solar
PV/wind hybrid energy system." TENCON 2011-2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2011.
[4] Tina, G., S. Gagliano, and S. Raiti. "Hybrid solar/wind power system probabilistic modelling
for long-term performance assessment." Solar energy80.5 (2006): 578-588.
[5] Rahul Meena, Sunil Dubey “Smart Houses with the application of Energy Management System
& Smart Grid”, 2021

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