This document provides an introduction to the field of microbiology. It discusses the main branches of microbiology and describes various types of microorganisms including their morphology, structure, and classification. Important historical figures who contributed to the development of microbiology are also highlighted, such as Anton van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microorganisms under the microscope, Louis Pasteur who discovered microbial fermentation and disproved spontaneous generation, and Robert Koch who developed techniques for staining, culturing, and isolating disease-causing microorganisms.
2. Microbiology is a great complex of biological
sciences about microorganisms
Branches of microbiology
Basic or general microbiology
Industrial microbiology and biotechnology
Pharmaceutical microbiology
Agricultural microbiology
Veterinary microbiology
Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food,
water, soil and air)
Medical microbiology
15. Main differences of the cell structure
Type of cell procaryotes eucaryotes
size 1-10 µm 10-100 µm
genom
exhibited
Nucleoid is not
separeted from
cytoplasm
1 chromosome (circular)
Nucleus
Have a nuclear membrane
A few chromosomes
(linear)
Mitochondria absent present
Apparatus Golgi absent present
Endoplasmatic
reticulum
absent present
ribosome Within cytoplasm 70S
(50S+30S)
into ЕPR 80S
(60S+40S)
Cell wall peptidoglycane cellulose
endospores + —
16. Structure of the bacteria
Cell envelope:
- capsule
- Cell wall
- Cytoplasmic membrane
Outside appendages:
- flagella
- Pili or fimbria
Inside structure:
- cytoplasm
- nucleoid
- ribosomes
- mesosomes
- Intracellular inclusion
27. Historical development of microbiology
Period before microorganisms were seen
Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century
to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek )
Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R.
Koch)
Immunological period (first part of 20th century:
G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky):
development of immunology and the start of
development of the virology)
Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular
immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry,
microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)
28. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
He was the first person who observed and
described microorganisms (he named
their as “animalcules”)
He constructed first microscope with
magnification about 50 to 300 times
29. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He established that fermentation was the result
of microbial activity
He introduced techniques of sterilization and
made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and
autoclave
He showed that microorganisms do not arise by
spontaneous generation
He elaborated methods of pathogenic
microorganisms attenuation
He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one
30. Robert Koch (1843-1910)
He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of
microorganisms
He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877),
cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882)
He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation
He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a
microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's
postulates)
The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
but absent in healthy organism
The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a
pure culture
The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism
is inoculated into a healthy host
The same microorganism must be isolated again from the
diseased host