The history of modern India starts after independence and the most important event of this history is the integration of all princely states. This video briefly discusses the integration story of Hyderabad state.

1. Integration of Indian States
Source: Integration of Indian States by V. P. Menon
foundation of modern India
Part - III

2. Background
 Under rule of Nizam since 1724
 Geographically at the heart of India
 Surrounded by Bombay, Madras and Central provinces
 Area: 212379 sq. km
 Annual revenue: Rs. 26 Crore
 Population: 16 million
 More than 85% Hindus
 Key positions in administration, army were reserves for Muslims
Image Source: Wikipedia

3. Background
 Had own currency, coinage and stamps
 Decided to remain independent after lapse of paramountcy
 Not granted dominion status
 Started negotiations to get dominion status
 Reluctant to sign Instrument of Accession
 Lord Mountbatten persuaded Nizam to accede
 Ready to enter in conditional treaty with India
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4. Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen
 Muslim communal organization
 Leaded by Kasim Razvi
 Shock brigade called ‘Razakars’
 Aimed at theocratic and totalitarian state
 Involved in heinous across Hyderabad and its border areas
 Today exists as All India Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul Muslimeen
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5. Negotiations
 Lord Mountbatten suggested referendum, Nizam rejected
 Delegation led by Nawab of Chhatari started negotiations
 22nd Oct 1947: Draft of treaty decided
 25th Oct 1947: Executive council accepted treaty
 Melodrama by Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen
 28th Oct 1947: Kasim Razvi invited in meeting with delegates
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6. Negotiations
 29th Oct 1947: Delegates from Karachi returned
 31st Oct 1947: Threatened India to conclude agreement with Pakistan
 Set up new delegation of 3 members
 Appointed Laik Ali as President of Executive Council on behest of Razvi
 Razvi talked to Sardar Patel in Delhi
 29th Nov 1947: Nizam signed Standstill agreement and collateral letter
 Agreement to hold for one year
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7. Violations of Agreement
 Imposed restrictions on export of precious metals from Hyderabad to India
 Declared Indian currency to be illegal in State
 Advanced loan of Rs. 20Cr to Pakistan
 Loan in form of Government of India security bonds
 Appointed Public Relations Officer in Karachi
 Arrested congress leaders
 Provided open field to Razakars
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8. Atrocities of Razakars
 22nd May 1948: Looted train in presence of Hyderabad police
 Frequent raids across border regions
 Killed number of inhabitants of Bombay province and looted properties
 Didn’t even spare missionaries and nuns
 Joined hands with communists
 Razvi urged not to sheathe swords until Muslim supremacy is achieved
 Declared that he would plant Asaf Jahi flag on the Red Fort in Delhi
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9. Final nail in coffin
 Nizam was passing time in protracted negotiations
 17th June 1948: Negotiations broke down
Police joined Razakars in crimes
 Pakistan began to cash Government of India securities
 Hyderabad started increasing military strength
 Nizam wrote letter to President of U.S.
 28th Aug 1948: Hyderabad delegation went to present their case in U.N.
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Razakar units being trained

10. Operation Polo
 9th Sept 1948: India decided to send military troops into Hyderabad
 Indian forces commanded by Major-General J. N. Chaudhary
 13th Sept 1948: Two pronged advance of Indian army started
 Main force moving along Sholapur-Hyderabad road
 Smaller diversion moving along Bezwada-Hyderabad road
 Stiff resistance on first two days, collapsed after that
 17th Sept 1948: Hyderabad army surrendered
 18th Sept 1948: Indian troops entered Hyderabad city
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11. Post Military Operation
 17th Sept 1948: Laik Ali and his cabinet resigned
 18th Sept 1948: Major-General Chaudhary took charge as Military Governor
 19th Sept 1948: Razvi arrested
 23rd Sept 1948: Nizam withdrew Hyderabad case from U.N.
 Communists’ nuisance still going on
 3 years of ceaseless efforts brought the menace under control
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12. Post Military Operation
 All jagirs amalgamated by end of March 1950
 Indian government found that Nizam spent Rs. 22Cr on armaments
 State’s finances were completely disorganized
 Nizam was kept as head of the State
 Privy purse decided at Rs. 25 lakhs
 Administration virtually under control of Government of India
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13. Achievements
 Swift military operation
 Brought atrocities of Razakars to halt
 Restored communal peace
 Restored complete confidence among Muslims
 Consolidated all jagirs successfully
 Brought communists to mainstream democracy
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To be continued…

14. Next in this series
 Creation of unions
 Privy purse
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