ENGL 1302Due Friday, November 18McCourtLab Six As.docx

ENGL 1302 Due: Friday,
November 18
McCourt
Lab Six Assignment – Annotated Bibliography
Using 3 of the sources gathered for your Proposal Argument
essay (you could use the research gathered for the Ethical
Argument instead, if you’d like), prepare an annotated
bibliography.
· Include the proper 4 line heading
· Title should be: Lab 6 – Annotated Bibliography
· Be sure to list the bibliographic citations for the sources in
proper alphabetical order and provide the complete
bibliographic citation with double spacing throughout and a
hanging indent
· Include a concise annotated paragraph under each of the
source citations. Remember that an annotation includes
summary as well as evaluation
2

Child Day Care and Aftercare Program
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date
Introduction
'First generation' research on child day care and aftercare
programs mostly looked at the child's impairment in isolation,
while’s second generation' research tries to look at the kid's
functioning within context (Baker et al., 2019). The family-
centered approach emphasizes this setting by recognizing the
importance of the home as the first and most influential
environment for a child's development of the skills and
knowledge valued in their society (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). An
essential tenet of this strengths-based strategy is that family
values and customs provide the foundation for effective and
long-lasting intervention.
The family-centered criteria have not been met by conventional
methods, which have been criticized for not being in line with
family objectives and aspirations. Rather of recognizing what
families and communities already know and do, a deficit model
emphasizes what they do not (Baker et al., 2019). This method
results in "professionally prescribed" treatments based mostly
on the assumptions of experts without the requisite
comprehension of the kid within context. Thus, families are
frequently given activities or programs that are not tailored to

their specific needs, which might increase their already heavy
workload (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). Families of young children
experience events beyond those provided by early intervention
programmes that can and do influence child development and
family functioning, and this deficit-based approach to
intervention has been criticized for not leaving enough time for
families to engage in these activities (Baker et al., 2019).
It has been suggested that studying children's activity contexts
would help us better comprehend them in that environment
(Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). What we call a kid's "activity settings"
are the places and situations in which the youngster regularly
engages in activities with others and the world around them
(Baker et al., 2019). Due to a lack of studies, it is imperative
that immediate steps be taken to enhance the indigenous
knowledge-base of child day care and afterschool activity
settings. Understanding children in their home environments
will be aided by these details.
References
Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2019). The long-run
impacts of a universal child care program.
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,
11(3), 1-26.
Hotz, V. J., & Wiswall, M. (2019). Child care and child care
policy: existing policies, their effects, and reforms.
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science,
686(1), 310-338.
2

Children at Risk of Abuse or Neglect
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date
Resource 1
Three risk factors for child maltreatment were analyzed:
parental mental illness, parental drug abuse, and parental
exposure to family abuse by Fuller-Thomson, Sawyer, and
Agbeyaka (2021). Family abuse increased the chance of child
maltreatment more than any other predictor, including parental
drug misuse or psychological problems. Male and female
participants were polled in two studies, one in 2010 and another
in 2012. More than a third of both males and females who had
seen domestic violence but had never witnessed parental mental
illness or addiction said they had been mistreated. More than a
third of people who experienced two risk variables reported
physical abuse in childhood, and more than two-thirds of people
who experienced all three risk variables reported mental abuse
in childhood. It is obvious that a child's chance of being abused

