21. Pharmacological therapy (3) Bronchodilators LA-BD: long-acting bronchodilator; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid. Assess effectiveness by treatment response criteria. If forced expiratory volume <50% predicted and exacerbations of COPD requiring a course of oral corticosteroid or antibiotic occurred at least once within the last year, consider adding regular ICS. Always ensure the patient can use an inhaled device effectively and understands its purpose. If an ICS and a long-acting β-agonist are used, prescribe a combination inhaler.
37. Surgery for COPD (2) Bullectomy CXR: chest radiography; CT: computed tomography; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV 1 : forced expiratory volume in one second; D L,CO: carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung; Pa,O2; arterial oxygen tension; P a,CO 2 ; arterial carbon dioxide tension
38. Surgery for COPD (3) Lung Volume Reduction Surgery PA: alveolar pressure; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; P a,O 2 : arterial oxygen tension; P a,CO 2 : arterial carbon dioxide tension; FEV 1 : forced expiratory volume in one second; D L,CO: carbon dioxide diffusing capacity of the lung. # : confirmed recommendations using NETT data or expert opinion.