short notes on some selected endocrine Glands

1. Endocrine Glands

2. INTRODUCTION
 A gland is an organ in humans & animal's body that synthesizes
a substance such as enzymes/hormones for release them into
the bloodstream or into cavities inside the body or its outer
surface.
 Types of glands…
 Exocrine gland ( Duct gland)
 Endocrine gland ( Ductless gland)

3. Differences
Exocrine gland Endocrine gland
Have ducts Ductless
They secretes
enzymes
They secretes hormones.
Hormones convey
information via the
bloodstream to target cells.
They control short
term activity
They control long term
activity
Salivary gland, sweat
gland
Pituitary gland, Thyroid
gland

4. The endocrine system made up of following
glands:
Pituitary Gland Structure and Function
Pancreas Gland Structure and Function
Thyroid Gland Structure and Function
Adrenal Gland Structure and Function

5. Pituitary Gland
 The major endocrine gland, pea-sized body attached to the
base of the brain that is important in controlling growth and
development and the functioning of the other endocrine
glands.
 Shape & Size- Pea shaped, 1cm diameter & about the
size of a pea with the weight of 0.5 grams.
 Location – At the base of the brain in the cranial cavity
and it is connected with the hypothalamus in the brain. It
consist of two lobes anterior and posterior.

6. Cont…..

7. HORMONES
 HORMONES SECRETED BY PITUITARY GLAND
The Anterior Lobe
1. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
2. Growth Hormone (GH)
3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
6. Prolactin (PRL)
The Posterior Lobe
1. Antidiuretic Hormone
2. Oxytocin

9. Reproductive
Organs
Mammary
Gland

11. Thyroid Gland
Isthmus

12.  Shape & Colour - Butterfly-shaped with weight
of 30-60 grams and Brownish-red in colour.
Location - On the front of the neck, below the
prominence of thyroid cartilage sometimes called
the Adam's apple a long the front of the windpipe.
The thyroid has two lobes, connected by a bridge
(Isthmus) in the middle.
The thyroid secretes several hormones, collectively
called thyroid hormones. The main hormone is
thyroxine, also called T4.

13.  It is typically larger in adult males, in whom it is
usually clearly visible and palpable. In females,
the bump is much less visible and is hardly
perceived on the upper edge of the thyroid
cartilage.
Although both sexes have an Adam's apple, it is
considered to be a characteristic feature of adult
males, because its size tends to increase
considerably during puberty.
Its development is considered a secondary sexual
characteristic of males that appears as a result
of hormonal activity.

14. HORMONES
The Follicular cells secrete the hormone iodine-containing
thyroid hormones
 Thyroxine (T4)
Triidothyronine (T3)
Function - These hormones helps in regulating the
metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fats.
 Growth and development and during infancy and
childhood, adequate thyroid hormone is crucial for brain
development.
 Regulate body temperature.
The Extrafollicular cells secrete the hormone
Calcitonin
Function - This hormones helps in regulating the blood
calcium and phosphate level.

15. Functions
It releases hormones that control metabolism—the way your
body uses energy. The thyroid gland uses iodine from the foods
you eat to make two main hormones. The thyroid's hormones
regulate vital body functions, including:
 Breathing
 Heart rate
 Central and peripheral nervous systems
 Body weight
 Muscle strength
 Menstrual cycles

16. It is important that T3 and T4
levels are neither too high nor too
low. Two glands in the brain—the
hypothalamus and the pituitary
communicate to maintain T3 and T4
balance.
When T3 and T4 levels are low in
the blood, the pituitary gland
releases more TSH to tell the thyroid
gland to produce more thyroid
hormones.
If T3 and T4 levels are high, the
pituitary gland releases less TSH to
the thyroid gland to slow production
of these hormones.

17. STIMULUS:
Rising blood
Ca2+ level
Thyroid gland
releases
calcitonin.
Calcitonin
Stimulates
Ca2+ deposition
in bones
Reduces
Ca2+ uptake
in kidneys
Blood Ca2+
level declines
to set point
Homoeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Falling blood
Ca2+ level
Blood Ca2+
level rises
to set point
Stimulates
Ca2+ release
from bones
PTH
Parathyroid
gland
Stimulates Ca2+
uptake in kidneys
Active
vitamin D
Increases
Ca2+ uptake
in intestines

18. Adrenal Gland

19. Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands (also known as
suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands.
Location- Sit atop the kidneys; in humans.
Sape and size- It is pyramidal in structure. The
right suprarenal gland is triangular shaped, while
the left suprarenal gland is semilunar shaped.
Weights about 4 grams.

20. Parts Of Adrenal Gland
 Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures,
the adrenal cortex and the medulla, both of
which produce hormones.
 The cortex mainly produces cortisol,
aldosterone and androgens.
 The medulla chiefly produces epinephrine
and norepinephrine.

21. Functions
These hormones control many important
functions in the body, such as:
1. Maintaining metabolic processes, such as
managing blood sugar levels and regulating
inflammation
2. Regulating the balance of salt and water
3. Controlling the "fight or flight" response to
stress
4. Maintaining pregnancy.
5. Initiating and controlling sexual maturation
during childhood and puberty.

