The document appears to be a multiple choice exam covering topics related to homelessness. It includes 50 questions testing knowledge about definitions of homelessness, populations affected, historical approaches and institutions for assisting the homeless, key figures and studies, and research methods used to study homelessness. The questions cover topics such as the federal definition of homelessness, characteristics of chronically homeless individuals, "poorhouses" and workhouses in different time periods and locations, influential authors and activists who studied homelessness, the Bonus Army protest and other historical events, laws protecting against housing discrimination, deinstitutionalization, and research approaches such as ethnography, experiments, longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.

1. Multiple Choice Part of Exam 1
1. Which of the following was a frequent criticism of the
previous federal definition of homelessness.
a. It was overly inclusive, making the concept of homelessness
indistinguishable from the concept
of poverty.
b. It focused on literal homelessness, was too narrow in scope
(i.e., did not include individuals with
unstable housing or at imminent risk of becoming homeless),
and did not help identify those in
need of services to prevent homelessness.
c. It focused on chronic homelessness and ignored episodes of
homelessness.
d. None of the above
2. The new federal definition of homelessness (2011) has
__________ categories of homeless individuals.

2. a. three
b. four
c. five
d. six
3. Chronic homelessness is defined as:
a. continuous homelessness for at least five years.
b. continuous homelessness for at least a year.
c. at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years.
d. both b and c
4. __________ is a British term dating back to the 1600s to
describe a public institution that provided work
and sometimes shelter to destitute people.
a. Poorhouse
b. Skid row
c. Police Station Lodging House
d. Workhouse
5. __________ wrote the book How the Other Half Lives (1890)
and used innovative photography skills to
illustrate the lives of the poor and homeless at around the turn
of the century.
a. Jacob Riis
b. Henry Mayhew

3. c. Charles Booth
d. Mary Higgs
6. __________ was a superintendent of New York’s Municipal
Lodging House, wrote an article (The
Homeless) that lead to advances in social policy, developed a
four-tiered classification system (i.e., self-
supported, temporary dependent, chronically dependent, and
parasitic), and called for a farm colony
outside of the city where homeless people could live and work.
a. Stewart B. McKinney
b. Charles Booth
c. Stuart Al Rice
d. Stewart B. McKinney
7. The Bonus Army that engaged in the Battle of Washington
involved __________ and occurred during
__________.
a. World War I homeless veterans, the Great Depression
b. World War II homeless veterans, the Civil Rights Movement
c. Union Army homeless veterans, after the Civil War
d. Vietnam War homeless veterans, the Civil Rights Movement

4. 8. As a champion of human rights, __________was a United
States Delegate to the United Nations, served
as the Chairperson for the United Nations Human Rights
Commission, and played a leading role in
establishing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This
document is relevant to homelessness.
a. Stewart B. McKinney
b. Martin Luther King Jr.
c. Edward Brooke
d. Eleanor Roosevelt
9. In England, the __________ stipulated that the poor receiving
parish assistance had to live in
workhouses and perform work.
a. Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834
b. Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601
c. initiative proposed by Charles Booth
d. initiative proposed by Henry Mayhew
10. __________ used an ethnographic approach to study the
poor and, in London Labour and the London
Poor (1861), he argued that society was arranged into four
different categories: those that will work;
those that cannot work; those that will not work; and those that
need not work.

5. a. Charles Booth
b. Edward Brooke
c. Henry Mayhew
d. None of the above
11. In the United States, the __________ protects against
housing discrimination, and this empowers
homeless people and service providers in overcoming
community resistance to shelters as well as
transitional and supportive housing.
a. The Fair Housing Act
b. Deinstitutionalization Initiative
c. The Homeless Assistance Act
d. The Initiative for Anti-Discrimination and Homelessness
12. __________is the notion that, for patients who have mental
illness (but do not present a clear and
present danger to self or others), they should be moved out of
large mental hospitals and into residential
facilities, so that they can live more independently, have a
higher quality of life, perhaps be productive,
and receive treatment in the community.