rises in proportion to the number of risk factors to which he or
she is exposed. Our research found that domestic violence was
the most reliably associated risk factor for child maltreatment.
Fuller-Thomson, E., Sawyer, J. L., & Agbeyaka, S. (2021). The
toxic triad: childhood exposure to domestic violence, parental
addictions, and parental mental illness are associated with
childhood physical abuse.
Journal of interpersonal violence,
36(17-18), NP9015-NP9034.
Resource 2
The authors wanted to learn more about the link between
childhood conduct disorder (CPD) and adult aggression, so they
looked into the possible roles that guilt and narcissistic fragility
play in making this connection. They theorized that adult
victims of CPA would be more prone to emotions of guilt and
narcissistic fragility and more likely to exhibit rage and
aggression compared to individuals who had not been victims of
CPA. Students were surveyed using a 14-item questionnaire
tailored to child physical abuse (CPA), including items on
shattered bones, spanking with a board, and other forms of
severe punishment. Questions regarding narcissistic
vulnerabilities, including exploitation, self-concealment, shame,
rage, and violence, were also included. When participants were
asked about their emotional states, they reported greater degrees
of wrath, aggressiveness, and hostility if they had experienced
CPA. They found confirmation of their hypothesis that those
who had been abused were more likely to feel shame and had
more narcissistic susceptibility. This article presents several
findings that may be useful in elucidating the link between CPA
and subsequent hostile and aggressive behaviors.
Keene, A., & Epps, J. (2018). Childhood physical abuse and
aggression: Shame and narcissistic vulnerability.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 276–283.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.012

Resource 3
This research looked specifically at Wisconsin's white, middle-
aged men and women (mean age 55). It looked at the connection
between physical abuse in childhood and the long-term health
and mental impacts in adulthood. In order to quantify the
prevalence of physical abuse in childhood, researchers used a
questionnaire based on the Conflict Tactics Scale to inquire
about specific instances of abuse experienced as a kid.
Additional factors were physical health, family history, and
early hardship. Researchers observed that maltreated children
were more likely to be raised by alcoholics or in unstable
families. On every measure of health (medical diagnoses,
physical symptoms, sadness, anxiety, and rage), abused
individuals rated themselves as being in worse shape than their
non-abused counterparts. Without regard to gender, age,
socioeconomic status, or other factors, a history of childhood
physical abuse strongly predicts poor health as an adult. In
particular, the 102% rise in reporting more anger than 90% of
the population indicates the wide range of negative
physiological and mental impacts documented in this research
over four decades later in adults who had experienced childhood
abuse. This research will help demonstrate how physical abuse
in childhood may negatively affect a person's health even into
their later years.
Springer, K., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2017). Long-
term physical and mental health consequences of childhood
physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of
men and women.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(5), 517–530.
Resource 4
This study looked at the role of social support in the correlation
between childhood abuse and adult depression among a sample
of people with a median age of 43. There was a preponderance
of African Americans (93%) and females (54%). In order to

gauge how depressed the subjects were, the Beck Depression
Inventory was employed. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
was used to measure the extent of mental, physical, and sexual
abuse and neglect. The Social Support Behaviors Scale was used
to measure social support. Women reported more severe
depressive symptoms than males in the group of individuals
who had suffered abuse as children. Perceived family support
was substantially inversely connected to both adult depression
and childhood abuse. Females who experienced emotional abuse
or neglect were more likely to report reduced depressive
symptoms if they felt their friends were there for them. With the
inclusion of neglect and mental abuse, I believe this research
will be fascinating to apply to child abuse, albeit it may be
challenging to differentiate the impacts of physical violence
exclusively.
Powers, A., Ressler, K., & Bradley, R. (2019). The protective
role of friendship on the effects of childhood abuse and
depression.
Depression and Anxiety, 26(1), 46–53.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20534
Resource 5
The effects of sexual and physical abuse on middle-aged women
(mean age 52) were investigated, focusing on obesity and
depression via the intermediary roles of binge eating and body
dissatisfaction. The paper analyzed responses to four items from
the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to determine the
prevalence of maltreatment (which included sexual and physical
abuse). For this study, researchers used body mass index (BMI)
scores to assess obesity as a dependent variable and the Patient
Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to assess depression using DSM-IV
criteria for severe depression. Three questions were used to
gauge binge eating and one to gauge body dissatisfaction as
mediators. According to the study, childhood trauma contributes
to adult obesity via a chain of events, including binge eating
and body dissatisfaction. To further understand the connection
between sexual and physical abuse as a kid and obesity and

depression as an adult, researchers looked at potential mediating
factors, such as binge eating and body dissatisfaction. This
research will add to the existing knowledge on child
maltreatment's mental and physical impacts.
Rohde, P., Ichikawa, L., Simon, G. E., Ludman, E. J., Linde, J.
A., Jeffery, R. W., & Operskalski, B. H. (2018). Associations of
child sexual and physical abuse with obesity and depression in
middle-aged women.
Child abuse & neglect,
32(9), 878-887.
2
Children At Risk of Abuse or Neglect
Student’s Name
Instructor
Course
Date

