2. Lecture 2-RECAP
Common Law System v Civil Law System
Key difference: CODIFICATION
United Kingdom: Common Law System
Three sources of law…………………….
Statutory Law (Acts of Parliament/ “Statutes”)
Common Law (“ Judge made law”/Doctrine of Judicial Precedent)
Equity (legal principles and rules which, promote fairness & justice)
3. Who is this?
Keir Stamar QC-DPP
Alison Saunders-Chief Crown
Prosecutor for London
Replaces Keir Stamar as DPP in
Nov.2013
4. What is the role of the CPS & the DPP?
CPS- government body which represents the state in criminal matters
The CPS prosecutes (“brings the action against the defendant”) the defendant in
criminal cases investigated by the police
The CPS is responsible for:
Advising the police;
Investigating criminal matters; and
Bringing the prosecution case against the defendant (which includes preparing the
case for hearing and representing the state at hearing)
The DPP overlooks the CPS and is responsible for prosecutions, legal issues and
criminal justice policy
DPP’s recent report on reasons not to prosecute doctors in abortion case:
http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest_news/dpp_abortion_case_fuller_reasons/
5. Parliament and the legislative process
Learning Outcomes:
Outline the basic structure of the English constitution
Understand the role and composition of parliament
Show knowledge and understanding of the law making process
Identify the different types of “Bills” and explain how & who introduces them in
parliament
Explain what is an Act of Parliament/Statute; and
Explain the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy and power of repeal
6. What is the role of parliament and how is it
composed?
There are 3 main bodies in the UK which collectively make up the
English constitution:
1. The Legislature
2. The Judiciary
3. The Executive
“Separation of Powers”
7. The Separation of Powers
Term used to describe the function and powers of each of the
institutions
Parliament: law making body
Judiciary: consists of the courts and judges-law enforcement/statutory
interpretation
Executive: the cabinet, the PM, government departments and the civil
service
10. House of Commons
Members of the House of Commons are referred to as a Member of
Parliament (MP)
Elected by the public during a general election
The country is divided into constituencies (geographical areas) and
each constituent (resident/voter), votes for one MP during the general
election to represent their constituency in Parliament
11. House of Commons
A MP represents a particular political party
In the UK the major political parties are:
Labour
The Conservatives
The Liberal Democrats
There are also many smaller parties too.......
12. House of Commons
The party’s manifesto: sets out the key political and economical aims +
proposals for reforms
The government of the day is formed by the political party which has a
majority in the House of Commons-half the seats in the House
In the United Kingdom, general elections (to elect the government) are held
every 5 years
However, By-Elections can be held to replace MPs in a constituency, in the
event of their death or retirement
The voting age in the United Kingdom is 18 years
13. The 2010 General Elections
“Hung Parliament”-no one party had an overall majority/half the seats
in the House of Commons
A “coalition government” was therefore, formed between the
Conservative and Liberal Democratic parties, who collectively had the
requisite majority seats
What problems may arise in a coalition government?
14. The Government
This is the political party which has the majority in the House of Commons
It is the government which has the main say in formulating new Acts of Parliament
Parliament is the body which is responsible for law making as a whole and consists of
both the House of Commons and the House of Lords
15. The House of Lords
The House of Lords is the non-elected body
Before 1999: 1,100 members (750 were hereditary- the rest consisted
of life peers, judges and bishops)
Post 1999-only nominated members and some elected members (92
hereditary peers, life peers and the most senior bishops in the Church
of England.)
16. The House of Lords
Until 2009 the 12 most senior judges sat in the House of Lords as the
Judicial Committee of the House of Lords
Hence some of the leading cases where heard in the “House of Lords”
(HL)
However, in October 2009 the Supreme Court was formed which
replaced the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, separating the
judges from parliament
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the land, which creates
precedent which binds all lower courts
17. The law making procedure
1) The consultation papers:
Outline the proposed changes
“Green Paper”-this is a consultative document on a topic in which the
govt.`s view is put forward with proposals for law reform
“White Paper”- sets out firm proposals for new law
18. 2) Draft Acts of Parliament (“Bills”)
A draft Act of Parliament is known as a “Bill” and there are different types of Bills,
which have been outlined in the table below:
Type of Bill Explanation Example
Government Bill Introduced by the Government Legal Services Act 2007
Private Member’s
Bill
Introduced by a private MP Household Waste Recycling
Act 2003
Public Bill Involves matters of public policy and
affects the general public
Legal Services Act 2007
Private Affects a particular person,
organisation or place
Whitehaven Harbour Act
2007
Hybrid Introduced by the Government but
affects a person, organisation or place
Crossrails Act 2008
19. 3) The parliamentary process
The Bill will be introduced in the House of Commons and will go
through the following stages..........
20. The Five Stages
1) First reading: this is a formal procedure where the name and main aims of the Bill are read
out-simple verbal vote on whether the House wishes to consider the Bill.
2) Second reading: this is the main debate on the whole Bill in which MPs debate the principles
behind the Bill
3) Committee stage: a detailed examination of each of the clause of the Bill is undertaken by a
committee of between 16-50 MPs- this committee is known as a “Standing Committee”
4) Report stage: this is where the committee report back to the House on the amendments it
has suggested to the Bill during the committee stage
5) Third reading: this is the final vote on the Bill
21. The law making procedure in the House of Lords
The Bill is than passed to the House of Lords where it goes through the
same 5 stage procedure
If the House of Lords makes amendments to the Bill, it will go back to
the House of Commons for consideration
22. The law making procedure-Rejection by the
House of Lords
Parliament Acts 1911 & 1949: a Bill can still become law even if it has
been rejected by the House of Lords, provided that it is reintroduced
into the House of Commons in the next session of Parliament and
passes all the stages again there
23. The Royal Assent
The Bill officially becomes an Act of Parliament once it receives the
Royal Assent (“agreement” or “approval”)
A mere signature of the monarch (King/Queen)
The monarch however, has no say with respect to the contents of the
Bill itself
24. Parliamentary Supremacy
Parliament is the legislative body
A.V.Dicey (1885): “Parliament...has...the right to make or unmake any
law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the
law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation
of Parliament”
Parliament makes the law and the courts must apply the law
25. Limitations to Parliamentary Supremacy
EU Law: takes priority over English law
The Human Rights Act (1998): all Acts of Parliament have to be
compatible with the ECHR
26. Limitations to Parliamentary Supremacy
Scotland Act 1998 & Wales Act 1998: Parliament has “devolved”
certain powers to the Scottish and Welsh Assemblies
27. Power to Repeal
Parliament can “repeal” an Act of Parliament
Repeal- amend/withdraw an Act of Parliament
Parliament is not bound by a law made by a previous Parliament
and thus can repeal any previous Act of Parliament
Therefore, theoretically parliament can repeal the European
Communities Act 1972, which it passed to become a member of
the EU and withdraw its membership