1. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS
Prepared by: Ms. Cherrylyn T. MAGANO, LPT.

2. REVIEW!
1. What are the three types of authority?
2. It is a transaction between two socially equal parties concerning
goods or services that are estimated to be of equal value.
3. Enumerate the three types of reciprocity.

3. JUMBLED LETTERS
1. THEALH
2. OCATIUNED

4. Cultural, Social and Political
Institutions

5. EDUCATION
 Education is a social institution through which a society's children are
taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
Every nation in the world is equipped with some form of the
education system, though these systems vary greatly.

6. Functions of Education in the Society
 It is quite evident in the mindset of people that "education is the key
to success".
 Education is an essential part of the development of any country and
society as this is the primary way of enlightening an individual with
each facet of life.

7. Productive Citizenry
 In the Philippines, about P367.1 billion from the P2.606- trillion 2015
National Budget went to the Department of Education (Official
Gazette, 2015).
 It can be seen how much educations is valued in this country as a
large amount of money is set aside for educational use as it is
expected, each country is in high hopes that their citizens turn out to
be good citizens and properly contribute to the development of their
society.

8. Self-Actualization
 Self-actualization was coined by organismic theorist, Kurt Goldstein
for motivational purposes.
 He researched this term for people to realize and gain their full
potential.
 According to Abraham Maslow's fundamental teachings, the basic
needs of a person must first be met before an individual can achieve
self-actualization- the need to be good and fully alive.

10. Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Human Needs
 Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist and philosopher well
known for his contribution: The Theory of Human Needs.
 He states that humans naturally wish to seek and strive to reach
higher levels of consciousness and wisdom.
 Maslow described this desire as the process towards "self-
actualization".

11. Primary Education as a Human Right
 As stated in Youth For Human Rights. “educations shall be directed to
the full development of the human personality and the strengthening
of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.“
 Since it is highly emphasized how important education is in the
formation and development of a society, the act of providing
necessities to ensure a child's education must be at the forefront of a
government's ideologies and goals.

12. RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS
 All societies have a belief system that can be grouped into the term
religion.
 Religion is the set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices on supernatural
power, whether they are gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons which are
supernatural beings.
 There are a lot of kinds of religions in the world. Under some:
 Animism
 Polytheism
 Monotheism

13. Animism
 Animism is a belief system of some indigenous tribal peoples
especially before the development of organized religion.
 Although each culture has its different mythologies and rituals,
"animism" is said to describe the most common, foundational thread
of indigenous peoples' "spiritual" or "supernatural" perspectives.

14. Polytheism
 Polytheism refers to the worship of or belief in the multiple gods
usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with
their religion and rituals.
 It is divided into two: soft polytheism and hard polytheism
 Soft Polytheism- believes that gods may be aspects of only one god, that the
pantheons of other cultures are representative of one single pantheon.
 Hard Polytheism- belief that gods are distinct, separate, real divine beings,
rather than psychological archetypes or personifications of natural forces.
Hard polytheists reject the idea that “all gods are one god”.

15. Examples are:
 Hinduism- is the oldest religion on earth.
 Mormonism- espouses a distinctly non-trinitarian theology in regards
to the nature of God.
 Shinto- is focused on ritual practices to be carried out diligently by
ethnic Japanese people.

16. Monotheism
• Generally, it means a religion with one God. It is a belief in one
personal and transcendent God.
• There are a lot of types of monotheism, they are:
1. Deism- assumes the fact of the existence of a single creator god,
who has little or no continued involvement with the world.
2. Henotheism- it normally means that exclusive worship of a tribal-
national deity which does not deny the reality of patron deities of
other peoples, while elsewhere it often becomes a synonym for
monolatry, that is belief in or the worship of one god without the
existence of others.

