4. LUNGS AND RIBS DON’T INTERFERE ONLY ESOPHAGEAL WALL AND PERICARDIUM IN BETWEEN WONT DISRUPT SURGERY TRANS THORACIC IS DIFFICULT IN: OBESITY/EMPHYSEMA/ABNORMAL CHEST WALL
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13. DOPPLER PRINCIPLE: “WHEN A WAVE OF A GIVEN FREQUENCY,STRIKES A MOVING TARGET,IT WILL BE REFLECTED AND THE REFLECTED WAVE WILL SHOW A FREQUENCY SHIFT PROPORTIONAL TO THE VELOCITY OF THE TARGET WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE PATH OF THE EMITTED WAVE”