Resource 1
The essay delves into the precarious position of immigrant kids
regarding sexual assault. Separating immigrant families at the
border is a recent policy implemented by the Trump
administration. The bulk of the reported attacks was committed
by other juveniles in prison, according to the statistics, but at
least 178 were committed by personnel. Children of
undocumented immigrants are placed in state-run shelters. The
adult workers at these institutions routinely abuse, harass, and
rape the minors there. According to the study, from 2014 to
2018, the Office of Refugee Resettlement received about 4,556
reports of sexual harassment or abuse. Given that these
wrongdoings are being committed in a government building,
protecting the youngsters who frequent there is of paramount
importance. The agency said they would investigate and
prosecute the individuals, but there was no word on whether or
not anybody was really found guilty. Because the government
views immigrant families as criminals, immigrant children are
more likely to be victims of sexual abuse.
Haag, M. (2019). Thousands of immigrant children said they
were sexually abused in US detention centers, the report says.
The New York Times,
27.
Resource 2
The article provides scientific data to support its discussion of a
classic example of child abuse. The writers show how a relative
physically abused a 12-year-old child. Unless the environment
is conducive to the kid feeling safe enough to disclose the
abuse, it may be difficult to see signs of child abuse. The victim
suffered both bodily and psychological harm from these

occurrences. The results demonstrate that abuse victims'
emotional, psychological, and physical wounds persist into
adulthood. Victims often struggle with poor self-esteem and
find it hard to form meaningful connections with others because
of their experiences. Given this, it's clear that people need to
work on methods to avoid child abuse. Because of this, children
who experience violence as youngsters are more likely to have
psychological problems later in life. It's possible that the
victims may become hostile and violent as a result. And this is
precisely why these kids grow up to be violent criminals.
Providing parents and children with access to counseling
services is crucial in addressing this problem.
Kemoli, A. M., & Mavindu, M. (2014). Child abuse: A classic
case report with literature review.
Contemporary clinical dentistry,
5(2), 256.
Resource 3
This article explores whether or not people who were neglected
or abused as children are more likely to perpetrate or be victims
of IPV. One of the leading causes of both committing and being
a victim of intimate relationship violence as an adult is
experiencing sexual abuse as a child. Adverse experiences
might cause children to act out aggressively and violently. Due
to this, they end up becoming violent spouses themselves.
People who suffered maltreatment as children are more likely to
report experiencing intimate relationship violence than adults.
The effects of intimate relationship violence on women are
disproportionate to those on men. Future studies should
investigate these results and put the proposed reasons to the
test. Researchers should keep digging into the factors that put
abused and neglected kids at risk of IPV in order to understand
the generational cycle of violence towards spouses. Future
studies should investigate the causes of these disproportionately
high rates among both the abused and non-abused.
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S., & Dutton, M. A. (2014). Child abuse

