Energy Crisis Essay

Energy Crisis Of The United States Essay
Energy Crisis Of The United States
Content May be Outdated At the beginning of the year the President of the United States announced
that the United States was in the middle of a nation wide energy crisis. The President gave many
solutions including using more solar and wind energy, nuclear power, and drilling in the Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). The President told the American people that they would have to
watch their energy use and conserve as much as possible. Gas prices reached $2 per gallon in the
Midwest for the second straight summer, and California continued to be hit by unprecedented
power woes that forced rolling blackouts. The price of crude oil rose sharply, from around $10 a
barrel to a peak of $37. The...show more content...
And OPEC, which once virtually dictated world oil prices by manipulating supplies, failed in two
attempts to persuade its members to cut production by just 2 percent.
Environmentalists were dismayed because cheap oil meant a continuing lack of economic incentives
to develop or switch to alternative energy sources. Average regular gasoline prices at the pump fell
in January to $1.06 per gallon, obliterating the effects of the small energy tax imposed by the federal
government the previous October to encourage conservation.
United States? oil companies were unhappy with the low prices because 15 percent of the 6.6
million barrels per day they are capable of producing comes from wells that are very expense to
operate. Oil executives estimated that they needed prices of about $18 per barrel to keep such wells
profitable. By mid–year, oil prices had inched upward but still hovered below $17 per barrel ? low
enough to keep people ?hooked on oil.?
Despite the bargain–basement prices, many electric utilities continued to reduce their reliance on oil
in order to comply better with the 1994 Federal Clean–Air Laws. Such utilities, along with certain
other industries, are capable of switching fuels. But, last year, the companies tended to stick with
natural gas, which burns cleaner, even when oil would have been cheaper.
The main problem in the electric area of energy is that no one wants to use energy saving items until
it is too late. The
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GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS: THEN AND NOW Global Energy Crisis: Then and Now
Introduction The world today faces an energy crisis. The world is dependent on certain natural
resources like oil and natural gas that are quickly depleting. These resources are being imported
from countries that have the ability to set higher prices due to demand (Nef 1977). Because of
this, the world faces a great recession, and like Britain in the second half of the 16th century, we
need to find alternative sources of energy. Britain found itself in an energy crisis and was on the
brink of a recession however they were able to exploit a new means of energy and revitalize their
country and situation. The purpose of this paper is to show similarities between...show more content...
Complaints of deforestation came from all parts of the kingdom. This hurt the Britain economy
and way of life as Britain was forced to find other materials for energy, and started using coal as a
resource (Nef 1977). Using coal revitalized the economy and the necessity of use created many
new inventions and opportunities for the country, and ultimately the world. Like Britain, many
countries of today's world are dependent on wood also. Countries still use wood as a means of
building and for heat. Wood is also cut and exported as a means of revenue and like Britain, the
United States and other countries are now faced with deforestation (Nef 1977). The data compiled
by the World Preservation Foundation (WPF, 2010), reveals that the planet has already lost 80
percent of its forest due to deforestation, and going by the alarming rate at which the trees are cut, it
will not take much time for that figure to reach the 100 percent mark (Nef 1977). In the same way
Britain was forced to find other alternatives, the United States and other countries must expand their
resources and find new ways. With Britain fighting the effects of deforestation, they had to find
another source of energy. Coal had been discovered, but was not used much. Coal miners

Energy Crisis And Climate Change: Fracking
The energy crisis and climate change are both topics that we hear about on a daily basis. We all
know that the earth has only so much oil and coal. Not only are we running out of these resources,
but we are also causing irreversible damage to the earth by continuing to use them. The world's
largest companies, richest entrepreneurs and the best scientists are working to create a solution to
these problems. Billions of dollars are being invested into renewable energy sources such as wind
and solar power and many believe that they are viable options for the future. However one form of
energy has become more popular in recent years and it isn't a renewable resource. Natural gas
extracted by hydraulic fracturing or more commonly known as fracking...show more content...
Thousands of articles, news stories, and even blockbuster movies have been made addressing the
issue. Many argue that fracking poses serious health risks to those in surrounding and also that it
will only increase our dependence on fossil fuels instead of investing in renewable energy. There are
a handful of issues that are introduced when fracking is brought up including: ground and surface
water contamination, impact of air quality, seismic activity caused by shale rock shifting, the
consumption of fresh water, and the local impacts of traffic, noise and land

