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Aace algorithm 2015
1.
ENDOCRINE PRACTICE Vol
21 No. 4 April 2015 e1 George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACE Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FNLA, FACE Irl B. Hirsch, MD Paul S. Jellinger, MD, MACE Janet B. McGill, MD, FACE Jeffrey I. Mechanick, MD, FACP, FACE, FACN, ECNU Paul D. Rosenblit, MD, PhD, FNLA, FACE Guillermo Umpierrez, MD, FACP, FACE Michael H. Davidson, MD, Advisor Martin J. Abrahamson, MD Joshua I. Barzilay, MD, FACE Lawrence Blonde, MD, FACP, FACE Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, MACE Michael A. Bush, MD Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, DM, FRCP, FACE Michael B. Davidson, DO, FACE Daniel Einhorn, MD, FACP, FACE Jeffrey R. Garber, MD, FACP, FACE W. Timothy Garvey, MD, FACE TASK FORCE Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE, Chair AACE/ACE COMPREHENSIVE DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM 2015 Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE. This material is protected by US copyright law. For permission to reused material in any format, complete a permission form at www.aace.com/permissions. To purchase reprints of this article, please visit: www.aace.com/reprints. DOI:10.4158/EP15693.CS Copyright © 2015 AACE. ENDOCRINE PRACTICE Rapid Electronic Article in Press Rapid Electronic Articles in Press are preprinted manuscripts that have been accepted for publication in an issue of Endocrine Practice. This version of the manuscript will be replaced with the final, paginated version after it has been published in Volume 21, Issue 4, April 2015 Endocrine Practice. DOI:10.4158/EP15693.CS © 2015 AACE.
2.
e2 AACE/ACE Comprehensive
Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2015;21(No. 4) TABLE OF CONTENTS Comprehensive Diabetes Algorithm I. Complications-Centric Model for Care of the Overweight/Obese Patient II. Prediabetes Algorithm III. Goals of Glycemic Control IV. Glycemic Control Algorithm V. Algorithm for Adding/Intensifying Insulin VI. CVD Risk Factor Modifications Algorithm VII. Profiles of Antidiabetic Medications VIII. Principles for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
3.
AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4)e3 Complications-Centric Model for
Care of the Overweight/Obese Patient CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE BIOMECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS STEP 1 STEP 3 If therapeutic targets for improvements in complications not met, intensify lifestyle and/or medical and/or surgical treatment modalities for greater weight loss BMI ≥ 27 WITH COMPLICATIONS Stage Severity of Complications phentermine; orlistat; lorcaserin; phentermine/topiramate ER; naltrexone/bupropion; liraglutide Medical Therapy: Lap band; gastric sleeve; gastric bypassSurgical Therapy (BMI ≥ 35): E VA L U AT I O N F O R C O M P L I C AT I O N S A N D S TA G I N G Therapeutic targets for improvement in complicationsSTEP 2 Treatment modality Treatment intensity for weight loss based on staging+ +SELECT: MD/RD counseling; web/remote program; structured multidisciplinary programLifestyle Modification: NO COMPLICATIONS BMI 25–26.9, or BMI ≥ 27 LOW MEDIUM HIGH Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
4.
e4AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4) PREDIABETES ALGORITHM IFG (100–125)
| IGT (140–199) | METABOLIC SYNDROME (NCEP 2005) L I F E S T Y L E M O D I F I C AT I O N (Including Medically Assisted Weight Loss) NORMAL GLYCEMIA If glycemia not normalized, consider with caution Intensify Weight Loss Therapies Low-risk Medications Metformin Acarbose TZD GLP-1 RA PROCEED TO HYPERGLYCEMIA ALGORITHM Progression OVERT DIABETES CVD RISK FACTOR MODIFICATIONS ALGORITHM HYPERTENSION ROUTE DYSLIPIDEMIA ROUTE 1 PRE-DM CRITERION Consider with Caution MULTIPLE PRE-DM CRITERIA ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC THERAPIES FPG > 100 | 2-hour PG > 140 OTHER CVD RISK FACTORS WEIGHT LOSS THERAPIES Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
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AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4)e5 GOALS FOR GLYCEMIC
CONTROL A1c ≤ 6.5% For patients without concurrent serious illness and at low hypoglycemic risk A1c > 6.5% For patients with concurrent serious illness and at risk for hypoglycemia INDIVIDUALIZE GOALS Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
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e6AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4) Metformin GLP-1 RA SGLT-2i DPP-4i AGi TZD SU/GLN GLP-1 RA SGLT-2i DPP-4i TZD Basal
Insulin Colesevelam Bromocriptine QR AGi SU/GLN MONOTHERAPY* If not at goal in 3 months proceed to Triple Therapy MET or other 1st-line agent + DUAL THERAPY* MET or other 1st-line agent + 2nd-line agent + TRIPLE THERAPY* GLP-1 RA SGLT-2i TZD Basal insulin DPP-4i Colesevelam Bromocriptine QR AGi SU/GLN If not at goal in 3 months proceed to or intensify insulin therapy Entry A1c < 7.5% Entry A1c ≥ 7.5% Entry A1c > 9.0% SYMPTOMS DUAL Therapy TRIPLE Therapy OR NO YES INSULIN ± Other Agents ADD OR INTENSIFY INSULIN Refer to Insulin Algorithm L I F E S T Y L E M O D I F I C AT I O N (Including Medically Assisted Weight Loss) P R O G R E S S I O N O F D I S E A S E Few adverse events or possible benefits Use with caution LEGEND Glycemic Control Algorithm * Order of medications listed represents a suggested hierarchy of usage If not at goal in 3 months proceed to Double Therapy Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