and neglect and intimate partner violence victimization and
perpetration: A prospective investigation.
38(4), 650-663.
Resource 4
The report explores approaches that may help stop child abuse
and neglect. Changes in societal standards, high-caliber early
education, more financial aid to families, and optimistic
parenting are just a few of the tools available to stakeholders.
Neglecting and abusing children may cost a lot of money and
cause health problems down the road. These kids are vulnerable
to both physical and psychological harm. In order to address
these health issues, the government will pay high costs. Abuse
and neglect of children are multifaceted issues with their origins
in toxic social interactions and living conditions. Addressing
risk and protective variables on the personal, interpersonal,
neighborhood, and societal levels is crucial in protecting
children from harm. Child abuse may be avoided if the
government works to strengthen families. Reducing parental
sadness and stress may be achieved by increasing family
financial stability. So, parents can take care of their kids
effectively. In addition, actions taken by the government to
assist in the medical treatment of children who have been the
victims of abuse or neglect are required. The effects on the
development of children will be mitigated. Several fields may
and should use these methods to protect children from the
harmful impacts of child abuse.
Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., &
Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A
technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic
activities.
Resource 5
This article looks at how one group of kids felt about being
sexually abused or assaulted in front of adults and their peers.
Prevalent sexual assault of vulnerable kids occurs throughout

their formative years. The researchers interacted with the
individuals via in-depth interviews to gather data. The term
"sexual abuse" refers to any kind of sexual interaction between
a minor and an adult that is undesired or coerced. As the
numbers show, 28% of young girls and 7% of young boys are
vulnerable to sexual assault. All too often, adults commit
terrible atrocities against children. The numbers also show that
adult sexual abuse affects one in every 53 boys and one in every
9 girls. Due to its widespread nature, sexual abuse of children
requires effective preventative strategies. As revealed by self-
report questionnaires administered in late adolescence, there are
alarmingly high percentages of both adult and adolescent sexual
abuse and assault among people who have lived through their
whole lifetimes. I will use this article as a resource since it's
pertinent to your research. It enlightens students about the
widespread nature of sexual abuse among young people.
Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. L.
(2014). The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and
sexual assault assessed in late adolescence.
Journal of Adolescent Health,
55(3), 329-333.
2

Children at Risk of Abuse or Neglect
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date
Resource 1
Three risk factors for child maltreatment were analyzed:
parental mental illness, parental drug abuse, and parental
exposure to family abuse by Fuller-Thomson, Sawyer, and
Agbeyaka (2021). Family abuse increased the chance of child
maltreatment more than any other predictor, including parental
drug misuse or psychological problems. Male and female
participants were polled in two studies, one in 2010 and another
in 2012. More than a third of both males and females who had
seen domestic violence but had never witnessed parental mental
illness or addiction said they had been mistreated. More than a
third of people who experienced two risk variables reported
physical abuse in childhood, and more than two-thirds of people
who experienced all three risk variables reported mental abuse
in childhood. It is obvious that a child's chance of being abused
rises in proportion to the number of risk factors to which he or
she is exposed. Our research found that domestic violence was
the most reliably associated risk factor for child maltreatment.
Fuller-Thomson, E., Sawyer, J. L., & Agbeyaka, S. (2021). The
toxic triad: childhood exposure to domestic violence, parental

addictions, and parental mental illness are associated with
childhood physical abuse.
Journal of interpersonal violence,
36(17-18), NP9015-NP9034.
Resource 2
The authors wanted to learn more about the link between
childhood conduct disorder (CPD) and adult aggression, so they
looked into the possible roles that guilt and narcissistic fragility
play in making this connection. They theorized that adult
victims of CPA would be more prone to emotions of guilt and
narcissistic fragility and more likely to exhibit rage and
aggression compared to individuals who had not been victims of
CPA. Students were surveyed using a 14-item questionnaire
tailored to child physical abuse (CPA), including items on
shattered bones, spanking with a board, and other forms of
severe punishment. Questions regarding narcissistic
vulnerabilities, including exploitation, self-concealment, shame,
rage, and violence, were also included. When participants were
asked about their emotional states, they reported greater degrees
of wrath, aggressiveness, and hostility if they had experienced
CPA. They found confirmation of their hypothesis that those
who had been abused were more likely to feel shame and had
more narcissistic susceptibility. This article presents several
findings that may be useful in elucidating the link between CPA
and subsequent hostile and aggressive behaviors.
Keene, A., & Epps, J. (2018). Childhood physical abuse and
aggression: Shame and narcissistic vulnerability.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 276–283.
Resource 3
This research looked specifically at Wisconsin's white, middle-
aged men and women (mean age 55). It looked at the connection
between physical abuse in childhood and the long-term health
and mental impacts in adulthood. In order to quantify the