Geothermal Energy: A Solution to the Energy Crisis
Abstract
So far, scientists have not found a successful substitute for fossil fuels that can handle both the
large demand for energy and solve the global warming problem. I propose that geothermal energy
is a clean, widely available, and renewable alternative to the usage of fossil fuels. In this paper, I will
explain how use of geothermal resources can be energy–efficient, environmentally clean, and
cost–effective. I believe that the US government should increase funding for geothermal energy
research. This may be the solution to our present energy crisis and global warming.
Introduction
There is a call of action to solve today's energy crisis. What we need urgently is a clean,...show more
content...
Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) take up about 80 % of total energy consumed. Fossil fuels cause
pollution and global warming yet we continue to use them. Our demand for fossil fuels has become
so great that according to current projections, Earth's reserves will be depleted within the next 200
years. But we do not actually have 200 years to wait. Our run–away consumption of fossil fuel not
only endangers our ability to meet our future energy needs but also the environment. Fossil fuels
cause significant pollution and global warming. This in turn compromises wildlife habitats and can
even lead to extinction of animal and plant species. By looking at new sources such as geothermal
energy, we can move towards a source that is not extremely harmful and yet still effective.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is heat energy that is stored underneath Earth's surface. It is mainly found at
volcanoes, hot springs, or geysers. Heat stored in the hot water and steam found at these locations is
captured and can be used to heat buildings or generate electricity. This energy source is renewable
because heat from the earth is continuously produced. To obtain energy, you must either use hot
water or steam from the source. The most common way of capturing the energy from geothermal
sources is to tap into naturally occurring "hydrothermal convection" systems where cooler water
seeps into Earth's crust, is heated up, and then rises to the

Energy Crisis in Pakistan
Energy crisis in Pakistan
Outline:
Introduction Pakistan is a victim of energy crisis A shortfall of energy is called energy crisis
Energy crisis is not specific to Pakistan Causes behind the energy crisis Poor management Circular
debt Power theft and Power wastage Corruption and lack of accountability Mis–allocation of
resources Increasing price of oil in international market In past no efforts were made Alternative
energy resources: Hard technologies and Soft technologies Hard technologies: Nuclear power
Natural gas Natural gas import Coal LNG Soft technologies: Hydropower...show more content...
In Pakistan power sector has effectively become hostage of Circular Debt which is created when
one party fails to clear its dues to the second party. The second party in turn defaults on their payment
commitments towards third party. However inefficiency in collection of revenues from the private
sector and ineffective contractual agreements between Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO)
and Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) are the major causes for interoperate debt.
Power theft and power wastage or transmission losses are other reason which paved the way for
loadshedding. Line losses, mainly power theft alone contributed around 125 billion to the circular
debt. Transmission losses happen when due to poor infrastructure consumer cannot get enough
electricity to fulfill daily requirements. Mere rise in power tariff could not overcome on the power
theft and transmission losses.
Corruption in pertinent departments of electricity and lack of accountability on part of those who
stay at the helm of affairs is another reason of energy crisis in Pakistan. The financial scam in the
rental power plants (RPPs) is a recent example of corruption in energy sector. In Pakistan energy
crisis can be subjugated if there are strict punishments for those who are responsible for such shady
deeds.
Though Pakistan is rich in coal and natural gas