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AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4)e7 • <7% for
most patients with T2DM; fasting and premeal BG < 110 mg/dL; absence of hypoglycemia • A1c and FBG targets may be adjusted based on patient’s age, duration of diabetes, presence of comorbidities, diabetic complications, and hypoglycemia risk • Fixed regimen: Increase TDD by 2 U • Adjustable regimen: • FBG > 180 mg/dL: add 20% of TDD • FBG 140–180 mg/dL: add 10% of TDD • FBG 110–139 mg/dL: add 1 Unit • If hypoglycemia, reduce TDD by: • BG < 70 mg/dL: 10% – 20% • BG < 40 mg/dL: 20% – 40% • Increase prandial dose by 10% for any meal if the 2-hr postprandial or next premeal glucose is > 180 mg/dL • Premixed: Increase TDD by 10% if fasting/premeal BG > 180 mg/dL • If fasting AM hypoglycemia, reduce basal insulin • If nighttime hypoglycemia, reduce basal and/or pre-supper or pre-evening snack short/rapid-acting insulin • If between-meal daytime hypoglycemia, reduce previous premeal short/rapid-acting insulin ALGORITHM FOR ADDING/INTENSIFYING INSULIN Insulin titration every 2–3 days to reach glycemic goal: **Glycemic Goal: A1c < 8% A1c > 8% S TA R T B A S A L (long-acting insulin) Consider discontinuing or reducing sulfonylurea after basal insulin started (basal analogs preferred to NPH) Add Prandial Insulin TDD TDD Add GLP-1 RA or SGLT-2i or DPP-4i 0.1–0.2 U/kg 0.2–0.3 U/kg I N T E N S I F Y (prandial control) Insulin titration every 2–3 days to reach glycemic goal: Glycemic Control Not at Goal** TDD • 50% Basal Analog • 50% Prandial Analog • Less desirable: NPH and regular insulin or premixed insulin 0.3–0.5 U/kg Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
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e8AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4) Lipid pAnEL: Assess
CVd risk d y s L i p i d E M i A If statin-intolerant Intensify therapies to attain goals according to risk levels stAtin thErApy Try alternate statin, lower statin dose or frequency, or add nonstatin LDL-C- lowering therapies Repeat lipid panel; assess adequacy, tolerance of therapy Assess adequacy & tolerance of therapy with focused laboratory evaluations and patient follow-up h y p E r t E n s i o n Intensify TLC (weight loss, physical activity, dietary changes) and glycemic control; Consider additional therapy if not At dEsirAbLE LEVELs: to LowEr LdL-C: Intensify statin, add ezetimibe &/or colesevelam &/or niacin to LowEr non-hdL-C, tg: Intensify statin &/or add OM3EE &/or fibrates &/or niacin to LowEr Apo b, LdL-p: Intensify statin &/or ezetimibe &/or colesevelam &/or niacin Additional choices (α-blockers, central agents, vasodilators, spironolactone) Achievement of target blood pressure is critical goAL: systoLiC ~130, diAstoLiC ~80 mm hg For initial blood pressure >150/100 mm Hg: DUAL THERAPY ACEi or ARB * EVEN MORE INTENSIVE THERAPY MIGHT BE WARRANTED CVD RISK FACTOR MODIFICATIONS ALGORITHM If TG > 500 mg/dL, fibrates, omega-3 ethyl esters, niacin t h E r A p E u t i C L i f E s t y L E C h A n g E s (See Obesity Algorithm) Thiazide Calcium Channel Blocker ß-blocker ACEi or ARB Add next agent from the above group, repeat If not at goal (2–3 months) If not at goal (2–3 months) If not at goal (2–3 months) Add ß-blocker or calcium channel blocker or thiazide diuretic risK LEVELs ModErAtE high d E s i r A b L E L E V E L s d E s i r A b L E L E V E L s LDL-C (mg/dL) <100 <70 Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) <130 <100 TG (mg/dL) <150 <150 TC/HDL-C <3.5 <3.0 Apo B (mg/dL) <90 <80 LDL-P (nmol/L) <1200 <1000 DM but no other major risk and/or age <40 DM + major CVD risk(s) (HTN, Fam Hx, low HDL-C, smoking) or CVD* Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
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AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4)e9 MET GLP-1 RA
sGLT-2i DPP-4i AGi TZD COLsVL BCR-QR INsULIN PRAML HYPO Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Moderate to severe Neutral WEIGHT slight Loss Loss Loss Neutral Neutral Gain Gain Neutral Neutral Gain Loss RENAL/ GU Contra- indicated CKD stage 3B,4,5 Exenatide Contra- indicated CrCl < 30 Genital Mycotic Infections Dose Adjustment May be Necessary (Except Linagliptin)) Neutral May Worsen Fluid Retention More Hypo Risk Neutral Neutral More Hypo Risk & Fluid Retention Neutral GI sx Moderate Moderate Neutral Neutral Moderate Neutral Neutral Mild Moderate Neutral Moderate CHF Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Moderate Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral CVD Benefit Increased LDL Neutral ? safe BONE Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Moderate Bone Loss Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral sU Mild Few adverse events or possible benefits Use with caution Likelihood of adverse effects Profiles of AntidiAbetic MedicAtions Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE. GLN Moderate/ severe
