3. First Diagnosed Episode of AF
Paroxysmal Persistent (> 7 Long standing Permanent
(usually days or Persistent (accepted)
<= 48 h) requires CV) ( >1 year)
4. EHRA score of AF-related
symptoms
EHRA class Explanation
EHRA I ‘No symptoms’
EHRA II ‘Mild symptoms’; normal daily activity not
affected
EHRA III ‘Severe symptoms’; normal daily activity
affected
EHRA IV ‘Disabling symptoms’; normal daily activity
discontinued
5. Choosing Rate v/s Rhythm Control
Two types of settings
Acute/Unstable
Non acute/Stable
6. Acute/Unstable setting
Rate Control Rhythm Control
Cause: underlying cond severe AF Sx or
Ex- pneumonia, PE, Thyroid h-dynamic instab
No severe AF Sx or
h-dynamic instab pharmac cv electric cv
Older age
Large LA
13. AIMS of management of AF
patients:
• Prevent complications
• Reduce symptoms (palpitations, dyspnoea,
fatigue, and dizziness)
antithrombotic therapy
control of ventricular rate
Rx of associated CV disease
• ± Additional rhythm control therapy by
cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, or
ablation therapy
14. Randomized trials comparing rate
control with rhythm control
• Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm
Management (AFFIRM) : no difference in all cause mortality
(primary outcome) or stroke rate
• The Rate Control versus Electrical cardioversion for persistent
atrial fibrillation (RACE) trial :rate control not inferior to rhythm
control for prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity
(composite endpoint).
• The Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure
(AF-CHF) trial : in patients with an LVEF ≤35%, no difference in
cardiovascular mortality (primary outcome) symptoms
of congestive heart failure, or in the secondary outcomes
including death from any cause and worsening of heart failure
15. However….
• These studies enrolled predominantly older patients (average
70 y)
• Most of whom had persistent AF and heart disease,
• Follow-up extended over just a few years
• Pts were at a stage where difficult to maintain sinus rhythm
Hence :
• Data don’t necessarily apply in young
• Must not lose “window” of opportunity due to electrical and
structural remodeling
16. Hence…
Rate control may be reasonable initial therapy in
older patients with persistent AF with mild
symptoms
For younger individuals, especially those with
paroxysmal lone AF, rhythm control may be a better
initial approach.
19. How MUCH rate control ?
< 80, 110 Exercise test if
excessive heart rate
is anticipated during
More strict rate exercise
Symptoms control
Rate
Control 24 h ECG for safety
No or tolerable Accept lenient
symptoms rate control
resting<110/mt
20. Rhythm Control
Rhythm control therapy is reasonable to
ameliorate symptoms, in paroxysmal/persistent
AF
27. Recommendation for atrioventricular
node ablation in AF patients
Should be considered
When the rate cannot be controlled with pharmacological agents and
when AF cannot be prevented by antiarrhythmic therapy or is
associated with intolerable side effects,
when direct catheter-based or surgical ablation of AF is not indicated,
has failed, or is rejected. IIa
Should be considered for patients with permanent AF and an indication
for CRT (IIa)
Should be considered for CRT nonresponders in whom AF prevents
effective biventricular stimulation and amiodarone is ineffective or
contraindicated- IIa
• In patients with any type of AF and severely depressed LV function
biventricular stimulation should be considered after AV node
ablation.
28. Summary- management of patients with
recurrent paroxysmal AF
Recurrent Paroxysmal AF
Minimal or no Disabling
symptoms symptoms in AF
Anticoagulation Anticoagulation
and rate control* and rate control
as needed as needed
No drug for AAD therapy *
prevention of
AF
AF ablation if AAD
treatment fails
29. Summary- management of patients with recurrent
persistent or permanent AF
Recurrent Persistent AF Permanent AF
Minimal or no Disabling Anticoagulation and rate
symptoms control* as needed
symptoms in AF
Anticoagulation and Anticoagulation and
rate control* as rate control
needed
AAD drug therapy
Electrical cardioversion as
needed
Continuous anticoagulation as
needed and therapy to maintain
sinus rhythm *
Consider ablation for severely symptomatic
recurrent AF after failure of greater than or equal
to 1 AAD plus rate control
These therapeutic goals need to be pursued in parallel, especially upon the initial presentation of newly detected AF.These therapies may already alleviate symptoms, but symptom relief may require additional rhythm control therapy by cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, or ablation therapy An irregular rhythm and a rapid ventricular rate in AF can cause symptoms including palpitations, dyspnoea, fatigue, and dizziness.Adequate control of the ventricular rate may reduce symptoms and improve haemodynamics, by allowing enough time for ventricularfilling and prevention of tachycardiomyopathy
Requirement of OAC for 45 day, DAPT for 1 yr and life long aspirin in the PROTECT AF trialAdverse events with procedurebased on expert consensus only.
Requirement of OAC for 45 day, DAPT for 1 yr and life long aspirin in the PROTECT AF trialAdverse events with procedurebased on expert consensus only.