Questions On The Energy Crisis
LITERTURE REVIEW – PHOTOVOLTAICS
Y. Choaie
ABSTRACT
The energy crisis in 19731,2 led to a major reorientation in the publics perception to the energy
supply problem,1–3 the limited supply of fossil fuels was recognised; therefore, many governments
around the world encouraged the search for alternatives sources.1–5 Among them is photovoltaic's;
the most promising contender as a universal energy source. According to Tinsley, "every hour, it
floods the earth with a deluge of thermal energy equal to 21 billion tons of coal".6,7 However, a
substantial impediment limiting the development of photovoltaic systems has been the costly
expense of the crystalline silicon solar cell module.1–6 Scientists took part in profound
experimentations in order to overcome this setback; one of the leading solutions discovered is the
development of thin–film cells,1,3,4 which saves both material and energy in the production of the
cells and modules.1,3,5
INTRODUCTION
We, the human species have been exploiting the energy of the sun since the seventh century; the
suns rays flood the earth's surface and we have been utilizing them to meet our energy demands
(Figure 1).1,6
The photovoltaic effect was first discovered in 1839 by Edmond Becquerel (Figure 2),1,2,4 who
observed that the application of light on a platinum electrode coated with silver in an electrolyte
generated an electric current.1,4 Becquerel's theory sparked the idea of a semiconductor material as
a source to convert solar

Energy Crisis : Individual Research Briefing
Tasmanian Energy Crisis
Individual Research Briefing Paper
Haya Daghlas | ID: 785864 | 19 September 2016
Executive Summary
300 Words
Table of Contents
Executive Summary2
1Introduction4
1.1Background4
1.2Purpose and Scope4
1.3Client4
1.4The Structure4
2Meeting the current energy demand5
2.1Findings5
2.1.1Energy Capacity and demand in Tasmania5
2.1.2The Tasmanian Energy Crisis6
2.1.3Temporary response6
2.1.4The Tamar Valley Power Station (TVPS) Facts and Figures6
2.2Recommendation no. 17
3Increasing the energy storage level8
3.1Findings8
3.1.1Currant energy storage level8
3.1.2Rainfall forecast for 20168
3.1.3Cloud Seeding8
3.1.4Energy Security Risk Assessment8
3.1.5Critical storage level9
3.2Recommendation no. 29
4Conclusion10
1Introduction
1.1Background
The State of Tasmania is currently facing an Energy Crisis that threatens the energy security
(Matthew Groom, 2016). In normal energy supply the state obtains 66% from Hydro dams, 14%
from The Basslink, 11% Thermal energy, and 9% from Renewable Wind Energy (Tasmanian
Economic, January 2016).
In 2015 Tasmania experienced the lowest rainfall in over 100 years of recorded history. (Matthew
Groom, 2016) as a result the energy generated by Hydro dams dropped down to 14%, followed by
Basslink cable outage in December 2015 (ABC News, 2016).

1.2Purpose and Scope
Our team goal is to come up with viable recommendations to solve the currant Tasmanian

Solving The Global Energy Crisis
The biggest issues that humans are facing are all related to energy. Energy has allowed countries
to develop into what is now the first world, and has completely changed almost every aspect of
daily life. These same energy sources are now polluting our environment, and are a frontrunner of
causes for climate change. Also at the same time, a scarcity of available oil, and by extension
energy, is a big driver of poverty, and for armed conflicts, especially wars relating to oil in the
Middle East. Our dependence on oil is a global problem that requires unprecedented international
cooperation. One solution is to make a transition to renewable energy. However, this is not as simple
as just installing new energy power plants. The problems that...show more content...
First, the energy industry as is the case with any industry is comprised of firms that have the inherent
goal of profit maximization. Profit maximization for the energy sector entails selling energy with the
biggest profit margin possible, something that is harder to do when the initial cost of the product is
raised. From a profit maximizing perspective, firms have absolutely no incentive to use renewable
energy if it costs more than polluting alternatives. Politicians also have little incentive to slow down
energy production in their countries. Authors Al–Mulali and Mohammed (2015) have shown that
there is a bi–directional causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP for wealthier
nations, and that third world nations are more dependent on energy consumption for economic
growth. Herein lies the second issue, the problem of political economy. First world nations used
fossil fuels in large part to attain their elevated standards of living, and third world nations wish to
catch up. The easiest way to catch up, is to burn more fossil fuels, just like the first world did. First
world nations are now trying to cut global emissions, which third world nations are still very
dependent on for their own well–being (Figueres 2015). Therefore, third world politicians must now
choose between looking out for their citizens by bringing up their own countries' GDPs, and the
greater good, which in this case is battling climate change
The worst part regarding these

