Final report

A Novel Security Enabled Zone Sensing System For Vehicle Using Wireless Technology
Department of CSE, PESCE 1 2016-17
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the last decade, lots of incidents like drivers fatigue during driving and vehicle theft
activity which causes social real time problem like accidents and many more hazards conditions are
happening. This will raise the question of our safety and security in both public and private sectors.
So there is a need of real time monitoring and tracking of vehicles. In the urban areas, the tracking
system provides a fully automated tracking and monitoring of the vehicle which is helpful for
vehicles, vehicle‟s owners, and traveler‟s safety and also it provides the particular location of
vehicle. Finally the tracking system provides easy tracking solution using integrated embedded
system.
Vehicle tracking and monitoring system is the technology used to determine the
location of a vehicle using different devices like GPS GSM and Renesas microcontroller. It can be
viewed on digital maps with the help of software via Internet. Vehicle tracking system is an
important tool for tracking each vehicle at a given period of time and in recent years it is becoming
increasingly popular for people having expensive cars and hence helpful in theft prevention and
retrieval of the vehicle. The system consists of modern hardware and software components enabling
one to track their vehicle online or offline. Any vehicle tracking system consists of mainly three
parts, first one being mobile vehicle unit, second one is fixed based station and third one is the
database and software system.
1. Vehicle Unit:
It is the hardware component attached to the vehicle having either a GPS/GSM modem.
The unit is configured around a primary modem that functions with the tracking software by
receiving signals from GPS satellites. The controller modem converts the data and sends the vehicle
location data to the server.
2. Fixed Based Station:
Consists of a wireless network to receive and forward the data to the data Centre. Base
stations are equipped with tracking software and geographic map useful for determining the vehicle
location.

3. Database and Software:
The position information or the coordinates of each visiting points are stored in a
database, which later can be viewed in a display screen using digital maps. However, the users have
to connect themselves to the web in order to know the location of the vehicle.
Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized
software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking
systems, particularly in large cities. Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators
for fleet management functions such as fleet tracking, routing, dispatch, on-board information and
security, urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of purposes, including monitoring
schedule adherence of buses in service destination sign displays at the end of the line (or other set
location along a bus route). Other users such as employer of an employee or a parent with a teen
driver require vehicle information. Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles
for theft prevention and retrieval of the vehicle.
1.1 Tracking module & SMS Alert module
Active versus Passive tracking types of vehicle tracking devices exist. Typically they
are classified as passive and active. Passive devices store GPS location, speed, heading and
sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a
predetermined point, the device is removed and the data of vehicle downloaded to a computer for
evaluation. Passive systems include auto download type that transfer data via wireless download.
Active devices also collect the same information but usually transmit the data in real-time via
cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data Centre for evaluation. Many modern vehicle
tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking abilities when a cellular network is
available and a tracking device is connected which transmits data to a server, when a network is not
available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later
when the network becomes available again.
There are mainly two types of GPS vehicle tracking, tracking based on mobile device
and wireless passive tracking. The advantages and disadvantages to all two types of GPS vehicle
tracking are listed below.

 Mobile phone based tracking:
The initial cost for the construction of the system is slightly lower than the other two
options. With a mobile phone-based tracking average price is costlier. A cell-based monitoring
system sends information about where a vehicle is for every five minutes during a rural network.
 Wireless Passive Tracking:
A big advantage of this type of tracking system is that there is no monthly fee. But
setting the scheme is a bit expensive. With these types of systems the disadvantage is that
information about where the vehicle is not only can exist when the vehicle is returned to the base
business. This is a great disadvantage, particularly for companies that are looking for a monitoring
system that tells them where their vehicle will be in case of theft or an accident. However, many
systems are now introducing wireless modems into their devices so that tracking information can be
without the usage of memory of the vehicle. With a wireless modem that is wireless passive tracking
systems are also able to gather information on how fast the vehicle was travelling, stopping.
Vehicle tracking system features monitoring and managing the mobile assets are very
important for any company dealing with the services, delivery or transport vehicles. Information
technologies help in supporting these functionalities from remote locations and update the managers
with the latest information of their mobile assets. Tracking the mobile assets locations data and
analyzing the information is necessary for optimal utilization of the assets. Vehicle tracking system
is a software & hardware system enabling the vehicle owner to track the position of their vehicle. A
vehicle tracking system uses either GPS or radio technology to automatically track and record a
fleet's field activities. Activity is recorded by modules attached to each vehicle. And then the data is
transmitted to a central, Internet-connected computer where it is stored. Once the data is transmitted
to the computer, it can be analyzed and reports can be downloaded in real-time to computer using
either web browser based tools or customized software.
Vehicle tracking and monitoring system in India is mainly used in transport industry
that keeps a real-time track and to monitor of all vehicles in the fleet. The tracking system consists
of GPS device that brings together GPS and GSM technology using tracking software the attached
GPS unit in the vehicle sends periodic updates of its location to the route station through the server
of the cellular network that can be displayed on a digital map. The User can send AT Commands to
slow down the vehicle, gradually engine will be ceased and stops the vehicle. If in case removal of
any components of the vehicle, buzzer will be buzzed and alter the surrounding people regarding
theft.

1.2 Drowsiness module
The primary purpose of the Drowsy Driver Detector is to develop a system that can
reduce the number of accidents from sleep driving of vehicle. With our two monitoring steps, we can
provide a more accurate detection. For the detecting stage, the eye blink sensor always monitor the
eye blink moment. It continuously monitor eye blink. If the monitoring is over, the collected data
will be transmitted to a microcontroller, and the microcontroller digitizes the analog data. If the
warning feedback system is triggered, the microcontroller makes a decision which alert needs to be
activated.
1.3 Traffic signal violation Alertness module
We lost our valuable life by making small mistake while driving (school zone, signal
jumping, and highways). So in order to avoid such kind of accidents and to alert the drivers and to
control their vehicle speed in such kind of places the highway department have placed the
signboards. But sometimes it may to possible to view that kind of signboards and there is a chance
for accident. So to intimate the driver about the zones and the speed limit automatically, is done by
means of using RF technology.
1.4 Organization of the Project Report
The project report has been presented in five chapters in order to bring out the
importance and significance of various experiments carried out.
Chapter 1 Introduction about the vehicle tracking system is presented, Drowsy Driver Detector
&Traffic signal violation Alertness.
Chapter 2 discusses about the literature review as aspect of covering monitoring, tracking, and IR
Sensors & RF Technology.
Chapter 3 discusses about the system requirements of the project. Further hardware and software
requirements are listed.
Chapter 4 discusses about the system analysis, block diagram of the model and various modules
which are used in the project. Further it details about the renesas board, GSM module, GPS module,
IR sensors& RF Transmitter and Receiver .