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e10AACE/ACEComprehensiveDiabetesManagementAlgorithm,EndocrPract.2015;21(No.4) PrinciPles of the
AAce AlgorithM for the treAtMent of tyPe 2 diAbetes 1) Lifestyle optimization and education are essential for all patients with diabetes. Lifestyle modifica- tion designed for weight loss, including medical and surgical interventions approved for the treat- ment of obesity, should be considered as primary approaches for therapeutic benefits in over- weight and obese patients with diabetes, and for prevention of diabetes in high risk patients with prediabetes. The treatment of overweight/obe- sity in patients with type 2 diabetes and predia- betes should proceed according to the Obesity Treatment Algorithm. Effective interventions for weight loss involve a multidisciplinary team. The need for medical therapy for weight loss or glyce- mic control should not be considered as a failure of lifestyle management, but as an adjunct to it. 2) The A1c target must be individualized, based on numerous factors, such as age, comorbid condi- tions, duration of diabetes, risk of hypoglycemia, patient motivation, adherence, life expectancy, etc. An A1c of 6.5% or less is still considered opti- mal if it can be achieved in a safe and affordable manner, but higher targets may be appropriate and may change in a given individual over time. 3) Minimizing risk of hypoglycemia is a priority. It is a matter of safety, adherence, and cost. 4) Minimizing risk of weight gain is a priority. It too is a matter of safety, adherence, and cost. 5) Glycemic control targets include fasting and postprandial glucose as determined by self blood glucose monitoring. 6) The choice of therapies must be individualized based on attributes of the patient (as above) and the medications themselves (see Profiles of Antidiabetic Medications). Attributes of medi- cations that affect their choice include: risk of inducing hypoglycemia, risk of weight gain, ease of use, cost, and safety impact of kidney, heart, or liver disease. This algorithm includes every FDA-approved class of medications for diabetes. This algorithm also stratifies choice of therapies based on initial A1c. 7) The algorithm provides guidance to what thera- pies to initiate and add, but respects individual circumstances that would make different choices. 8) Therapies with complementary mechanisms of action must typically be used in combinations for optimum glycemic control. 9) Effectiveness of therapy must be evaluated fre- quently until stable (e.g. every 3 months) using multiple criteria including A1c, sMBG records including both fasting and post-prandial data, documented and suspected hypoglycemia, and monitoring for other potential adverse events (weight gain, fluid retention, hepatic, renal, or cardiac disease), and monitoring of comorbidi- ties, relevant laboratory data, concomitant drug administration, diabetic complications, and psy- cho-social factors affecting patient care. 10) safety and efficacy should be given higher prior- ities than initial acquisition cost of medications per se since cost of medications is only a small part of the total cost of care of diabetes. In deter- mining the cost of a medication, consideration should be given to monitoring requirements, risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain, etc. 11) The algorithm should be as simple as possible to gain physician acceptance and improve its utility and usability in clinical practice. 12) The algorithm should serve to help educate the clinician as well as to guide therapy at the point of care. 13) The algorithm should conform, as nearly as pos- sible, to a consensus for current standard of practice of care by expert endocrinologists who specialize in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes and have the broadest experi- ence in outpatient clinical practice. 14) The algorithm should be as specific as possible, and provide guidance to the physician with prioritization and a rationale for selection of any particular regimen. 15) Rapid-acting insulin analogs are superior to Reg- ular because they are more predictable. 16) Long-acting insulin analogs are superior to NPH insulin because they provide a fairly flat re- sponse for approximately 24 hours and provide better reproducibility and consistency both be- tween subjects and within subjects, with a corre- sponding reduction in the risk of hypoglycemia. All necessary author disclosures are made to AACE and are on file at the main office. Please contact Lori Clawges at AACE for further inquiries. This document represents the official position of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology. Where there were no RCTs or specific FDA labeling for issues in clin- ical practice, the participating clinical experts utilized their judgment and experience. Every effort was made to achieve consensus among the committee mem- bers. Many details that could not be included in the graphic summary (Figure) are described in the text. Copyright © 2015 AACE MAy not bE rEproduCEd in Any forM without ExprEss writtEn pErMission froM AACE.
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