1Introduction:
Energy production of any country is the measure of its economy. No country can achieve high
economic growth without producing sufficient energy. Production of energy crisis is a Greek word
which means 'decisive moment'. Crisis is declared when something has gone to a level where an
action must be taken to avoid complete disaster 'Energy crisis, takes place due to several reasons
some of which are: increasing price of oil,power wastage ,less dams,incompitancy of exploration
sector, miss allocation of resourcesflects industrial output,transportation,agricultural
output,etc.Electricity breakdown in Pakistan is alarming. When energy supply of an industry is
restricted, its output decreases and cost of production available to human beings.Therefore,we can
say that energy crisis is a crisis of human development. It is indeed a matter of life and death. The
multidimensional ongoing energy crisis has been having a knock on the life of every Pakistani.
Without energy the wheel can't run on roads, industry and agriculture can't sustain, hospitals and
operation theatres can't function, schools and laboratories can't work,public and private sector
business cannot operate. Energy is the life blood of socities,provides a wide range of services
essentials to everyday life, including heating,cooling,lighting,preserving of food, pumping fresh
water, operating communication systems,internet and information portals and providing power for a
wide range of appliances increases

Energy Crisis Essay
The energy crisis is a big problem in society around the world and will be an even bigger problem
in the future. From what I have heard in school and the media a lot of power and fuel comes from
fossil fuels and not renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric
power. Fossil fuels also release harmful greenhouse gasses that can affect the atmosphere and the
air in big cities. For example the Air in China is really bad because of all the factories they have
their using fossil fuels. Switching from non–renewable energy to renewable energy will be a very
important global initiative in the future and we need to start working on it now or there could be
an even bigger energy crisis in the future. In the article What is the Energy Crisis by Rinkesh, the
author states that "the energy crisis is the concern that the world's demands on the limited natural
resources that are used to power industrial society are diminishing as the demand rises". And even
though the resources in limited supply occur naturally it can take thousands of years for the
resources to be replenished. The author relates energy crisis to the general public by saying that
we don't connect to the reality of the energy crisis until the price of gas goes up or there is a line at
the gas station. In general there is a not a broad understanding of the complex topic. The reason for
this, the author says, is that there is not a broad understanding of the causes and solutions that will

Energy Crisis
An energy crisis is any great bottleneck) (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an
economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain
time and place. Causes Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A
crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes.
The cause may be over–consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption or bottlenecks at
oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually
cold winters due to increased consumption of energy. Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause
minor interruptions to energy supplies....show more content...
It is therefore predicted that the UK may have regular blackouts like South Africa.[7] [edit] Social
and economic effects Main article: Energy economics The macroeconomic implications of a supply
shock–induced energy crisis are large, because energy is the resource used to exploit all other
resources. When energy markets fail, an energy shortage develops. Electricity consumers may
experience intentionally–engineered rolling blackouts which are released during periods of
insufficient supply or unexpected power outages, regardless of the cause. Industrialized nations
are dependent on oil, and efforts to restrict the supply of oil would have an adverse effect on the
economies of oil producers. For the consumer, the price of natural gas, gasoline (petrol) and diesel
for cars and other vehicles rises. An early response from stakeholders is the call for reports,
investigations and commissions into the price of fuels. There are also movements towards the
development of more sustainable urban infrastructure. {draw:a} {draw:a} In 2006, US survey
respondents were willing to pay more for a plug–in hybrid car In the market, new technology and
energy efficiency measures become desirable for consumers seeking to decrease transport costs.[8]
Examples include: In 1980 Briggs & Stratton