Chapter 5 briefs about the implementation of the complete model and also details about the
software i.e., Cube suite used in this project and the language i.e., Embedded C which is used to
code the project. Further the pseudo codes of the various modules and sensors are discussed.
Chapter 6 discusses about the testing of the project work and its results. Further it results of various
tests performed on the developed system are tabulated.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
This chapter deals with the survey done prior to the design and development of the
system. The survey includes study of various technologies used to create this application as a whole
Few of the paper that has been referred for this project are:
 Vehicle Theft Detection and Prevention Using GSM and GPS by Champa BhagavathiR, Gowri.B.R,
Kasturi.R, Pooja.C[1].This paper shows a component to make vehicle burglaries practically
inconceivable. GSM and GPS advancements are utilized for that reason. The proposed framework
gives two levels of security, secret key insurance for the vehicle and remote start cut-off system.
This framework additionally gives arrangement to vehicle following utilizing GPS. GSM innovation
is utilized for insinuating the proprietor.
A ready message is sent to the proprietor if the wrong secret word is entered. Message
is additionally sent when the start arrangement of the vehicle is begun. The proprietor can react with
a SMS to stop the motor. A signal is likewise enacted to alarm the close-by individuals or the
security work force if the correct secret key is most certainly not entered after most extreme number
of trials. Message is sent to proprietor notwithstanding when vehicle is begun utilizing right
watchword.
 Real Time Vehicle Monitoring and Tracking System based on Embedded Linux Board and Android
Application by Prashant A. Shinde, Prof. Mr.Y.B.Mane, Pandurang H. Tarange [2] have designed an
advanced vehicle monitoring and tracking system based on Embedded Linux Board and android
application is designed and implemented for monitoring the school vehicle from any location A to
location B at real time. The proposed system would make good use of new technology that based on
Embedded Linux board namely Raspberry Pi and Smartphone android application. The proposed
system works on GPS/GPRS/GSM SIM900A Module which includes all the three things namely
GPS GPRS GSM. The GPS current location of the vehicle; GPRS sends the tracking information to
the server and the GSM is used for sending alert message to vehicle‟s owner mobile. The proposed
system would place inside the vehicle whose position is to be determined on the web page and
monitored at real time. In the proposed system, there is comparison between the current vehicle path
and already specified path into the file system of raspberry pi.
Here in the proposed system the already specified path inside the raspberry pi‟s file
system taken from vehicle owner‟s android Smartphone using android application. Means the

selection of path from location A to B takes place from vehicle owner‟s android application which
gives more safety and secures traveling to the traveler. Hence the driver drives the vehicle only on
the vehicle owner‟s specified path. If the driver drives the vehicle on the wrong path then the alert
message will be sent from the proposed system to the vehicle‟s owner mobile and also speakers alert
driven using Raspberry pi‟s audio jack. If the vehicle‟s speed goes beyond the specified value of the
speed, then also the warning message will be sent from system to the owner mobile. The proposed
system also took care of the traveler‟s safety by using LPG Gas leakage sensor MQ6 and
temperature sensor DS18B20.
 Design and development of GPS-GSM based tracking system with Google map based monitoring by
Pankaj verma, j.s Bhatia[3] in their work have explained GPS as one of the technologies that are
used in a huge number of applications today. One of the applications is tracking your vehicle and
keeps regular monitoring on them. This tracking system can inform you the location and route
travelled by vehicle, and that information can be observed from any other remote location. It also
includes the web application that provides you exact location of target.
This system enables us to track target in any weather conditions. This system uses GPS
and GSM technologies. The paper includes the hardware part which comprises of GPS, GSM, At
mega microcontroller MAX 232, 16x2 LCD and software part is used for interfacing all the required
modules and a web application is also developed at the client side. Main objective of their work is
the design a system that can be easily installed and to provide platform for further enhancement.
 Drowsy Driver Sleeping Device and Driver AlertSystem by Rajasekar .R, Vivek Bharat Pattni , S.
Vanangamudi[4].There has been a gigantic addition in road setback on account of laziness of driver
while driving which prompts enormous lethal accidents .The driver lose his control when he falls
rest which prompts disaster .This is in light of the fact that when the driver is not prepared to control
his vehicle at fast out on the town. This wander can make a model which can keep away from such
mishaps.
 Design of RF Based Speed Control system Vehicles by Ankita Mishra, Jyoti Solanki, Harshala
Bakshi, Priyanka Saxena,Pranav Paranjpe [5].we lost our profitable life by making little botch while
driving (school zone, slopes range, and interstates). So keeping in mind the end goal to stay away
from such sort of mischances and to caution the drivers and to control their vehicle speed in such
sort of spots the expressway division have set the billboards.
Be that as it may, once in a while it might to conceivable to view that sort of billboards
and there is a shot for mischance. So to insinuate the driver about the zones and the speed confine
consequently, is finished by methods for utilizing RF innovation. The principle goal is to outline a

Smart Display controller implied for vehicle's speed control and screens the zones, which can run on
an inserted framework.
In the proposed system, the system provides a fully automated tracking and monitoring
of the vehicle which helpful for vehicles driver, their owners, passengers‟ safety and also it provides
the accurate arrival time of the vehicle at particular location or stop. In order to reduce man power
and saving of money, here the system provides easy tracking solution using GPS. In the monitoring
and updating mechanism, the GSM module is used which transmit the updated vehicle status to the
owner and user using web page in Smartphone.IR Sensor and Eye-Blink Detection are using to
prevent the accidents when the driver is drowsy and Finally RF Technology used to prevent the
Traffic signal violation Alertness.

CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
3.1 Introduction
A software requirements specification is developed as a consequence of analysis.
Review is essential to ensure that the developer and customers have the same perception. The
Software Requirements Specification is produced at the culmination of the analysis task, which
states the goals and objectives of the software, describing it in the context of the computer-based
system. The software requirements specification includes an information description, functional
description, behavioural description, validation criteria.
A requirement is a statement about what the proposed system will do that all
stakeholders agree must be made true in order for the customer‟s problem to be adequately solved.
Requirements can be divided into two major types, functional and non-functional.
3.2 Functional Requirements
Functional Requirements describe what the system should do, i.e. the services provided
for the users. The functional requirements of this system are:
1. Automatic Vehicle Tracking:
As Vehicle theft then GPS Receiver active then retrieves the location information
from satellites in the form of latitude and longitude readings in real-time.it is done automatically
which helps the owner of vehicle for easy tracking.
2. Complete listings of the location values on LCD:
LCD displays the information i.e. latitude and longitude value of the places, and acts
as a monitoring system in order to monitor and control the physical parameters such as tracking, IR
Sensor, RF TX & Rx etc.