prevalence of physical abuse in childhood, researchers used a
questionnaire based on the Conflict Tactics Scale to inquire
about specific instances of abuse experienced as a kid.
Additional factors were physical health, family history, and
early hardship. Researchers observed that maltreated children
were more likely to be raised by alcoholics or in unstable
families. On every measure of health (medical diagnoses,
physical symptoms, sadness, anxiety, and rage), abused
individuals rated themselves as being in worse shape than their
non-abused counterparts. Without regard to gender, age,
socioeconomic status, or other factors, a history of childhood
physical abuse strongly predicts poor health as an adult. In
particular, the 102% rise in reporting more anger than 90% of
the population indicates the wide range of negative
physiological and mental impacts documented in this research
over four decades later in adults who had experienced childhood
abuse. This research will help demonstrate how physical abuse
in childhood may negatively affect a person's health even into
their later years.
Springer, K., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2017). Long-
term physical and mental health consequences of childhood
physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of
men and women.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(5), 517–530.
Resource 4
This study looked at the role of social support in the correlation
between childhood abuse and adult depression among a sample
of people with a median age of 43. There was a preponderance
of African Americans (93%) and females (54%). In order to
gauge how depressed the subjects were, the Beck Depression
Inventory was employed. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
was used to measure the extent of mental, physical, and sexual
abuse and neglect. The Social Support Behaviors Scale was used
to measure social support. Women reported more severe

depressive symptoms than males in the group of individuals
who had suffered abuse as children. Perceived family support
was substantially inversely connected to both adult depression
and childhood abuse. Females who experienced emotional abuse
or neglect were more likely to report reduced depressive
symptoms if they felt their friends were there for them. With the
inclusion of neglect and mental abuse, I believe this research
will be fascinating to apply to child abuse, albeit it may be
challenging to differentiate the impacts of physical violence
exclusively.
Powers, A., Ressler, K., & Bradley, R. (2019). The protective
role of friendship on the effects of childhood abuse and
depression.
Depression and Anxiety, 26(1), 46–53.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20534
Resource 5
The effects of sexual and physical abuse on middle-aged women
(mean age 52) were investigated, focusing on obesity and
depression via the intermediary roles of binge eating and body
dissatisfaction. The paper analyzed responses to four items from
the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to determine the
prevalence of maltreatment (which included sexual and physical
abuse). For this study, researchers used body mass index (BMI)
scores to assess obesity as a dependent variable and the Patient
Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to assess depression using DSM-IV
criteria for severe depression. Three questions were used to
gauge binge eating and one to gauge body dissatisfaction as
mediators. According to the study, childhood trauma contributes
to adult obesity via a chain of events, including binge eating
and body dissatisfaction. To further understand the connection
between sexual and physical abuse as a kid and obesity and
depression as an adult, researchers looked at potential mediating
factors, such as binge eating and body dissatisfaction. This
research will add to the existing knowledge on child
maltreatment's mental and physical impacts.
Rohde, P., Ichikawa, L., Simon, G. E., Ludman, E. J., Linde, J.

A., Jeffery, R. W., & Operskalski, B. H. (2018). Associations of
child sexual and physical abuse with obesity and depression in
middle-aged women.
32(9), 878-887.
2
Child Day Care and Aftercare Program
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date