17. 3. Monism- it is the philosophical stance that explains all that is in terms of a
single reality and thus conflicts with any belief which distinguishes
radically between different grades of being.
4. Pantheism-holds that the universe and God are identical.
5. Substance monotheism- it holds that the many gods are different forms
of a single underlying substance.
6. Trinitarian monotheism- it is the Christian doctrine of the belief in one
God who is three distinct "persons": God the Father, God the Son
(Jesus), God the Holy Spirit.

18. Example of monotheistic religions:
• Christianity- is the world's biggest religion, with about 2.1 billion
followers worldwide. It is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ.
• Islam- it is articulated by the Qur'an, considered by its adherents to
be the word of Allah.
7. Judaism- it is a religion that believes in an absolute one,
indivisible, and incomparable God who is the ultimate cause
of all existence.

19. Institutionalized Religions
 Institutionalized religions are social institutions, in which belief
systems and rituals are systematically arranged and formally
established.
 According to William James, "Religion… shall for us the feelings, acts,
and experiences of individual men in their solitude… concerning
whatever they may consider the divine.
 Since the relations may either be moral, physical, or ritual, it is
evident that out of religion in the sense in which we take it,
theologies, philosophies, and ecclesiastical organizations may
secondarily grow".

20. HEALTH
 Health is, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (1948),
defined as the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
 WHO adds on by stating that healthy is not just defined as the lack of
illnesses or physical impairment but encompasses the unity and harmony
within the mind, body, and spirit which is unique to each person, and is
identified by that person.
This proposed will cover the following health domains:
 Physical health
 Psychological health
 Emotional health
 Social health
 Spiritual health.

21. Physical Health Refers to the way that your body functions. This includes
eating right, getting regular exercises, and being at your
recommended body weight. It is also avoiding vices, and
being free of disease and sickness.
Psychological Health Is the ability to recognize reality and cope with the demands
of everyday life.
Emotional Health Is expressing your emotions in a positive and non-destructive
way.
Social Health Is the quality of your relationship with family, friends,
teachers, and classmates, and others the child is in contact
with.
Spiritual Health Refers to maintaining harmonious relationships with other
living things, and having spiritual directions and purpose.

22. Disease and Illness
The disease "refers to a specific pathology" while illness "refers to the
meaning and elaborations given to a particular physical state”.
Diseases can be categorized into four major types, depending on their
social effects.
 Endemic disease- This kind of disease is always present in a large part of the
population.
 Epidemic disease- An epidemic affects a significant part of the population,
wherein the disease is normally uncommon to the people and area.
 Chronic disease- It is a disease that lasts for a long time. The victim may or
may not die, but often does not recover.
 Acute disease-This is a short-duration disease; generally, either the victim
recovers from it or dies fast.

23. System of Diagnosis, Prevention, and Healing
 Many illnesses are being discovered and researched by different
scientists and with this, many forms of healing and treatment have
also been formed.
 Traditional Medicine and Healing Treatment.
 Being so traditional and old, further research is still being done on
most traditional healings to ensure the wellbeing of its practitioners.
• Example of these traditional healing includes acupuncture, herbalism, use of
Chinese medicines and rubs and the like.

24.  Western Medicine
• These types of healings are the modern-day practices of the medical world
and are typically referred to as medical science. Western medicine and
Treatment is usually done by a doctor, nurse, and another conventional
healthcare provider.
 Alternative Healing
• Another kind of healing developed in the medical world is Alternative
medicine. Alternative medicine is a healing practice that has the effect of
medicine but does not necessarily originate from the medical practices or a
scientific method.

25. MASS MEDIA
 Social Media and Technology
 Mass media is composed of print media (books, magazines, and
newspapers, among others) and non-print media (television, movies,
radio, internet, and social media).
 These types of media are used to disseminate information,
oftentimes, regardless of border and territory. Given the wide reach
of mass media, it can relay to society the possible nature of reality
from various angles.
 Overall, technology, the Internet, social media help empower
individuals and allow people to spread ideas and communicate to
others easily and faster.