3.3 Non-Functional Requirements
Non-functional requirements are constraints on the services or the functions offered by
the system. They include time constraints, constraints on the development process and standards.
Non-functional requirement often apply to the system as a whole.
3.4 System Requirements
3.3.1 Hardware Requirement
 Renesas microcontroller.
 GSM Module.
 LCD Module.
 GPS module.
 IR Sensors.
 Eye Blink Sensor.
 Android Mobile Phone .
 IR TX & RX .
3.3.2 Software Requirement
 Cube Suite+ for Embedded C Programming.
 JDK
 ECLIPSE
 SDK

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
4.1 System Analysis
System Analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a system
and their relationships within and outside the system. Training, Experience and common sense are
required for collection of relevant information needed to develop a good system. A good analysis
model should provide the mechanism to understand the problem and also the framework of the
solution.
The analysis has been done as per the following:
 Analyzing all the possible existing system.
 Determined the uses of the existing system, limitation of the current system, requirement
for the new system.
 Documented existing system description, behavior and the limitation.
 Blue print of the proposed system. This includes sequence diagrams and system
interaction diagrams.
 Prepared a list of benefits, which includes both tangible and intangible benefits
Quantitative and Qualitative.
4.2 Block Diagram of the vehicle tracking system
As shown in the below Fig 4.1, contains mainly sensors, GSM module, GPS module
Renesas microcontroller, IR Sensors, Eye Blink Sensor, RF TX & RX, Android Mobiles and Power
supply module. These modules are integrated to do a single task. The proposed system is controlled
with Renesas microcontroller. Initially Vehicles theft then starts the whole operation. After that GPS
and GSM SIM900 module communicate with Renesas microcontroller. The latitudes and longitudes
current position of the vehicle received from GPS get in Android Mobile . The alert massage will be
sent to the owner mobile using GSM module to track the vehicle, and this system provides
passengers safety with the Drowsy Driver Detector by using IR Sensors, Eye Blink Sensors and RF
tags are used to identify the Traffic signal violation Alertness. These sensors get interface with
Renesas Microcontroller .

Figure 4.1 System Architecture diagram
4.3 Microcontroller Renesas
Figure 4.2 64 Pin Renesas Microcontroller Board

As show above Fig 4.2., 64 Pin Renesas Microcontroller Board, contains General
purpose register is 8 bits × 32 registers (8 bits × 8 registers × 4 banks) , ROM is512 KB, RAM is 32
KB, Data flash memory is 8 KB On-chip high-speed on-chip oscillator On-chip single power supply
flash memory (with prohibition of block erase/writing function) and On-chip debug function.
Features:
 Ports  Total 11 ports with 58 Input/Output Pins
 Port 0  0 to 6  Total 7 pins in port 0
 Port 13  0, 7  Total 2 pins in port 13
 Port 14  0, 1, 6, 7  Total 4 pins in port 14
 On-chip power-on-reset (POR) circuit and voltage detector (LVD)
 On-chip watchdog timer (operable with the dedicated low-speed on-chip oscillator)
 I/O ports: 16 to 120 (N-ch open drain: 0 to 4)
 Timer  16-bit timer: 8 to 16 channels, Watchdog timer: 1 channel
 Different potential interface: Can connect to a 1.8/2.5/3 V device
 8/10-bit resolution A/D converter (VDD = EVDD =1.6 to 5.5 V): 6 to 26 channels
 Power supply voltage: VDD = 1.6 to 5.5 V.
4.4 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
4.4.1 GSM Module (SIM 900)
SIM900 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz,
DCS 1800 MHz and PCS 1900 MHz. SIM900 features GPRS multi-slot class 10/ class 8 (optional)
and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4.

You can use AT Command to get information in SIM card. The SIM interface supports
the functionality of the GSM Phase 1 specification and also supports the functionality of the new
GSM Phase 2+ specification for FAST 64 kbps SIM (intended for use with a SIM application Tool-
kit).Both 1.8V and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported. The SIM interface is powered from an internal
regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All pins reset as outputs driving low.
SIM900A provides a RF antenna interface
The "AT" or "at" prefix must be set at the beginning of each command line. To
terminate a command line enter <CR>. Commands are usually followed by a response that
includes.”<CR> <LF> <response> <CR> <LF>”. Throughout this document, only the responses are
presented, <CR><LF> are omitted intentionally.
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for
digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-
European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries
outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.
Figure 4.3 SIM 900 modules
4.4.2 Technical information of GSM
 Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation
conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometres.
 The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres
(22 mi).
 GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges.
 2G GSM networks operate in these frequency 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands if these bands
were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead. 3G networks

in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.
 GSM is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. It is divided into 8 timeslots and
made into TDMA frame.
 The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 Kbit/s.
 The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900
and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.
GSM Send SMS Flow Diagram
Figure 4.4 Flow diagram of GSM module working
Command Format AT+CMGS=”mob num”
Enter  which will transmitted serially to
GSM module through UART0 of the
Controller
Send Mobile number
Send 0x22(ASCII value of “)
Send 0x0D(ASCII value of carriage
return)
Initialize using AT Enter command –
Use ASCII value of „Enter‟ = 0x0D
Send AT+CMGS= String
Send 0x22(ASCII value of “)
Test GSM Module after inserting SIM
connect it to the Controller

4.5 DISPLAY Module
4.5.1 LCD module
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a
column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid
crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal
twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.
Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual information.
LCD displays designed around Hitachi's LCD HD44780 module, are inexpensive, easy to use, and it
is even possible to produce a readout using the 8x80 pixels of the display. They have a standard
ASCII set of characters and mathematical symbols.
For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 11 I/O lines. For a 4-bit
data bus it only requires the supply lines plus seven extra lines. When the LCD display is not
enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller.
The LCD requires 3 control lines from the microcontroller:
 Enable (E)
This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this line is
low, the LCD is disabled and ignores signals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is
high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds accordingly.
 Read/Write (R/W)
This line determines the direction of data between the LCD and microcontroller.
When it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high, data is read from the
LCD.
 Register Select (RS)
With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines. When it is
low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a character is being
written to the LCD.

4.5.2 LCD 16 X 2
Figure 4.5 LCD
As show above Fig 4.5., Liquid crystal display (LCD) offers several advantages over
traditional cathode ray tube that makes them ideal for several applications. LCD‟s are flat and they
use only a fraction of power required by cathode ray tubes. They are easier to read and more
pleasant to work with for long periods of time. There are several tradeoffs as well, such as limited
view angle, brightness and contrast, not to maintain high manufacturing cost. 16x2LCD is used in
this project to display data to user. There are two rows and sixteen columns. It is possible to display
16 characters on each of the 2 rows. It has registers, command and data register.
Specifications of LCD
16x2 LCD is used in REDTACTON. 16 imply 16 columns and 2 imply 2 rows.
Pin 1: Ground
Pin 2: +5V supply
Pin 3: Connected to potentiometer to adjust contrast
Pin 4: Reset
Pin 5: Read/Write. Reads data from microcontroller and writes in LCD.
Pin 6: Enable and disable total LCD operations.
Pin 7-14: 8-bit Data Registers
LCD initialization
This is the pit fall for beginners. Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is
initialized. Command must be sent to initialize the LCD. Simple steps to initialize the LCD are
1. Specify function set: Send 38H for 8-bit, double line and 5x7 dot character format.
2. Display On-Off control: Send 0FH for display and blink cursor on.
3. Entry mode set: Send 06H for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible.
4. Clear display: Send 01H to clear display and return cursor to home position.