Introduction
'First generation' research on child day care and aftercare
programs mostly looked at the child's impairment in isolation,
while’s second generation' research tries to look at the kid's
functioning within context (Baker et al., 2019). The family-
centered approach emphasizes this setting by recognizing the
importance of the home as the first and most influential
environment for a child's development of the skills and
knowledge valued in their society (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). An
essential tenet of this strengths-based strategy is that family
values and customs provide the foundation for effective and
long-lasting intervention.
The family-centered criteria have not been met by conventional
methods, which have been criticized for not being in line with
family objectives and aspirations. Rather of recognizing what
families and communities already know and do, a deficit model
emphasizes what they do not (Baker et al., 2019). This method
results in "professionally prescribed" treatments based mostly
on the assumptions of experts without the requisite
comprehension of the kid within context. Thus, families are
frequently given activities or programs that are not tailored to
their specific needs, which might increase their already heavy
workload (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). Families of young children
experience events beyond those provided by early intervention
programmes that can and do influence child development and
family functioning, and this deficit-based approach to
intervention has been criticized for not leaving enough time for
families to engage in these activities (Baker et al., 2019).
It has been suggested that studying children's activity contexts
would help us better comprehend them in that environment
(Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). What we call a kid's "activity settings"
are the places and situations in which the youngster regularly
engages in activities with others and the world around them
(Baker et al., 2019). Due to a lack of studies, it is imperative
that immediate steps be taken to enhance the indigenous
knowledge-base of child day care and afterschool activity

settings. Understanding children in their home environments
will be aided by these details.
References
Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2019). The long-run
impacts of a universal child care program.
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,
11(3), 1-26.
Hotz, V. J., & Wiswall, M. (2019). Child care and child care
policy: existing policies, their effects, and reforms.
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science,
686(1), 310-338.
2
Legal and Ethical Issues in Child Abuse and Neglect
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date

Legal and Ethical Issues in Child Abuse and Neglect
Client confidentiality about child abuse is the ethical challenge
that is mainly neglected when children are abused and
neglected. Confidentiality issues with child abuse develop when
there is a contradiction between this value and others. When a
client (a kid) is injured or neglected, the idea of secrecy may be
at odds with other ethical considerations. As a general rule,
social workers are expected to maintain client confidentiality.
The courts play a crucial part in the decision-making process
when protecting children who have been abused. For instance,
in 1974, Congress passed CAPTA1, which gave states legal
authority to implement their child protection policies and
provided funding for new programs and national research to
ensure these policies were implemented (Parton, 2020).
However, primary ethical considerations should be explored to
better appreciate the intricacies of child abuse and neglect, even
while the law and standards of practice give ample support for
the attitude of reporting suspected child endangerment.
Case study Vignette
Sally, one of my new clients, has told me that her father often
beats her and her brother, who is 14 years old, resulting in
bruises. Because Sally's father has announced his intention to
leave the house shortly, Sally claims that this issue is already
being addressed. As a result, Sally does not want me or the
Children's Aid Society (CAS) to intervene because she fears her
father's violence may escalate. While technically, I must wait a
few weeks for the father to move out to end the continued abuse
against the children, my client has requested that I notify the
Children's Aid Society (CAS), implying that doing so would
result in less damage for her and her family. What would you do
first if you were in my situation? Either the former or the latter.
Reference

Parton, N. (2020). Addressing the relatively autonomous
relationship between child maltreatment and child protection
policies and practices.
International journal on child maltreatment: research,
policy and practice,
3(1), 19-34.
Outline
Topic: Children at risk of abuse and neglect
1.
Introduction (L5C)
1) The struggles children at risk of abuse and neglect faces.
2) Causes of child abuse and neglect.
3) Origin of child abuse and neglect.
4) What is helping the population.
5) Services already available to help the population.
6) Recommendations for this population.
2.
Summary and Findings of the selected resources (L2C
and L3C)
1) Problems in learning and development.
2) Mental health problems.
3) Challenges in regulating emotions.
4) Alcohol and substance abuse.
5) Based on a review of the literature, it is evident that child
neglect has a significant negative impact on a child, such as
feelings of being worthless and challenges in regulating one’s
emotions.
3.
Data collection results from surveys/interviews and
brainstormed ideas/solutions (L10)
1) Warning signs for children at risk of abuse and neglect.
i. Unexplained injuries.