6. a. The Fair Housing Act
b. Deinstitutionalization
c. The Homeless Assistance Act
d. The Initiative for Mental Illness and Homelessness
13. __________ was a sociologist who used a combination of
ethnographic research and survey research to
study hobo culture and the skid rows of Chicago and New York.
a. Nels Anderson (otherwise known as Dean Stiff)
b. Albert Bandura
c. Philip Gibbs
d. Erving Goffman
14. In discussing the history of homelessness, your textbook
glossary notes that __________ was typically
defined as “a section of town or city where homeless derelicts
congregate and sometimes reside.” This
term originated in nineteenth century Seattle and was associated
America’s westward expansion, the
rapid exploitation of the country’s natural resources, the
fluidity of unskilled labor, and the increasing
differentiation of urban space.
a. Slum

7. b. Shantytown
c. Skid row
d. Hooverville
15. As a social reformer and activist in Victorian England,
__________ wrote Glimpses into the Abyss,
posed as a poor person seeking employment in order to better
understand the situation of the poor,
founded a women’s lodging house, co-founded the National
Association for Women’s Lodging Houses,
and opened a school for mothers.
a. Mary Higgs
b. Eleanor Roosevelt
c. Dorothea Dix
d. None of the above
16. Who developed an early conceptualization of social stigma?
a. Nels Anderson (otherwise known as Dean Stiff)
b. Albert Bandura
c. Philip Gibbs
d. Erving Goffman
17. Which of the following is not one of the eight Millennium

8. Development Goals?
a. Eradicate homelessness
b. Promote gender equality and empower women
c. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
d. Reduce child mortality
18. Recent research suggest that approximately _____ of
homeless men are veterans.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
19. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Some homeless individuals have mental illness or substance
abuse problems.
b. Nearly all homeless individuals have mental illness.
c. With very few exceptions, homeless individuals have
substance abuse problems.
d. All (or nearly all) homeless individuals have mental illness
and/or substance abuse problems.
20. The media is more likely to address the problem of
homelessness…

9. a. during the spring and summer months.
b. during the fall and winter months.
c. during presidential election years.
d. when a war has just ended.
21. Among homeless single adults, approximately __________
are severely mentally ill.
a. 70% - 90%
b. 50% - 70%
c. 30% - 50%
d. 20% - 40%
22. Among homeless single adults, approximately __________
have a history of alcohol abuse, drug abuse,
and/or dependence.
a. 60% - 80%
b. 40% - 60%
c. 20% - 40%
d. 10% - 20%
23. Among homeless veterans who have mental illness,

10. __________ may be the most common mental
disorders found, especially for those who were in combat. This
disorder involves “re-experiencing” a
very stressful event from the past (as well as a host of other
symptoms).
a. schizophrenia
b. panic disorder
c. severe depression
d. phobia
24. Most of the existing research done on the homeless
population has focused on __________.
a. homeless families
b. homeless adolescents
c. homeless children
d. homeless single adults
25. Although African Americans represent approximately 12%
of the U.S. population, they represent
__________ of the U.S. homeless population, and in some U.S.
cities, African Americans make up an
even larger proportion of the homeless population.
a. 20% - 30%
b. 40% - 50%

11. c. 70% - 80%
d. Over 80%
26. The media and the public seem to…
a. ignore the fact that mental illness may result from the trauma
of homelessness in some cases.
b. exaggerate the association between mental illness and
homelessness.
c. have fully accurate perceptions regarding mental illness and
homelessness.
d. both a and b
27. Approximately 70% - 80% of homeless single adults are
__________.
a. women
b. mentally ill
c. African American
d. men
28. According to the report from the U.S. Conference of Mayors
(2008), __________ represents the fastest
growing segment of the national homeless population.

12. a. substance abusers
b. mentally ill individuals
c. families with children
d. single men
29. According to the report from the U.S. Conference of Mayors
(2008), approximately __________ of the
homeless population is physically disabled.
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 40%
d. 50%
30. After virtually ignoring the problem of homelessness for
decades, the news media in the United States
sharply increased its coverage of the issue during the early-to-
mid __________.
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
31. In an experiment, internal validity involves the extent to
which it can legitimately be concluded that…

13. a. the independent variable caused the dependent variable.
b. the dependent variable caused the independent variable.
c. the findings from the sample can be generalized to the
population of interest.
d. the findings have clinical significance.
32. Suppose that, in a study of homeless people, a researcher
found a high positive correlation between self-
esteem and readiness for a vocational training program. It
would not be safe to draw the conclusion that
one of these variables causes the other one because...
a. the direction of causality between the two variables can be
very unclear.
b. correlational designs never use random selection.
c. a third variable could be causing both of the variables that
are closely related.
d. both a and c
33. If a researchers wishes to draw conclusions about causality,
the research should use __________.
a. an ethnographic research approach
b. a field study
c. a cross-sectional design
d. an experimental design