LCD functions:
The LCD module is used in the vehicle anti-collision system to display the range
information which is calculated by LV Max Sonar-EZ1 and also to display one of the three zones in
which the vehicle is present. If the distance displayed is above 20 inches it displays safe zone. If the
distance is between 15 and 19 inches, then it displays alert zone. If the distance is below 15 inches,
the LCD will display stop zone. This LCD can be used to display 16 characters in 2 rows. It has the
ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. It has an inbuilt refreshing circuit, thereby
relieving the CPU from the task of refreshing. LCD discussed has total of 14 pins.
LCD pin Description
Pin Symbol I/O Description
1 VSS - Ground
2 VCC - +5V Power Supply
3 VEE - Power Supply to contrast
4 RS I RS = 0 to select command
register
5 R/W I RS = 1 to select data register
6 EN I/O Enable
7 to
14
D0 to
D8
I/O 8 bit data bus
Table 4.1 LCD pin descriptions
LCD Command Codes
Code(HEX) Command to LCD Instruction Register
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
80 Force cursor to the beginning of first line

C0 Force cursor to the beginning of second line
38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix
Table 4.2 LCD command codes
Algorithm to send data to LCD
Step 1: Make R/W low.
Step 2: Make RS=0; if data byte is command.
Step 3: RS=1; if data byte is data (ASCII value).
Step 4: Place data byte on data register.
Step 5: Pulse E (HIGH to LOW).
Step 6: Repeat the steps to send another data byte.
Flow Diagram of LCD module
Figure 4.6 Flow Diagram of LCD module
Connect VDD, VSS, LEDA, LEDK
Pins for Power and Contrast
Adjustments
RS , EN, R/W And data Pins are
Assigned to Ports
EN=1, RS=1 , R/W=0 for data write
Data in DB0-7 is sent through Port
Pins
Data is displayed on the Panel

Steps for LCD initialization
Figure 4.7 Flow diagram of LCD Initialization
LCD message function
Figure 4.8 Flow diagram of LCD message function
ALCD_Comm( 0x38 ); Command transmitted
serially to LCD through data lines, This
command will select 2lines,5x7matrix
ALCD_Comm( 0x0E ); This command will
make the display on, cursor blinking
ALCD_Comm( 0x01 ); This command will
clear the LCD display
ALCD_Comm( 0x06 ); This command will
shift the cursor to right
ALCD_Data( *data_ptr ); Data to be displayed is
transmitted to the LCD through the data lines
while( *data_ptr != '0' ) Data_ptr points to the
starting character of the message, until it is
equal to null character loop will be repeated
ALCD_Comm(addr ); Address location of LCD
is transmitted to LCD through data lines
data_ptr++; Data pointer will be incremented
after each character is displayed

LCD command function
Figure 4.9 Flow diagram of LCD Command Function
4.6 GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEM
4.6.1 GPS RECEIVER
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
developed by the United States Department of Defence. It is the only fully functional GNSS in the
world. It uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit
precise microwave signals, which enable GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time,
and their velocity. Its official name is NAVSTAR GPS. Although NAVSTAR is not an acronym, a
few acronyms have been created for it. The GPS satellite constellation is managed by the United
States Air Force 50th Space Wing. GPS is often used by civilians as a navigation system.
GPS is a widely used aid for navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making,
land surveying, commerce, scientific uses, and hobbies such as geo-caching. Also, the precise time
reference is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes. GPS is also a
required key synchronization resource of cellular networks, such as the Qualcomm CDMA air
interface used by many wireless carriers in a multitude of countries.
The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first
successfully tested in 1960. Using a constellation of five satellites, it could provide a navigational fix
P1 = comm_data; comm_data present on port
P1 is transmitted to the LCD through datalines
ALCD_RS = 0; Command register will be
selected
ALCD_Enable = 1; ALCD_Enable = 0; in order
to access the data present on data lines enable
pin should have high to low pulse

approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Imation satellite which proved
the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology that GPS relies upon. In the 1970s, the
ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on signal phase comparison, became the first
worldwide radio navigation system.
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems,
such as LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War
II. Additional inspiration for the GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first Sputnik in
1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio
transmissions. They discovered that, because of the Doppler Effect, the frequency of the signal being
transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from
them. They realized that since they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint
where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion.
Working and Operation
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites
(24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military developed and implemented
this satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else.
Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about
12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so
that at anytime, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.
Protocol used: NMEA-0183 V3.01 GPRMC format. A GPS receiver's job is to locate
four or more of these satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its
own location. This operation is based on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration.GPS
receiver calculates its position on earth based on the information it receives from four located
satellites.
Figure4.10 GPS device

This system pretty well, but inaccuracies do pop up. For one thing, this method
assumes the radio signals will make their way through the atmosphere at a consistent speed (the
speed of light).The Earth's atmosphere slows the electromagnetic energy down somewhat,
particularly as it goes through the ionosphere and troposphere. The delay varies depending on where
you are on Earth, which means it's difficult to accurately factor this into the distance calculations.
Problems can also occur when radio signals bounce off large objects, such as skyscrapers, giving a
receiver the impression that a satellite is farther away than it actually is. On top of all that, satellites
sometimes just send out bad almanac data, misreporting their own position.
Features
 Serial Interface : RS-232 level
 Supply voltage: 5 V
 GPS receiver channel : 12 parallel
 acquisition sensitivity : -140dBm
 tracking sensitivity : -150dBm
 hot start : < 10 sec
 cold start : < 50 second
4.7 Eye Blink Sensor
The blinking of eye is necessary in this project, since it is used to drive the device and
to operate events. Eye blink detection has to be done, for which we can avail readily available blink
detectors (Fig4.11) we can incorporate it with a special instruction written in image processing that,
if there is no eye lid movement found for the certain period of predetermined this time greater than
the human eye blinking time then consider an event called “blink”, for which the set of operations
will be followed. Here, in this project we need to set time as 5 second or above it, as “blink event” is
different from “common eye blinking”. We need to conduct testing for only blink event, and not to
find common blinking of human eye.
Figure 4.11 EYE Blink detectors