The energy crisis of the 1970's caused authorities to search out other renewable sources of energy,
which currently remain undeveloped and keep the U.S. today generally dependant on foreign fuel.
According to Merriam Webster dictionary, a crisis is a "difficult or dangerous situation that needs
serious attention." The energy crisis of the 1970's produced a backlash that affected much of the
economy and spread fear and panic over the United States.
Energy Crisis (1970's) states that the crisis officially began when the "Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) reduced their petroleum production and proclaimed an
embargo on oil shipments to the United States and the Netherlands, the main supporters of Israel."
They did...show more content...
"Pollution is the biggest drawback to burning fossil fuels." (Fossil Fuel Power pg. 22). Smog, acid
rain, and unhealthy chemicals are all effects from fossil fuels and can be quite detrimental to the
environment. "Ninety percent of the energy used in the United States comes from fossil fuels"
(Energy Crisis the future of fossil fuels pg. 12). This arises questions concerning global warming.
Chemical gasses trapped in a confined space (as in the earth) cause global warming. Fossil fuels will
certainly exacerbate this theory.
Why are fossil fuels not renewable? America uses up more gas than nature can produce, therefore,
one day in all probability the U.S. will run out of gas. "People use them faster than nature could
make them. One day the world will run out of fossil fuels" (Fossil Fuel Power pg. 24). "Some
scientists believe the United States has enough coal to last 250 years. They think the country has
enough natural gas to last about 100 years" (Fossil Fuel Power pg. 24). "Scientists expect that earth's
supply of petroleum will be used up within the next 75 years" (Energy Crisis the future of fossil
fuels pg. 12). Many people believed and still do believe that one day earth will run out of fossil fuels.
Why are fossil fuels harmful? "Every time we drive a car, use a computer, or cook a meal, we
produce greenhouse gases. When factories make all the things we buy and use every day, they pump
out polluted gases. (Are we Running Out of

The Energy Crisis Of Oil Essay
In order to fulfill his desires, man will abuse environmental supplies to a great extent, consequently
indorsing his environment to lose its natural ability of supporting mankind. Our voracious craving
for gnawing away at the Earth's natural resources is growing prodigiously. Perhaps our most keen
appetite is for oil, the blood of the earth. Similarly, to humans, when blood is removed from the body
without being replaced, a treacherous situation surfaces. This situation currently deals directly with
oil depletion. Oil is a standout amongst the most essential fuels available in today's culture. It is a
finite resource, incapable of being reproduced in human frames, however, mankind voluntarily
ignores this information and continues to consumed it at an unstable acceleration. Peak oil has been
looming on the horizon for decades. It is used to describe the global maximum in crude oil
production which is predicted to occur in the near future. Once this maximum has been reached,
global oil production will begin to forever decline afterwards, leading the world into a catastrophic
energy crunch that could cripple our economy. Oil will become more difficult to extract, therefore
making it more expensive as nations compete for the declining supply. The failure of economies to
adapt to the staggering cost of oil will eventually kill off every endeavor by the economy to develop,
and cause semi–permanent depression. Unfortunately, individuals cannot simply suck oil out of the
ground