ii. Extreme behaviors, such as excessive crying, truancy or
running away.
iii. Poor hygiene and unsuitable clothing
2) Steps to take to intervene and get help.
i. Offer specific help.
ii. Help make a safety plan.
iii. Report the case to relevant agencies.
3) How to handle a situation where a parent refuses to cooperate
with the set recommendations.
i. Suggest attending family therapy together.
ii. Consider setting boundaries if they are resistant to change.
iii. Get the advice of a family law attorney
4) Step to take if I suspect that a child in my community is
being abused, but I didn’t have any concrete evidence to prove
it.
i. Find a trusted therapy to talk with.
ii. Call the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline for further
investigation.
5) How I would go about improving outreach to at-risk
community’s services
i. Supporting and encouraging each other in protecting our
children.
ii. As a community, we can come together and talk about the
organizations and resources available and the types of programs
that will children at risk of abuse and neglect.
6) Some of the most important skills for a child welfare
specialist to have.
i. Mental Health
ii. Behavior Analysis
iii. Psychology
iv. Customer Service
7.
Potential solution (L12)
1) Simple support for children and parents
2) Primary intervention is establishing school programs for
training teachers and parents.

Outline
Topic: Children at risk of abuse and neglect
1.
Introduction (L5C)
1) The struggles children at risk of abuse and neglect faces.
2) Causes of child abuse and neglect.
3) Origin of child abuse and neglect.
4) What is helping the population.
5) Services already available to help the population.
6) Recommendations for this population.
2.
Literature Review (Themes)
1) Unemployment.
2) Lack of education.
3) Family Conflict or Violence.
4) Poverty.
5) Substance Abuse.
3.
Data collection results from surveys/interviews and
brainstormed ideas/solutions (L10)
1) Warning signs for children at risk of abuse and neglect.
i. Unexplained injuries.
ii. Extreme behaviors, such as excessive crying, truancy or
running away.
iii. Poor hygiene and unsuitable clothing
2) Steps to take to intervene and get help.
i. Offer specific help.
ii. Help make a safety plan.
iii. Report the case to relevant agencies.
3) How to handle a situation where a parent refuses to cooperate
with the set recommendations.
i. Suggest attending family therapy together.

ii. Consider setting boundaries if they are resistant to change.
iii. Get the advice of a family law attorney
4) Step to take if I suspect that a child in my community is
being abused, but I didn’t have any concrete evidence to prove
it.
i. Find a trusted therapy to talk with.
ii. Call the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline for further
investigation.
5) How I would go about improving outreach to at-risk
community’s services
i. Supporting and encouraging each other in protecting our
children.
ii. As a community, we can come together and talk about the
organizations and resources available and the types of programs
that will children at risk of abuse and neglect.
6) Some of the most important skills for a child welfare
specialist to have.
i. Mental Health
ii. Behavior Analysis
iii. Psychology
iv. Customer Service
7.
Potential solution (L12)
1) Simple support for children and parents
2) Primary intervention is establishing school programs for
training teachers and parents.
ENGL 1302
Annotated Bibliography

What is an Annotated Bibliography?
The annotated bibliography shows research that has been
gathered on a particular topic, gives documentation for each
item of research, and a statement, or annotation, is written about
the item.
It looks very similar to a bibliography at the end of an essay –
with the addition of a short paragraph after each entry.
Annotation contains summary and evaluation/analysis – it
shows how the article fits into the overall thought of the
project.
What is the purpose of an annotated bibliography?
Provide a literature review on a particular subject
Help to formulate a thesis on a subject
Demonstrate the research you have performed on a particular
subject
Provide examples of major sources of information available on
a topic
Describe items that other researchers may find of interest on a
topic
UMUC Library
Writing Process

Invention Phase
Brainstorm
Working thesis
Composition Phase
Gather research
Organize thought
See how research fits into and supports your thesis
What does it look like on the page?
Organized like an MLA Works Cited page – it will have your 4
line heading and the title of your project, however.
Annotated Bibliographies // Purdue Writing Lab
Links
Annotated Bibliographies // Purdue Writing Lab
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography
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