4.8 IR Sensors
Infrared transmitter - a device that emits infrared rays. Similarly IR Receiver is used to
receive the IR rays transmitted by the IR transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and
receiver should be placed parallel to each other. The signal is given to IR transmitter when everthe
signal is high, the IR sensor is conducting it passes the IR rays to the receiver. The IR receiver is
connected with comparator. The comparator is connected with operational amplifier. In the
comparator circuit the reference voltage is given to inverting input terminal of the circuit .The non-
inverting input terminal is connected to IR receiver. When there is an interruption in the IR rays
between the IR transmitter and receiver, the IR receiver becomes not conducting. So the comparator
non inverting input terminal voltage is higher than inverting input. The comparator output is at the
range of +5V. This voltage is given to microcontroller. When IR transmitter passes the rays to
receiver, the IR receiver becomes conducting due to non-inverting input voltage is lower than
inverting input. Now the comparator output is GND. So the output is given to microcontroller. This
circuit is mainly used to for counting eye lid movement.
Application Ideas
• Obstacle detection
• Shaft encoder
• Fixed frequency detection
4.9 RF Tx & Rx
An RF TX &RX is comprised of a microchip containing identifying information and an
antenna that transmits this data wirelessly to a reader. At its most basic, the chip will contain a
serialized identifier, or license plate number, that uniquely identifies that item, similar to the way
many bar codes are used today. A key difference, however is that RFID tags have a higher data
capacity than their bar code counterparts.
This increases the options for the type of information that can be encoded on the tag,
including the manufacturer, batch or lot number, weight, ownership, destination and history (such as
the temperature range to which an item has been exposed). In fact, an unlimited list of other types of
information can be stored on RFID tags, depending on application needs. An RFID tag can be placed
on individual items, cases or pallets for identification purposes, as well as on fixed assets such as
trailers, containers, totes, etc.

4.10 Modules
I. Tracking module & SMS Alert module
Figure 4.12 Control Flow diagram for Tracking
 The system has two main units. The first is security unit which is embedded in the vehicle.
This unit consists of a GSM modem, GPS receiver, control relay, current sensor and
Microcontroller.
 The microcontroller will send SMS directly to the owner for conformation.
 The GPS Receiver retrieves the location information from satellites in the form of latitude
and longitude readings in real-time.
 Identifying the path and deciding to stop the vehicle based on location by using android
phone or desktop.
 User can send AT Commands to slow down the vehicle, gradually engine will be ceased and
stops the vehicle.
 If in case removal of any components of the vehicle, buzzer will be buzzed and alter the
surrounding people regarding theft.

II. Drowsiness module
Figure 4.13 Control Flow diagram for Drowsy Driver Detector
• In real time IR sensor will be installed to the front mirror of the driver seat.
• Based on the eye lid blinking IR sensor will check the whether the driver is awaken or not, if
he is awake he will drive the vehicle carefully.
• Driver starts drowsing will driving IR sensor will detect the eye lid close and starts giving
alert through Buzzer.
• Post alter if user is not able to drive the vehicle safely, it automatically slow down the speed
and Gradually vehicle will be stopped.

III. Traffic signal violation Alertness module.
Figure 4.14 Control Flow diagram for Traffic signal violation Alertness
• Traffic rules violation is major concern now a days, RF TX & RX can give alertness to user .
• Based on the color of the signal vehicle will be moved based on green color.
• If vehicle crossed in the red signal buzzer will give alertness to user.
• Simultaneously it notify the user through SMS.

CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Introduction
Implementation is the stage in the project where the theoretical design is turned into a
working system and is giving confidence on the new system for the users, which it will work
1efficiently and effectively. It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system and its
constraints on implementation, design of methods to achieve the change over, an evaluation, of
change over methods. Apart from planning major task of preparing the implementation are education
and training of users. The more complex system being implemented, the more involved will be the
system analysis and the design effort required just for implementation.
An implementation co-ordination committee based on policies of individual
organization has been appointed. The implementation process begins with preparing a plan for the
implementation of the system. According to this plan, the activities are to be carried out, discussions
made regarding the equipment and resources and the additional equipment has to be acquired to
implement the new system.
Implementation is the final and important phase, the most critical stage in achieving a
successful new system and in giving the users confidence. That the new system will work is
effective .The system can be implemented only after through testing is done and if it found to
working according to the specification. This method also offers the greatest security since the old
system can take over if the errors are found or inability to handle certain type of transactions while
using the new system.
User Training
After the system is implemented successfully, training of the user is one of the most
important subtasks of the developer. For this purpose user manuals are prepared and handled over to
the user to operate the developed system. Thus the users are trained to operate the developed
systems successfully in future.
5.2 Programming Language
The development of this project requires the coding in the Embedded C platform.

 Embedded C
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C
Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard
extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic,
multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.
In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by
providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features
not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O
hardware addressing.
5.3 Programming tool:
For the implementation of our project we use the Cube Suite programming tool.
The CS+ integrated development environment provides simplicity, security, and ease of
use in developing software through iterative cycles of editing, building, and debugging.You can use
the basic software tools for developing software for Renesas MCUs immediately after the initial
installation. CS+ is also compatible with Renesas hardware tools including the E1 on-chip
debugging emulator (sold separately), which facilitates advanced debugging. Abundant extensions
and functions for user support ensure a dependable environment for all users.
Note: CS+ is not generally promoted in the U.S. and Europe. For customers in the U.S. and Europe
who are interested in CS+, please contact our regional marketing departments for details.
Features
CS+ now supports Smart Utilities and Quick and Effective (QE) tool solutions, which
are available as solution toolkits. These represent a step forward from existing tools.
5.4 Pseudo Code
ALCD module
void ALCD_Init( void )
{
ALCD_Comm( 0x39 ); // 2 Lines and 5x7 matrix
ALCD_Comm( 0x01 ); // Clear display Screen

ALCD_Comm( 0x06 ); // Shift cursor right
}
void ALCD_Message( char addr, char *data_ptr )
{
ALCD_Comm( addr );
while( *data_ptr != '0' )
{
ALCD_Data( *data_ptr );
MSDelay(1); // 0.1 sec delay
}
}
void ALCD_Comm(unsigned char comm_data ) // Sending commands to ALCD
{
P7 = comm_data;
ALCD_RS = 0; // instruction signal
ALCD_R1_W0 = 0; // write mode
ALCD_Enable = 1;
Delay_Little();
}
void ALCD_Data(unsigned char disp_data ) // Sending data to be displayed
{
P7 = disp_data;
ALCD_RS = 1; // data signal
ALCD_R1_W0 = 0; // write mode
ALCD_Enable = 1;
Delay_Little();
ALCD_Enable = 0;
}
LCD module is used to display the output.