Essay on Solar Energy and the Energy Crisis
Solar Energy and the Energy Crisis
Abstract
The energy crisis is a major problem in the United States. Solar energy can help alleviate this
problem. Enough solar panels to fulfill the energy needs of the entire United States would take up
27,347 km2 and cost almost 17 trillion dollars. Therefore, although there is enough space for all
those solar panels, the economic cost is far too great. However, solar power can be phased in
gradually.
Solar Energy 3
Solar Energy: Can It Solve the Energy Crisis?
The world's supply of fossil fuels is dwindling. The amount of power generated from renewable
energy sources needs to be increased, as there is little chance of power consumption decreasing.
Solar power is a relatively untapped power...show more content...
Another way of generating electricity from solar radiation is through the use of solar thermal
energy. Power plants that generate electricity in this way use mirrors to focus the sun's energy. The
focused energy is used to boil water and create steam to drive a turbine (Solar Energy).
However, if solar power usage were to become more widespread, then the energy shortage the
Figure 1 ( data from Annual Energy Review, 2003)
United States is experiencing would be lessened. Combined with energy conservation and increased
use of other renewable sources (such as wind power and geothermal power), the energy crisis could
become a thing of the past.
Results/Discussion
The Annual Energy Review states that the United States used 98.156 quadrillion BTU of energy in
the year 2003. That is equal to 2.8766684 Г— 1013 kilowatt hours. Since there are 8765.81277
hours in one year, 3.28169044 Г— 1012 watts are generated per year. A solar panel with an area of
one square meter produces 120 watts (Solar Cell, 2005), so 2.73474203 Г— 1010 square meters
would be required to produce that amount. That is equivalent to 10,558.898 square miles, or
27,347.420 square kilometers.
That value agrees with National Geographic's value of approximately 10,000 square miles, which
is "an area bigger than Vermont" but "[a]ll those panels would fit on less than a quarter of the roof
and pavement space in cities and suburbs" (Parfit, 2005).
However, this many

Energy Crisis And The Uk
Energy crisis in the UK
The United Kingdom is in the midst of a power shortage with fossil fuels running low and the
closure of the coal mines and ageing nuclear power stations. In the upcoming winter months parts of
the UK are likely to have "power blackouts.
The UK is struggling to supply the vast amount of energy needed and it is said that supplies sre
likely to be close to running out asoon as the winter 2015. The demand for energy is higher than the
supply.
National Grid and Ofgem have recently warned the government of the increased riskвЂЁof potential
power shortages, particularly in 2015/16. To comply with the EU Large Combustion Plan Directive
(LCPD), a significant number of coal–and oil–fired power plants are due to close by the end...show
more content...
Power stationOperatorCapacity (GW)Expected closure date
Coal
Cockenzie ScottishPower1.2By 2015
Didcot A вЂЁ RWE npower2.0By 2015
Ferrybridge Scottish and Southern Energy1.0By 2015
Ironbridge E.ON UK1.0By 2015
KingsnorthE.ON UKвЂЁ2.0By 2015
TilburyRWE npower1.1By 2015
Oil
Fawley RWE npower1.2By 2015
Grain вЂЁ E.ON UKвЂЁ2.0By 2015
LittlebrookRWE npower1.0By 2015
Nuclear (Magnox)
OldburyNDA0.42011
WylfaNDA1.02012
Nuclear (AGR)
HartlepoolBritish Energy1.22014
Heysham 1 British Energy1.22014
Hinkley Point BBritish Energy0.82016
Hunterston BBritish Energy0.92016
Dungeness BBritish Energy1.02018
Heysham 2British Energy1.22023
TornessBritish Energy1.22023
The drastic closure of coal and nuclear power stations has reduced the supply available for the UK
consumer, causing a cost crisis. Prices of electricity and gas have increased for most of the last
decade, road fuel for most of the past two decades. This has had an impact on industrial and
economic growth.Energy prices are projected to remain high or increase for many reasons.The UK
output is declining as power stations are being closed and costly measures are put in place to cut

carbon emissions . Energy companies are investing large sums of money into renewable energy.
Ofgem's Supply Market Indicators (SMIs), published on September 2013 confirmed electricity
prices have increased over the last two years by 7%, driven primarily by a 17% increase in