22. The Liver

23. The largest internal body organ
The liver is the body's largest internal organ.
Largest organ apart from skin
The liver is reddish-brown in colour and feels
rubbery to the touch.
 Weighs about 1.5kg
 Found in the upper abdominal cavity: extends
from right upper quadrant to left upper quadrant of
the abdomen.
The liver has two large sections, called the right
and the left lobes.
 Attached to diaphragm by
 falciform and coronary ligaments

24. Functions
 The liver performs multiple critical functions to keep the body pure
of toxins and harmful substances.:
1. It produces bile, a substance needed to digest fats. Bile’s salts
break up fat into smaller pieces so it can be absorbed more easily
in the small intestine.
2. Detoxifies the blood to rid it of harmful substances such as alcohol
and drugs
3. Stores some vitamins and iron
4. Stores the sugar glucose
5. Converts stored sugar to functional sugar when the body’s sugar
(glucose) levels fall below normal
6. Breaks down haemoglobin as well as insulin and other hormones
7. Converts ammonia to urea, which is vital in metabolism
8. Destroys old red blood cells (called RBC’s)

25.  Hepatocytes (Hepar=Liver + Cyte=cell) are responsible for
making many of the proteins (protein synthesis) in the body
that are required for many functions, including blood clotting
factors, and albumin, required to maintain fluid within the
circulation system.
 The liver is also responsible for manufacturing cholesterol and
triglycerides.
 Carbohydrates are also produced in the liver and the organ is
responsible for turning glucose into glycogen that can be
stored both in the liver and in the muscle cells. The liver also
makes bile that helps with food digestion.
 The liver plays an important role in detoxifying the body by
converting ammonia, a byproduct of metabolism in the body,
into urea that is excreted in the urine by the kidneys. The liver
also breaks down medications and drugs.

26. The liver is also stores vitamins and chemicals that the
body requires as building blocks. These includes:
 Vitamin B12- It is an especially important vitamin for
maintaining healthy nerve cells, and it helps in the
production of DNA and RNA, the body's genetic material.
Vitamin B12 works closely with vitamin B9, also called
folate or folic acid,
 Folic acid B9- iron required to make red blood cells, Folic
acid is also needed to make DNA and other genetic
material.
 Vitamin A for vision,
 Vitamin D for calcium absorption- It is commonly known as
ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (Vitamin
D3). Vitamin D2 and D3 are broken down to their active
form, calcitriol, in the body.
 Vitamin K to help blood to clot properly.

27. The Pancreas

28. Pancreas Gland
 The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen. It
plays an essential role in converting the food we eat
into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two
main functions: an exocrine function that helps in
digestion and an endocrine function that regulates
blood sugar.
 Location- The pancreas is located behind the stomach
in the upper left abdomen. It is surrounded by other
organs including the small intestine, liver, and spleen.
 Sape and size- It is spongy, about 15-20cm long, 2.5 –
3.8cm broad, 1.2 – 1.8cm thick, Weighs 80g, and is
shaped like a fish extended horizontally across the
abdomen.

29. Parts of Pancreatic Gland
 the pancreas is divided into the head of
pancreas, the neck, body of pancreas, and the
tail of pancreas.

30. Endocrine function of the pancreas -
Between exocrine cells are cluster of cells called the
Islets of Langerhans that contain actually 4 types of
cells:
1) Alpha cells – produce glucagon (hormone); 25%
total cells
2) Beta cells – site of insulin synthesis and
secretion; 60%
3) Delta cells –produce somatostatin (inhibits
GH);10%
4) PP cells – least common; secretes pancreatic
polypeptide;<5%

31. Hormones
These hormones control many important
functions in the body, such as:
1. Insulin-
Purpose: Regulate blood glucose (sugar) in the
normal range
Action: Forces many cells of the body to absorb and
use glucose thereby decreasing blood sugar levels
Secreted in response to: High blood glucose
Secretion inhibited by: Low blood glucose
Disease due to deficient action: Diabetes .
Disease due to excess action: Hypoglycaemia

32. Glucagon
Purpose: Assist insulin in regulating blood
glucose (sugar) in the normal range
Action: Forces many cells of the body to release
glucose (increasing blood sugar)
Secreted in response to: Low blood glucose
Secretion inhibited by: High blood glucose
Disease due to deficient action: Some times
nothing, sometimes hypoglycemia
Disease due to excess action: Hyperglycemia

33. Somatostatin
Purpose: Regulate the production and
excretion of other endocrine tumors
Action: Slows down production of
insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and other
endocrine tumors
Secreted in response to: High levels of
other endocrine hormones
Secretion inhibited by: Low levels of
other endocrine hormones

34. Gastrin
Purpose: Assist in digestion within the
stomach
Action: Induce acid producing cells of the
stomach to produce acid
Secreted in response to: Food in the
stomach and intestines
Secretion inhibited by: Absence of food in
stomach and intestines
Disease due to deficient action: Poorly
defined, some times no symptoms at all
Disease due to excess action: Stomach
ulcers due to excess stomach acid

35. References
Difference Between Exocrine and Endocrine |
Difference
Between http://www.differencebetween.net/sci
ence/health/difference-between-exocrine-and-
endocrine/#ixzz4uc0lPkT3

36. Thank you have a nice day