GSM module
void GSM_Init( void )
{
R_UART1_Send( "A", 1 );
MSDelay(3);
R_UART1_Send( "T", 1 );
MSDelay(3);
}
void GSM_Send_SMS( char *Mb_Num1, char *SMS )
{
unsigned char i; // SMS send command is sent through UART
for( i=0; GSM_Send_SMS_Comm[i] != '0'; i++ )
{
R_UART1_Send( &GSM_Send_SMS_Comm[i], 1 );
MSDelay(3);
}
for( i=0; Mb_Num1[i] != '0'; i++ )
{
R_UART1_Send( &Mb_Num1[i], 1 );
}
R_UART1_Send( &colon, 1 ); // ASCII value of "
MSDelay(3);
R_UART1_Send( &CARRIAGE, 1 ); // ASCII value of CARRIAGE RETURN
MSDelay(3); // Text message is sent through UART
for( i=0; SMS[i] != '0'; i++ )
{
R_UART1_Send( &SMS[i], 1 );
}
R_UART1_Send( &CntrlZ, 1 ); // UART transmission starts
MSDelay(3);
}
void GSM_Rx_SMS( void )
{
unsigned char i; // SMS send command is sent through UART

for( i=0; GSM_Rx_SMS_Comm[i] != '0'; i++ )
{
R_UART1_Send( &GSM_Rx_SMS_Comm[i],1 );
MSDelay(3);
}
}
It accepts SIM card and operator over a subscription to mobile operator just like a
mobile phone. When GSM module is connected to a microcontroller it allows communication over
the mobile network and is used to send and receive an alert message.
GPS module
INPUT: GPS Signals from satellite
OUTPUT: Location and route
void GPS_Rx( void )
{
unsigned char i, j;
GPS_Rx_Flag = 0;
while( GPS_Rx_Flag == 0 )
{
ALCD_Comm( 0x01 ); // Clear display Screen
ALCD_Message( 0x84 , "2" );
Rx_count0 = 0; // Start UART Receive array from location zero
Rx_ST_Flag0 = 0; // Reset the Receive detection flag
while( Rx_ST_Flag0 == 0 ) // Loop untill we receive the first character through
UART
ALCD_Message( 0x82 , "2" );
MSDelay(100);
ALCD_Message( 0xC2 , "2" );
MSDelay(500); // 1 sec delay
for( j=0; j<=20; j++ )

{
if( (Rx_data_arr0[j]=='G') && (Rx_data_arr0[j+1]=='P') && (Rx_data_arr0[j+2]=='R') &&
(Rx_data_arr0[j+3]=='M') )
{
ALCD_Message( 0xC4 , "2" );
for( i=0; i<9 ; i++ )
{
GPS_Time[i] = Rx_data_arr0[7+i+j];
Latitude_Arr[i] = Rx_data_arr0[18+i+j];
Longitude_Arr[i] = Rx_data_arr0[31+i+j];
}
}
}
}
}
In this module GPS device interact with satellite and gives the current latitude and
longitude values. These values are compared with already stored latitude and longitude values, if
both values match it shows location are matched. Otherwise it shows location is not found. Using
GSM, message will be sent to the mobile. Using that value we can track the current location of
vehicle.
IR Sensor and Eye Blink Sensors
Drowsiness :
if(( IR_Sensor1_Input == 1 ) && ( IR_Sensor2_Input == 1 ))
{
ALCD_Message( 0xC0, "DROWSINSS DTECTD" );
Buzzer = 1;
MSDelay(3000);
Buzzer = 0;
MSDelay(1500);
DCM_Cntrl = 0;
ALCD_Message(0x80," VEHICLE OFF ");
break;
}

RF TX & RX
Signal Jump:
if(Signal_Jump == 0)
{
ALCD_Message( 0xC0, " SIGNAL JUMP " );
Buzzer = 1;
MSDelay(2000);
Buzzer = 0;
ALCD_Message(0xC0," ");
}
Vibration Detection
Vibration :
if(( Volt_Temp > 165 ) | ( Volt_Temp < 155 ))
{
ALCD_Message( 0x80, "VIBRTION DETCTD " );
Buzzer = 1;
GSM_Send_SMS( Mb_Num1, GSM_Tx_Arr);
MSDelay(3000);
Buzzer =0;
ALCD_Message( 0x80, " " );
}

CHAPTER 6
TESTING
6.1 Introduction
Testing accomplishes a variety of things, but most importantly it measures the quality
of the software we are developing. This view checks whether there are defects in the software under
consideration and this view is rarely disproved or even disputed. Several factors contribute to the
importance of making testing a high priority of any software development effort. These include
reducing the cost of developing the program. Ensuring that the application behaves exactly as
explained to the user for the vast majority of programs, unpredictability is the least desirable
consequences of using an application. It also checks whether the software developed will satisfy the
customer requirements and also to reduce the total cost of ownership. By providing software that
looks and behaves as shown in the documentation, the customers require fewer hours of training and
less support from product experts. Develop customer loyalty and word-of-mouth market share.
6.2 Importance of Testing
The importance of software testing and its impact on software cannot be
underestimated. Testing is the measurement of software quality. Hence, it is one of the most
important stages in the software development process. It involves executing and implementation of
the software and its operational behavior to check that is performing as required. One of the main
goals is to have a minimum number of test cases that will find a majority of the implementing
errors.Software testing is a fundamental component of software quality assurance and represents a
review of specification, design and coding. The greater visibility of software systems and the cost
associated with software failure are motivating factors for planning, through testing.
6.3 Test Information Flow
Information flow for testing follows the pattern shown in the figure below. Two types
of input are given to the test process:
(i) A Software Configuration.
(ii) A Test Configuration.
Tests are performed and all the outcomes are documented. Later, this documented test
results will be compared with the expected results. When erroneous data is identified, debugging
process is restarted with a different input parameter. The debugging procedure is the most

unpredictable element of the testing procedure. An error that indicates a discrepancy of 0.01 percent
between the expected and the actual results can take hours, days or months to identify and correct. It
is the uncertainty in debugging that causes testing to be difficult to schedule reliability.
Figure 6.1 Test Information Flow
Test Cases
RENESAS COMPONENTS TESTING
Components Description Action Working
RENESAS MINI
Development Board
No
arguments
Check for power led and code
dump
Yes
GSM Module SIM 900 No
arguments
Check for messages sent and
received via AT Commands
Yes
GPS module No
arguments
Check for Latitude and longitude
of the location
Yes
IR Sensor No
arguments
Check for the heat detection
around sensor
Yes
RF TX & RX No
arguments
Enrol and verify the Signals Yes
Table 6.1 Renesas Component Testing

Various tests performed on the model
Test
Case ID
Test case
Name
Test Case Description
Test Steps
Test
Status
P/F
 Input Given
 Expected Output
 Actual Output
TC-01
Black Box
Testing
Application should run
without errors or warnings.
 Application is executing
without warnings or
errors.
Pass
TC-02
Key Slot Sensor with Opto
coupler MOC7811
 Optoelectronic device is
Coupler MOC7811 slot
Sensor used authenticated
people.
Pass
TC-03
White Box
Testing
Involves storing of data at
the Hex Code at Renesas
 Successfully stores the
data and communicates
with Renesas for
comparison
Pass
TC-04
UART Ports are used as a
medium of communication
between Renesas and
Sensors
 Successfully runs all
components on receiving
inputs from respective
sensors
Pass
TC-05 Integration
Testing
Connection between GSM
GPS
 The com Port number
identified, configured and
successful connection takes
place
Pass