Essay on Energy Crisis
Energy Crisis
Energy is important to our nation for many reasons. It is a key economic driver. It offers new market
opportunities for business. Providing energy to our nation has been an exciting challenge in recent
years. Many changes have been constant throughout that period. The past tells Americans that
predicting the specifics of the energy future for our nation with great accuracy would be unlikely.
Americans get their energy from different types of resources. With all the different resources
Americans believe that an energy crunch shouldn't happen.
The crisis is a nationwide energy discontent in which natural gas rates have soared to the highest
level in 15 years, and OPEC has slashed its oil output again to keep...show more content...
More than half of the growth for natural gas, over the next 20 years, will come from the electric
generation market. The use of natural gas in this country could increase by more than a third in the
next 20 years. In the electric power generation industry, natural gas could increase as much as 250
percent for power generation.
The United States now has two percent of the world's proven crude–oil reserves. Most of the
American produced oil comes form old wells, where the output declines over the years. Production
costs are lower overseas, so it is cheaper to buy from OPEC nations than from many American
suppliers. Increasing energy supplies requires not only wells but new pipelines to transport oil and
natural gas. In 1998, the United States consumed 9.8 million more barrels of oil a day than it
produced.
The economic miracles of the 20th century were powered by fossil fuels. The 21st century may be
seen by an equally dramatic change from fossil fuels, and the environmental chaos they brought.
The result may be less than an energy revolution. The cost of fossil fuel energy produced is
comparable to that of electricity. A fuel cell cleanly and quietly combines oxygen and hydrogen to
produce electricity. Fuel cells could one day sit in thousands of basements producing power and hot
water, without fossil fuels. Some fossil fuel lobbyists still argue that it will be difficult and
expensive to find an alternative to oil and coal.
Nuclear

The Energy Crisis Of 1979
Energy is a daily consumption that everybody uses in their daily lives. As a nation, we as modern
people in the United States rely heavily upon energy sources such as oil, wind, thermal, natural,
solar, hydraulic, etc. During the 70s, energy was a booming industry that everybody wanted to be
a part of. This industry affected people 's way of living and everyday use of technology such as
house appliances, automobiles, industry, and city power grids. During this era, an energy crisis
occurred which had a big impact on many people nationally and internationally. This energy crisis
was the result of the production peak in the 1970s, the oil crisis of 1973, and the energy crisis of
1979.
The "Hubbert 's peak" can refer to the peaking of production of a particular area, which has now
been observed for many fields and regions. Hubbert 's Peak was thought to have been achieved in
the United States contiguous 48 states. In the early 1970s, Oil production peaked at 10.2 million
barrels per day and then declined for several years since. Yet, recent advances in extraction
technology and optimistic production forecasts has led to some skepticism of Hubbert 's theory.
However, the 1970s peak has not been reached, despite assertions to the contrary. Afterpeak oil,
according to the Hubbert Peak Theory, the rate of oil production on Earth would enter a terminal
decline. In a recent paper he publicly exploited that in 1956, Hubbert correctly predicted that
production of oil from

Energy crisis and environmental pollution are highlighted to be one of the major global problems
in the 21st century. For the past 200 years, human society has had a ravenous appetite for fossil
fuels. The huge increase in human population and also the industrial revolution were the major
sources of fossil fuel consumption. However it is becoming obvious that our dependence on fossil
fuels is causing many problems that we are going to have to address. Therefore, our greatest
challenge is to find means to reduce the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels. Fortunately, we
have the potential to reduce the CO2 emission from fossil fuels combustion by converting them into
renewable, carbon–neutral energy sources that provide the energy...show more content...
Different electron acceptors have been successfully employed in MFCs including oxygen,
ferricyanide, permanganate, ferrous iron, biomineralized manganese, nitrates, and chloroorganics
(10–16). Among all investigated electron acceptors, oxygen (O2) is one of the most preferred
electron acceptors because of its high oxidation potential, sustainability, availability, and low
environmental impact i.e., lack of waste product (17). The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in
an MFC's cathode occurs usually in an electrolyte with a neutral pH (~ 7.0), which is one of the
requirement of bacterial growth in any biological system i.e., an MFC's anode. Platinum (Pt) is
one of the most employed cathodic catalysts in MFC research due to its catalytic activity for
oxygen reduction. For example, Logan et al. (18) showed that Pt catalyst increased the power
output of an MFC by one order of magnitude compared to a plain carbon electrode. Despite its high
catalytic activity, one challenge facing the researchers is to replace the expensive Pt catalyst with
cheaper cathodic catalysts (10,17). Recent studies showed that the voltage loss due to the activation
overpotential is more than 300 mV even with Pt as a cathodic catalyst, which represents more than
30% of the theoretical voltage produced in an MFC (9). Generally, MFCs are complex
bio–electrochemical systems,

