what is aggression and the causes leading the youth of today's scenario to be more aggressive.

2.  Aggression can be defined as any behaviour
intended to hurt others.
 While most of the people would assume that
aggression is always anti social, there are both anti
social and prosocial forms of aggression.
 Aggression refers to behaviour between members
that can be physical or verbal. People can avoid such
treatment or can fight back.
 It is not a motive (e.g. revenge), not a negative
attitude (e.g. ethnic or social prejudice), or not an
emotion (e.g. anger).

3.  Hostile Aggression: defined as aggression stemming from
feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury.
 Instrumental Aggression: aggression as a means to some goal
other than causing pain.
 Proactive Aggression: aggression is initiated against a target
without immediate provocation.
 Reactive Aggression: it is a type of defensive, reactive, or
impulsive aggression in sense that the actor is responding to a
threat.
 Physical or verbal aggression
 Rational aggression such as bullying or social manipulation.
 Direct or indirect aggression.

4.  Freud (1930) assumed that we have an instinct to aggress. From his
theory of the death instinct (thanatos), he argued that aggression may be
turned inward self destructively or direct outward, toward others.
Although Freud recognised that aggression can be controlled, he
maintained that it could never be eliminated, because aggression is
natural to human being.
 Socio-biologists argued that many aspects of social behaviour, including
aggression, can be understood in terms of evolution (Buss, 1996; Buss
and Kenrick, 1998).
 Biology plays only a modest role in human aggression (Green, 1998).
 Physical aggression is influenced by the male sex hormone testosterone
(Dabbs, 1998) and it can also be influenced by other biochemical factors
like neurotransmitter serotonin.
 There appears to be a genetic component in human aggression (Miles
and Carey, 1997) and in criminality (DiLala and Gottesman, 1991)
because certain type of aggressive, antisocial behaviour clearly run in
families (Carey, 1997).

5.  PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY (innate
theories) – by Sigmund Freud
 EVOLUTIONARY THEORY – by Lorenz
 HUMANISTIC THEORIES (drive theories) – by
Abraham Maslow
 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY – by Albert
Bandura

6. • Katherine J. Karriker – Jaffe, Vangie A. Foshee,
Susan T. Ennet, Chirayath Suchindran; 2008;
“The Development of Aggression During
Adolescence: Sex Differences in Trajectories
of Physical and Social Aggression Among
Youth in Rural Areas”; Journal of Abnormal
Child Psychology, Volume 36 :
Boys consistently perpetrated more
physical aggression than girls, but the
trajectories were parallel. There were no sex
differences in the perpetration of social
aggression.

7. • Nancy Rappaport, Christopher Thomas; 2004;
“Recent Research Findings on Aggressive and
Violent behavior in Youth: Implications for
clinical assessment and intervention”; Journal
of Adolescent Health:
This article reviews empirical evidence
on risk factors, the impact of peers,
developmental pathways, physiological
markers, sub-typing of aggression, and
differences in patterns of risk behaviors.

8. • Taylor, S. P., & Sears, J. D. (1988). “The
Effects of Alcohol And Persuasive Social
Pressure on Human Physical Aggression”.
Aggressive Behaviour:
Alcohol also makes people more responsible
to social pressure to aggress.
• Sleek, S. (1998). “Isolation increases with
Internet use”. APA Monitor:
A teen’s odd of committing murder are
greatly increased if he comes from a
criminally violent family.

9.  “Youth NGOs with
UNESCO”- a youth
organization page on
facebook.
 The Third International
Forum of NGOs in Official
Partnership with UNESCO,
on the theme “ The Role of
Youth in the Safeguarding of
Tangible and Intangible Cultural
Heritage” which took place in
Bulgaria from 28th to 30th
Sept.’14.

10.  Aggression in youth is mainly based on these
following factors:
a. Genetic bases
b. Peer pressure
c. Media
d. Sociological background
e. Family influence

11. Youth and Aggression
is one of the most
important and burning
topic in the present
world and effective
measures must be
taken to minimize the
meaningless, nonsense
and anti-social
aggression amongst
the YOUTH.

12. • Aggression are not always anti-social
• Aggressive behaviours can both be verbal and non-
verbal
• It has both biological basis and social influence
• Media and aggressive video games effect the
aggressive behaviour of an individual to a great extent
• Effective measures should be taken to minimize the
aggressive behaviours among youth for a better
peaceful society.

13.  Shelley E. Taylor, Letitia Anne Peplau, David O. Sears (2006); “Social
Psychology”; Pearson
 Schwartz, S. H., & Struch, N. (1989). “Intergroup Aggression: Its predictors
and distinctness from in-group bias”. Journal of Personality and Social
Sciences, 56, 364-373
 Taylor, S. P., & Sears, J. D. (1988). “The Effects of Alcohol and Persuasive
Social Pressure on Human Physical Aggression”. Aggressive Behaviour.
 Katherine J. Karriker – Jaffe, Vangie A. Foshee, Susan T. Ennet, Chirayath
Suchindran; 2008; “The Development of Aggression During Adolescence:
Sex Differences in Trajectories of Physical and Social Aggression Among
Youth in Rural Areas”; Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Volume 36
 Miles, D. R., & Carey, G. (1997). “Genetic and Environmental Architecture
on Human Aggression”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72,
207-217
 Daabs, J. M. (1998). “Testosterone and The Concept of Dominance”.
Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 370-371
 Buss, D. M., & Kernick, D. T. (1998). “Evolutionary Social Psychology”. In
D. T. Gilbert , S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), “Handbook of Social
Psychology” (4th ed., Vol. 2). Boston: McGraw-Hill