Table 6.2: Test Cases
TC-06
Integration
Testing
Integration is checked
with Embedded C
programming
 Input  GSM
 Output  Receive SMS
 Input  GPS
 Output  Receive
Location latitude and
longitude
 Input IR Sensor
 OutputSMS and
Display alert
 Input  RF TX & RX
 Output  Display &
SMS alert
Pass
TC-07
Unit
Testing
Executing main program
which involves all the
modules such as GSM,
GPS, Android Phone,IR
Sensors and RF TX &RX.
 Successful execution of
program
Pass

APPENDIX A
SNAPSHOTS
Snapshot 1: overall vehicle monitoring and tracking system module
Snapshot 2: GSM Active Message in LCD

Snapshot 3: latitude and longitude values of vehicle location & Goggle Map
Snapshot 4: Vehicle Vibration Detected

Snapshot 5: RF TX & RX
Snapshot 6: Vehicle Signal Jumped

Snapshot 7: IR Sensor & Eye Blink Sensor Fixed to Goggles
Snapshot 8: Drowsiness Detected

RESULT CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
The system as the name indicates, ‘A Novel Security Enabled Zone Sensing System
for Vehicle Using Wireless Technology’ makes the system more flexible and provides attractive
user interface compared to other system. In this system we integrate mobile devices into security
systems. A novel architecture for a system is proposed using the relatively new communication
technologies. The intended objectives were successfully achieved in the prototype model developed.
The developed product is easy to use, low-cost and does not need any special training. This project
reviews exploits the existing developments and radio frequency identification technologies which
are used for vehicle tracking, identify the driver Drowsiness and traffic signal jump. We hide the
complexity of the notions involved in the system by including them into a simple, but
comprehensive set of related concepts. This simplification is fitted as much of the functionality is
offered by the system.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
For project demo concern, we have developed a prototype module. In future, this
project can be taken to the product level. In future this system can be modified for accident detection
and its avoidance by using Accelerator and additional sensors. Along with password protection if
thumb recognition and face recognition is used then security against theft can be improved. A
system can be improved by using a cluster methodology to track the vehicle. The system can be used
further for taking attendance. To make this project as user friendly and durable, we need to make it
compact and cost effective.

BIBLOGRAPHY
[1] Champa BhagavathiR, Gowri.B.R, Kasturi.R, Pooja.C “Vehicle Theft Detection and
Prevention Using GSM and GPS” International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering,2016
[2] Prashant A. Shinde, Prof. Mr.Y.B.Mane, Pandurang H. Tarange ”Real Time Vehicle
Monitoring and Tracking System based on Embedded Linux Board and Android
Application” International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies
[ICCPCT],2015.
[3] Pankaj verma, j.s Bhatia”Design and development of GPS-GSM based tracking system with
Google map based monitoring” International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and
Applications (IJCSEA) Volume 3, No.3, pp 34-40 ,June 2013.
[4] AlertSystem by Rajasekar .R, Vivek Bharat Pattni , S. Vanangamudi ” Drowsy Driver
Sleeping Device and Driver” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),2014.
[5] Abid khan, Ravi Mishra “GPS – GSM Based Tracking System“ International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume3,Issue 2,pp 161-164, 2012.
[6] Shaikh J.A , Shubhangi A.Mali ”Advanced Authentication and Security System For Call
Centre Employee‟s With Live GPS Tracking” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297; 2007 Certified
Organization) Volume. 3, Issue 7, pp 10533-10536, July 2014
[7] El-Medany, W. Al-Omary, A. Al-Hakim, R. Al-Irhayim, S. Nusaif,M.,"A Cost Effective
Real-Time Tracking System Prototype Using Integrated GPS/GPRS Module" 6th
International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications(ICWMC), pp 521-525,
20th
-25th
Sept. 2010.
[8] Fleischer, P.B. Nelson, A.Y.; Sowah, R.A. Bremang, , "Design and development of
GPS/GSM based vehicle tracking and alert system for commercial inter-city buses", IEEE
4th International Conference on Adaptive Science & Technology (ICAST), pp 1-6, 25th
-27th
Oct. 2012.
[9] W. Shi Y. Liu in ”Real-time urban traffic monitoring with global positioning system-
equipped vehicles” ,IET Intelligent Transport Systems, volume 4, Issue 2, pp.113-120, 2010.
[10] Suraja P Joy, Sunitha V S, Sowmiya Devi V R, Sneha A, Deepak S , Abin Johns Raju, “A
Novel Security Enabled Speed Monitoring System for Two Wheelers using Wireless
Technology” IEEE,International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies
[ICCPCT],2016.

APPENDIX B
Hardware components Description and Purpose
LCD circuit diagram:
Figure LCD circuit
Figure LCD pin description
The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data
bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4
lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3
control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus.)
The control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. The EN line is called “Enable”.
This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your
program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on
the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN low (0) again.
The RS line is the “Register Select” line. When RS is low(0), the data is to be treated as
a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1),

the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the
letter “T” on the screen you would set RS high.
16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features
 Intelligent, with built-in compatible LCD controller and RAM providing simple
interfacing
 61 x 15.8 mm viewing area
 5 x 8 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line
 It can display 224 different symbols
 Low power consumption (1 mA typical)
 Powerful command set and user-produced characters
 TTL and CMOS compatible.
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM modem
AGSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the perspective of mobile
operator, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
Figure GSM modem with antenna
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, it allows the computer to use the
GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most
frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending
and receiving SMS and MMS messages. A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a
serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem
capabilities. The mobile operator charges for this message sending and receiving as if it was

performed directly on a mobile phone. To perform these tasks, a GSM modem must support an
“extended AT command set” for sending or receiving SMS messages, as defined in the ETSI GSM
07.05 and 3GPP TS 27.005specifications.
The modem needed only 3 wires (TX, RX, and GND) except Power supply to interface
with microcontroller/Host PC. The built in Low Dropout Linear voltage regulator allows you to
connect wide range of unregulated power supply (4.2V -13V).5 V is in between. Using the modem,
one will be able to send & Read SMS, connect to internet via GPRS through simple AT commands.
4.10.1Advantages of GSM
 GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.
 International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western Europe.
 CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular European
destinations.
 GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable network
with robust features.
 CDMA is still building its network.
Features of GSM
The features of GSM system are:
 Subscriber Identity Module: One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber
Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card
containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain
his or her information after switching handsets. The user can also change operators while
retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.
 Phone Locking: Mobile network operators restrict handsets that they sell for use with
their own network. This is called locking and is implemented by a software feature of the
phone.
 SIM Service Security: GSM is designed with a moderate level of service security. The
system is designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and a challenge
response. GSM only authenticates the user to the network.