14. 34. Suppose that, to obtain a holistic understanding of homeless
individuals living on the streets, a
researcher lives among them and uses interviews, surveys, and
observations. The researcher attempts to
understand the habitat and to understand events from the point
of view of the homeless individuals. This
researcher is using what type of research approach?
a. Participatory community action research approach
b. Case study
c. Ethnographic research approach
d. Longitudinal research design
35. Suppose that an academic researcher collaborates with a
community partner (e.g., a director of a
homeless shelter) to conceptualize, development, implement,
and evaluate a new program focused on
assisting homeless people in transitioning out of homelessness.
What type of research is this?
a. Participatory community action research approach
b. Case study
c. Ethnographic research approach
d. Correlational research design

15. 36. A large negative (inverse) correlation, such as -.80, means
that…
a. the two variables are not related.
b. the two variables are closely related in that a person who has
a high score on one of the variables
is likely to also have a high score on the other variable.
c. The two variables are closely related in that a person who has
a high score on one of the
variables is likely to have a low score on the other variable.
d. one variable is definitely causing the other.
37. __________ and __________ are most likely to use an
ethnographic research approach to study
homelessness.
a. psychologists and sociologists
b. sociologists and anthropologists
c. political scientists and psychologists
d. social workers and psychologists
38. __________ may be most likely to utilize an experimental
design to study homelessness.

16. a. Sociologists
b. Social workers
c. Psychologists
d. Anthropologists
39. Random selection is most relevant to __________, whereas
random assignment is most relevant to
__________.
a. external validity, internal validity
b. internal validity, external validity
c. experimental designs, correlational designs
d. longitudinal designs, cross-sectional designs
40. __________ tends to focus on the individual, and it is the
scientific study of the mind and behavior.
a. Political science
b. Sociology
c. Social work
d. Psychology
41. In general, __________ is the systematic study of human
interactions involving power.

17. a. Political science
b. Sociology
c. Social work
d. Psychology
42. Suppose that a researcher is examining international
documents related to human rights (e.g., Universal
Declaration of Human Rights) to determine how such documents
have been codified into laws and
public policy related to homelessness. Most likely, this
researcher is a __________.
a. Political scientist
b. Sociologist
c. Social worker
d. Psychologist
43. A professional is working at a homeless shelter and is
helping homeless individuals to obtain services in
the community. This professional is likely to be a __________.
a. Political scientist
b. Sociologist
c. Social worker
d. Psychologist

18. 44. __________ is the study or human social behavior, or the
science of social interaction, or more
generally, the study of society.
a. Political science
b. Sociology
c. Social work
d. Psychology
45. To study the development of social alienation in the
homeless population, a researcher could employ a
__________, which combines (and controls for the limitations
of) the __________ and the __________.
a. longitudinal design, sequential design, cross-sectional design
b. cross-sectional design, longitudinal design, sequential design
c. sequential design, experimental design, case study
d. sequential design, longitudinal design, cross-sectional design
46. The __________ confounds age effects with cohort effects,
whereas the __________ confounds age
effects with time of measurement.
a. cross-sectional design, longitudinal design
b. longitudinal design, cross-sectional design

19. c. Intra-subject design, field study
d. ethnographic research approach, participatory community
action research approach.
47. __________ developed the Principle of Reciprocal
Determinism to conceptualize the bidirectional
interactions among person-related variables, behavior, and
environmental variables.
a. Bronfenrenner
b. Bandura
c. Kiesler
d. None of the above
48. A __________ is any internal factor (e.g., genetic
predisposition, belief system, coping strategy) that
increases the likelihood that an individual will have some
negative outcome such as homelessness.
a. vulnerability
b. risk
c. biopsychosocial syndrome
d. all of the above
49. Engaged scholarship has the most in common with which of
the following? In fact, engaged
scholarship may be said to most often use this type of research
approach.
a. Participatory community action research approach

20. b. Case study
c. Ethnographic research approach
d. Experimental research design
50. As you complete your service-learning work, you are
obligated to follow the St. Vincent de Paul Code
of Ethics for Volunteers. As reviewed in class, this code
appears to incorporate features of the Code of
Conduct associated with which social science discipline?
a. Psychology
b. Political Science
c. Social Work
d. Both a and c