Energy Crisis in Pakistan
ABSTRACT Electricity Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing
today. Electricity is essential part of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the
economy and overall living of ours. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses; our daily life has
become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing upto 18 hours of electricity outage a day, is
expected to face more if not dealt with in time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature of
this crisis and to propose some short–term as well as long–term solutions to this problem. This study
is exploratory in nature. We have done our best to conclude and sketch up some recommendations in
the light of identified hurdles in the way of implementing the...show more content...
In particular, the production costs of electricity rise, which raises manufacturing costs. For the
consumer, the price of gasoline (petrol) and diesel for cars and other vehicles rises, leading to
reduced consumer confidence and spending, higher transportation costs and general price rising.
Energy resources have depleted! Whatever resources are available are simply too expensive to
buy or already acquired by countries which had planned and acted long time ago. Delayed efforts
in the exploration sector have not been able to find sufficient amounts of energy resources.
Nations of the world which have their own reserves are not supplying energy resources anymore;
only the old contracts made decades ago are active. Airplanes, trains, cars, motorbikes, buses and
trucks, all modes of transportation are coming to a stand still. Many industries have closed due to
insufficient power supply. Price of oil has gone above the ceiling. At domestic level, alternate
methods like solar, biogas and other methods are being tried for mere survival. The above is a
likely scenario of Pakistan and around the globe after 25 years. A pessimistic view, but realistic
enough to think about and plan for the future. But are we doing anything about it? Lets have a look
at the current energy situation of Pakistan and the world. Pakistan's economy is performing at a very
high note with GDP growing

Researh Paper- Energy Crisis
Table of Contents Introduction2 Problem2 Current
Usage................................................................................................2 Petroleum3 Coal3 Natural Gas4
Nuclear5 Alternatives5 Hydropower5 Solar Power7 Wind Energy8 Geothermal Energy9 Biofules11
Conclusions12 Best Choices12 Implications13
Works Cited...................................................................................................14
Introduction
Problem
An energy crisis is a situation in which a nation suffers from a disruption of energy supplies
connected by increasing energy prices that threaten economic and national security. At the moment,
there is an increasing worldwide demand for electrical power and transportation, both which depend
mostly on fossil fuels, such as oil products. Because the population and new technology is...show
more content...
Coal is used to create almost half of all electricity generated in the United States. Coal is mostly
found in three large regions in the United States; the Appalachian Coal Region, the Interior Coal
Region, and Western Coal Region. More than one–third of the coal produced in the United States
comes from the Appalachian Coal Region. It is impossible to know exactly how much coal there
is, because it is buried underground. "Based on U.S. coal consumption for 2008, the U.S.
recoverable coal reserves represent enough coal to last 234 years"(So How Much Coal is there?)
Coal provides 26% of global primary energy needs and generates 41% of the world's electricity,
according to the World Coal Institute (Coal Reserves, Coal Exploration – World Coal Institute).
Natural gas
Natural gas is formed from animals and plants that lived millions of years ago when heat and
pressure turned decayed matter into crude oil. Natural gas is usually found near petroleum. Oil is
then transported to refineries and distilled into fuel or base chemical products. Natural gas is
pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. Natural gas is used to make
steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity and also as an essential raw material for many daily
products. Some products that use natural gas as a raw material are paints, plastics, dyes,
photographic film, medicines, and

Energy Crisis Essay

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