General commands for GSM
Manufacturer identification +CGMI
Description:
This command gives the manufacturer identification.
Syntax:
AT+CGMI
Table AT Commands with Possible responses
1. New message indication +CNMI
Description:
This command selects the procedure for message reception from the network.
Syntax :
AT+CNMI=<mode>,<mt>,<bm>,<ds>,<bfr>
Table AT Commands for new Message

2. Send message +CMGS
Description :
The <address> field is the address of the terminal to which the message is sent. To send
the message, simply type, <ctrl-Z> character (ASCII 26). The text can contain all existing characters
except <ctrl-Z> and <ESC> (ASCII 27). This command can be aborted using the <ESC> character
when entering text. In PDU mode, only hexadecimal characters are used („0‟…‟9‟,‟A‟…‟F‟).
Syntax :
AT+CMGS= <length> <CR>
PDU is entered <ctrl-Z / ESC >
Table AT Commands for send message
The message reference, <mr>, which is returned to the application is allocated by the
product. This number begins with 0 and is incremented by one for each outgoing message
(successful and failure cases); it is cyclic on one byte (0 follows 255).
COMMANDS
AT+CBC Request module
battery state.
AT+CBC?
AT+CBC=?
AT+CBC
<n>
0: battery not in charge
1: battery in charge
2: battery full
3: battery low
+CBC: n,m
OK
+CBC: (0-3), (0-100)
OK
+CBC: n,m

AT+CBC=1
<m>
0: battery level 0
25: battery level 1
50: battery level 2
75: battery level 3
100: battery level 4
OK
+CME ERROR 3
Note: not support
AT+CGMI This command gives
the manufacturer
identification.
AT+CGMI
Note: Get manufacture identification
AT+CGMI=?
AT+CGMI?
AT+CGMI=1
FLYFOT MODEM
OK
Note: Command valid,
FLYFOT modem
OK
+CME ERROR 3
Note: not support
AT+CPAS This command returns
the activity status of
the mobile equipment.
AT+CPAS
Note :Current activity status
AT+ CPAS?
AT+ CPAS=?
AT+ CPAS=1
<pas>
0: ready (allow
commands from
TA/TE)
1: unavailable (does
not allow commands)
2: unknown
+CPAS: <pas>
OK
+CME ERROR 3
Note: not support

3: ringing (ringer is
active)
4: call in progress
5: asleep (low
functionality)
AT+CMGS= <address> <CR> The <address> field is the
address of the terminal to
which the message is sent. To
send the message, simply type,
<ctrl-Z>
AT+CMGS=.28.<CR>
0031000BA13105119226F40000AD
0AA8C3F6
30885E9ED301 <ctrl-Z>
+CMGS: <mr>
OK
Note : Successful transmission
AT+CNMI=<mode>,<mt>,<bm>,<d
s>,<bfr>
This command selects
the procedure for
message reception
from the network.
AT+CNMI=2,1,0,0,0
Note : <mt>=1
AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0
Note : <mt>=2
<mode> : controls the
processing of
unsolicited result
codes
Important note: only
<mode>=2 is
supported.
<mt> : sets the result
code indication routing
for SMS-DELIVER
indications.
OK
Note: message received and
saved in sim, then route the
SMS-DELIVERS with
unsolicited result codes:
+CMTI: SM, <index>
OK
Note: message received, then
route the
SMS-DELIVERS with
unsolicited result codes:

AT+CNMI=2,0,0,1,0
Note : <ds>=1
AT+CNMI=2,0,0,0,0
Note : <ds>=0
at+cnmi?
Note : Read
at+cnmi=?
<bm> : defines the
rules for storing the
received CBMs (Cell
Broadcast Message)
types.
<ds> for SMS-
STATUS-REPORTs.
Default is 0.
<bfr> Default is 0.
+CMT: [<alpha>,] <length>
<CR> <LF> <pdu>
OK
Note: SMS-STATUS-
REPORTS are routed using
unsolicited code:
+CDS : <length> <CR> <LF>
<pdu>
OK
Note: No SMS-STATUS-
REPORTs are routed.
+CNMI: 2,2,0,1,0
Will return the previous status.
+CNMI: (0-3),(0-3),(0-3),(0-
1),(0,1)
AT+CMGR=<index> This command allows
the application to read
stored messages
AT+CMGR=1
Note : Read the message
+CMGR: 1,,24
0891683108100005F0040D91
683185716393
F900005001429042802304B0
182C06
OK
AT+CMGL=<stat> This command allows
the application to read
stored messages, by
indicating the type of
<stat> possible values
received unread messages(0)
received read messages(1)

the message to read.
Does not work.
stored unsent messages(2)
stored sent messages(3)
all messages(4)
AT+CMGS= <address> <CR> The <address> field is
the address of the
terminal to which the
message is sent. To
send the message,
simply type, <ctrl-Z>
AT+CMGS=.28.<CR>
0031000BA13105119226F40000AD
0AA8C3F6
30885E9ED301 <ctrl-Z>
+CMGS: <mr>
OK
Note : Successful transmission
Under Windows, only one application may have access the COM Port at any one time,
preventing other applications from using the COM Port. Flash Magic only obtains access to the
selected COM Port when ISP operations are being performed. This means that other applications
that need to use the COM Port, such as debugging tools, may be used while Flash Magic is loaded. It
requires Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP operating system.
RF Tags
Tags come in a variety of types, with a variety of capabilities. Key variables
include:
"Read-only" versus "read-write"
There are three options in terms of how data can be encoded on tags:
(1) Read-only tags contain data such as a serialized tracking number, which is pre-written
onto them by the tag manufacturer or distributor. These are generally the least expensive tags
because they cannot have any additional information included as they move throughout the supply
chain. Any updates to that information would have to be maintained in the application software that
tracks SKU movement and activity.

(2) "Write once" tags enable a user to write data to the tag one time in production or
distribution processes. Again, this may include a serial number, but perhaps other data such as a lot
or batch number.
(3) Full "read-write" tags allow new data to be written to the tag as needed and even written
over the original data. Examples for the latter capability might include the time and dateof
ownership transfer or updating the repair history of a fixed asset. While these are the most costly of
the three tag types and are not practical for tracking inexpensive items, future standards for
electronic product codes (EPC) appear to be headed in this direction.
Figure RF TX & RX

APPENDIX C
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
[1] Darshan G S “ A Novel Security Enabled Zone Sensing System For Vehicle using Wireless
Technology” in International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering(IJIRCCE) ,An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization
Website: www.ijircce.com,Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2017.

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